ME 215 ENGINEERING MATERIALS I

CHP.8 HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION
While technolgy is advancing many engineering applications require materials working at high temperatures. High temperature means how close is the working temp to melting temp of the material itself. For example, could a material with 500C melting point be used in an application where working temp is 300C for a relatively long period of service? The development of materials to resists high temperatures therefore has been an important technological advence of recent years.

Demands for alloys to resist high temperatures come from many new applications, including
space vehicles, rockets , gas turbines, improvements in conventional power plants for increased thermodynamic effeciency, chemical processes,

etc.
It can probably be said that high temperature application represents one of the ultimates in engineering desing.

 The corrosion and creep resistance limits of the avaliable materials restricts the contemplated high pressure reactions and high temperatures conditions in chemical processing. In air craft and space vehicles, high temperatures arise from the heat generated in the engines and from the aerodynamic heating of airframes at supersonic speeds.

The point of choosing correct material for high temp application is therefore very important. Because there is the greatest variety of practical considerations which determine the choice of material for high temperature applications .
These include:
Environment Stress system and range Permissible creep deformation Production requirement Weight and size restrictions Cost and availability Service temperature range

1. Environment; it covers a wide range from an inert gas to completely hostile environmental conditions. In the latter case this becomes a prominent factor in the choice of materials. 2. Stress system and range; this can vary from heavy loads in bulky structures to zero applied loads in covers and heat shields. Fatigue,under fluctuating stresses or the thermal stresses is always of prime concern. 3. Permissible creep deformation; this again is completely dependent upon the funtional requirements.

4. Production requirements; it should be noted that some of the high temperature materials are not amenable to regular methods of production to produce the desired shapes.

5. Weight and size restriction; these are of importance in aircraft and,especially, space like applications.
6. Cost and availability; there are many excellent high temperature materials but their cost limits their use in most conventional applications 7. Service temperature range; probably the most important factor in deciding the essantial properties.

STATIC CREEP PROPERTIES

Creep is a progressive deformation of a metarial under stress. It is a time dependant permanent deformation In creep, at constant stress, strain continues to increase by time

Stress

Strain

Time

There are three main kinds of creep: Logarithmic creep Diffusion creep High-temperature creep The logarithmic creep occurs at low temperatures where no recovery of mechanical properties is possible. It is given the name logaritmic creep because the deformation is proportional to the logarithm of time. The diffusion creep is observed at very high temperatures. High rates of diffusion permit reshaping of crystals to relieve stress Diffusion is significant at both grain boundaries and in the bulk High energy and weak bonds allow dislocations to climb around structures that pin them at lower temperature

The Critical Temperature

Contrary to the general belief, creep is not exclusive to high temperatures. Creep may occur from very low temperatures, probably from 0oK (-273oC) ,to the melting point.
The Critical Temperature for Creep is usually 40% of the Melting Temperature in Kelvin.

If T > 0.40 TM

; Then creep is likely

Example for creep risk at room temp.

Will products made from Lead Creep at Room Temperature? TM = 327 C = 600 K (melting point for lead in Kelvin) TROOM = 23 C = 296 K (room temp in Kelvin) TR/TM = ? (296 / 600)*100 = 49.3 % > 40% Yes They Will Creep

 Creep is important in the engineering sense because it causes faiulure by excessive of deformation or loss of strength. Excessive creep deformations may also lead to buckling of structural members or complete distortion of structural components which requires withdrawal from service. For most metals and alloys creep occurs at stresses below the yield point only when the temperature is elevated. Some nonferrous alloys and metals such as lead exhibit creep at low stresses and at room temperatures. For nonmetallic materials,such as plastics and elastomers,creep may also be produced at low stresses and room temperatures

CREEP TESTING OF MATERIALS

The basic creep testing arrangement consist of three pieces of major equipment; 1-An electric furnace with suitable temperature regulation 2-a loading device to apply stress 3-an extensometer to measure elongation against time

Time 0 1 2

Extension ? ? ?

In making a creep test at a specified temperature, the unloaded tensile specimen is first heated to the required temperature. When the temperature of the specimen is steady, the gauge length is observed and the predetermined load is applied quickly without shock. The resulting instantaneous extension under load is largely an elastic strain.

Measuremets of the subsequent creep (elongation) are taken at sufficiently frequent intervals to define the strain time curve till rupture.

Creep time curves have four stages:

nitial instantaneous stage in which total deformation may be fully elastic,or partly elastic and partly plastic; A transient stage where the rate of creep deformation decreases with time as a result of strain hardening (primary creep )

A stage of constant minimum creep rate where the effect of strain-hardening is balanced by an annealing influence (secondary creep ) A final stage where the creep rate accelerates. The acceleration can have many causes.It is attiributed to the progressive increase of the true stress acting on the cross-sectional area of the specimen,and to metallurgical changes and the formation of internal cavities (tertiary creep).

Sample deformation at a constant stress (s) vs. time

s
s,e

Primary Creep: slope (creep rate) decreases with time. Secondary Creep: steady-state i.e., constant slope. Tertiary Creep: slope (creep rate) increases with time, i.e. acceleration of rate.

Creep usually occurs at elevated temperature, T > 0.4 Tm And effect of temperature incerase on the curve is seen in figure for constant stress condition

tertiary primary secondary

elastic

Adapted from Figs. 8.29, Callister 7e.

Creep tests can be done under different stresses too. When tension-creep tests are conducted at various stress values (and a constant temperature), a family of creep curves is obtained as shown in figure

Creep Strain

T4 or 4

T3 or 3

T1<T2<T3<T4 1<2<3<4

T2 or 2
T1 or 1

Time

Both temperature & applied stress adversely affect the creep strains. Usually under the same temperature different stress levels are applied & the creep strain vs time curves are determined.

Creep can be a big problem in connection of parts like bolt. And creep in constant load tensile specimen and a bolted connection are not the same. While the stress is constant in tensile test specimen due to constant load, stress decreases (relaxes) in a bolt since there is no external load to keep a constant stress The figure shows that the initial rate of relaxation is high, but it levels off as the stress level decreases creep rate increases. ep eel
time time

Stress relaxation

ep eel
time

time