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Dilutions
Suppose you work in the laboratory of a paint company where you use 100 mL of a 0.1 M solution of zinc chloride in a quality-control test that you carry out 10 times a day. It would be tedious and time-consuming to continually measure out small amounts of ZnCl2 to make 100 mL of this solution. Of course, you could make many liters of the solution at one time, but that would require several large containers to store the solution. The answer to the problem is to make a much more concentrated solution and then dilute it with water to make the less concentrated solution that you need. The more-concentrated solution is called a stock solution. You could make a 1 M ZnCl2 solution by measuring out 1 mol of zinc chloride, 136.3 g, and dissolving it in enough water to make a liter of solution. This solution is 10 times as concentrated as the solution you need. Every time you need the test solution, you can measure out 10 mL of the 1 M solution and dilute it to 100 mL to yield 100 mL of 0.1 M ZnCl2 solution. To make a solution by dilution, you must determine the volume of stock solution to use and the amount of solvent needed to dilute to the concentration you need. As you have learned, the molarity of a solution is its concentration in moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is found by dividing the moles of solute by the number of liters of solution. M moles solute liter solution
So, for a measured volume of any solution: amount of solute in mol molarity volume of solution If this measured volume of solution is diluted to a new volume by adding solvent, the new, larger volume still contains the same number of moles of solute. Therefore, where 1 and 2 represent the concentrated and diluted solutions: molarity1 volume1 moles solute molarity2 volume2 Therefore: molarity1 volume1 molarity2 volume2 This relationship applies whenever solution 2 is made from solution 1 by dilution.
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M1V1 M2V2 Rearrange the equation M1 V1 M2 V2 algebraically to solve for the unknown quantity.
The equation used to calculate the unknown quantity will be one of the following four: V2 M1V1 MV MV MV , M2 1 1, V1 2 2, M1 2 2 M2 V2 M1 V1 Substitute each of the known quantities for its symbol, and calculate.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 What is the molarity of a solution that is made by diluting 50.00 mL of a 4.74 M solution of HCl to 250.00 mL? SOLUTION 1. ANALYZE What is given in the problem? What are you asked to nd?
Items Concentration of the stock solution (M1) Volume of stock solution used (V1) Volume of diluted solution (V2) Concentration of the diluted solution (M2)
the molarity of the stock solution, the volume used to dilute, and the volume of the diluted solution the molarity of the diluted solution
Data 4.74 M HCl 50.00 mL 250.00 mL ?M
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rearrange the equation M1V1 M2V2 algebraically to solve for M2 substitute each of the known quantities for its symbol and calculate
M V1 M2 1 V2
given
3. COMPUTE Note: Even though molarity is moles per liter, you can use volumes in milliliters along with molarity whenever the units cancel. 4.74 M 50.00 mL M2 0.948 M 250.00 mL 4. EVALUATE Are the units correct? Yes; molarity (mol/L) was required. Is the number of signicant Yes; the number of signicant ggures correct? ures is correct because the data had a minimum of three signicant gures. Is the answer reasonable? Yes; the computation is the same as 4.74/5, which is a little less than 1. PRACTICE 1. Complete the table below by calculating the missing value in each row.
Molarity of stock solution a. 0.500 M KBr b. 1.00 M LiOH c. ? M HI d. 12.0 M HCl e. 7.44 M NH3 Volume of stock solution 20.00 mL ? mL 5.00 mL 0.250 L ? mL Molarity of dilute solution ? M KBr 0.075 M LiOH 0.0493 M HI 1.8 M HCl 0.093 M NH3 Volume of dilute solution 100.00 mL 500.00 mL 100.00 mL ?L 4.00 L
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the molarity of the stock solution, the volume of stock solution, and the molarity of the diluted solution the volume of water to add to make the dilute solution
Data 6.77 M HNO3 15.00 mL 1.50 M HNO3 ? mL ? mL
2. PLAN What steps are needed to calculate the amount of water to add to dilute a solution to the given molarity?
M1V1 M2V2
solve the equation M1V1 M2V2 algebraically for the V2
Apply the principle that volume1 molarity1 volume2 molarity2 . Subtract the stock solution volume from the nal volume to determine the amount of water to add.
Volume of water added to dilute
subtract the original volume from final diluted volume V2 V1 Vwater added to dilute
2
MV V2 1 1 M2
substitute each of the known quantities for its symbol and calculate
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Unknown volume
M V1 V2 1 M2
calculated above
given
V2
given
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4. EVALUATE Are the units correct? Is the number of signicant gures correct?
PRACTICE 1. What volume of water would be added to 16.5 mL of a 0.0813 M solution of sodium borate in order to get a 0.0200 M solution? ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 1. What is the molarity of a solution of ammonium chloride prepared by diluting 50.00 mL of a 3.79 M NH4Cl solution to 2.00 L? 2. A student takes a sample of KOH solution and dilutes it with 100.00 mL of water. The student determines that the diluted solution is 0.046 M KOH, but has forgotten to record the volume of the original sample. The concentration of the original solution is 2.09 M. What was the volume of the original sample? 3. A chemist wants to prepare a stock solution of H2SO4 so that samples of 20.00 mL will produce a solution with a concentration of 0.50 M when added to 100.0 mL of water. a. What should the molarity of the stock solution be? b. If the chemist wants to prepare 5.00 L of the stock solution from concentrated H2SO4 , which is 18.0 M, what volume of concentrated acid should be used? c. The density of 18.0 M H2SO4 is 1.84 g/mL. What mass of concentrated H2SO4 should be used to make the stock solution in (b)?
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