S i i i i S di h d id i t b th t i Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that is Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that is Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that is y g

ll d t t d d lk li usually used to prepare standard alkaline usually used to prepare standard alkaline usually used to prepare standard alkaline usually used to prepare standard alkaline y p p
l ti f l f l t i l i f idi solutions useful for volumetric analysis of acidic solutions useful for volumetric analysis of acidic solutions useful for volumetric analysis of acidic y
d compounds compounds compounds. compounds. p
S di h d id i h i d Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic and can Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic and can Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic and can y yg p
t ith t h i b di id react with atmospheric carbon dioxide react with atmospheric carbon dioxide react with atmospheric carbon dioxide. react with atmospheric carbon dioxide. p
i contaminant contaminant contaminant
( t l bl ) (water soluble) (water soluble) (water soluble) ( )
ti f 100 L f 1 N OH l ti preparation of 100 mLof 1 NaOH solution preparation of 100 mLof 1 NaOH solution preparation of 100 mLof 1 NaOH solution preparation of 100 mLof 1 NaOH solution p p
Di l 4 5 f di h d id i 100 L Dissolve 4 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL Dissolve 4 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL Dissolve 4.5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL Dissolve 4.5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL g y
di ill d ll l d h dd di till d t ll t l d th dd distilled water allow to cool and then add distilled water allow to cool and then add distilled water, allow to cool, and then add , ,
t t d b i h d id l ti d i saturated barium hydroxide solution drop wise saturated barium hydroxide solution drop wise saturated barium hydroxide solution drop wise saturated barium hydroxide solution drop wise y p
i h i i il i i i f d ith ti i til i it t i f d L with stirring until a precipitate is formed Leave with stirring until a precipitate is formed Leave with stirring until a precipitate is formed. Leave g p p
id ll i f l t i it ti filt aside allowing for complete precipitation filter aside allowing for complete precipitation filter aside allowing for complete precipitation, filter, aside allowing for complete precipitation, filter, g p p p , ,
d ll h fil b d di d i d ll t th filt t t b t d di d i t and collect the filtrate to be standardized against and collect the filtrate to be standardized against and collect the filtrate to be standardized against g
1 HCl l ti 1 HCl solution 1 HCl solution 1 HCl solution. 1 HCl solution.
i contaminant contaminant contaminant
( t l bl ) (water soluble) (water soluble) (water soluble) ( )
i l bl water insoluble water insoluble water insoluble
t d di ti standardization standardization standardization standardization
N OH HCl N Cl H O NaOH + HCl NaCl + H O NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
2
1 HCl l ti i d d 1 HCl solution is used as a secondary 1 HCl solution is used as a secondary 1 HCl solution is used as a secondary 1 HCl solution is used as a secondary y
d d t d d standard standard standard
h l h h l i i d h i di h l hth l i i d th i di t phenolphthalein is used as the indicator phenolphthalein is used as the indicator phenolphthalein is used as the indicator p p
pH: 8 3 10 pH: 8 3 10 pH: 8.3 10 pH: 8.3 10 p
d procedure procedure procedure pp
h h b i h h D W d h i (N OH) wash the burette with the D W and the titrant (NaOH) wash the burette with the D W and the titrant (NaOH) wash the burette with the D. W. and the titrant (NaOH) ( )
fill th b tt ith N OH t l l ( dj t it) fill the burette with NaOH to a level (adjust it) fill the burette with NaOH to a level (adjust it) fill the burette with NaOH to a level (adjust it) ( j )
h 20 L b lb i tt ith D W th b littl f wash a 20 mL bulb pipette with D W then by a little of wash a 20 mL bulb pipette with D W then by a little of wash a 20 mL bulb pipette with D. W. then by a little of p p y
HCl l ti fill it t th k ith th id HCl solution; fill it to the mark with the acid HCl solution; fill it to the mark with the acid HCl solution; fill it to the mark with the acid
t f th id i t l i l f k dd D W (50 transfer the acid into a clean conical fask; add D W (50 transfer the acid into a clean conical fask; add D.W. (50 transfer the acid into a clean conical fask; add D.W. (50 ; (
) mL) mL) mL) mL)
dd 2 d f h l hth l i i di t add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator p p p
i i b ddi N OH l i d i i h start titration by adding NaOH solution drop wise with start titration by adding NaOH solution drop wise with start titration by adding NaOH solution drop wise with y g p
ti ti i til th l ti h f continuous stirring until the solution changes from continuous stirring until the solution changes from continuous stirring until the solution changes from g g
l l t i k colourless to pink colourless to pink colourless to pink p
d th l f N OH l ti d d l l t record the volume of NaOH solution used and calculate record the volume of NaOH solution used and calculate record the volume of NaOH solution used and calculate
th lit the normality the normality the normality y
N t Note Note Note
d procedure procedure procedure pp
tit ti t titration apparutus titration apparutus titration apparutus titration apparutus pp
end point end point end point p
( i ) (pink) (pink) (pink) (p )
l l ti calculations calculations calculations calculations
NaOH HCl NaOH HCl NaOH HCl
N th lit f N OH l ti N :the normality of NaOH solution N :the normality of NaOH solution N
1
:the normality of NaOH solution
1
y
1
V th l f N OH l ti d V :the volume of NaOH solution used V
1
:the volume of NaOH solution used V
1
:the volume of NaOH solution used
1
N th lit f HCl N :the normality of HCl N
2
:the normality of HCl N
2
:the normality of HCl
2
y
2
V : ol me of HCl sol tion sed (20mLin o r e periment) V : volume of HCl solution used (20mLin our experiment) V
2
: volume of HCl solution used (20mLin our experiment) V
2
: volume of HCl solution used (20mL in our experiment)
2
p
H k Home work Home work Home work Home work
Wh h d 4 5 f N OH t 100 L f 1 N Why have you used 4 5 g of NaOH to prepare 100 mL of 1 N Why have you used 4.5 g of NaOH to prepare 100 mL of 1 N Why have you used 4.5 g of NaOH to prepare 100 mL of 1 N y y g p p
N OH l ti ? NaOH solution? NaOH solution? NaOH solution?