TELECOM BASICS

E1 a) 256 bytes per frame b) 8 bits Each TS in E1 Frame c) 0.125uS time taken by one frame d) Total 8000 frames in One Second Voice Theorm a) Voice Frequency ~ 300 to 3300 Hz , bandwidth = 4000 Hz b) Nyquist theorm = Min 8000 sampling rate reqd ( 4000*2 ) c) One Sample = 8 bits ( Reprsntation of 256 Voice Levels , 2 pow 8 = 256) Erlang a) Unit of Traffic descibes total traffic volume in one hour b) Erlang = Busy time for ckts / Avl Time for measurment , Ex : 20/60 = 3Er 15ckt - 8.1 Er 31ckt - 21.5 Er 3 E1 - 77 Er 10 E1 - 286 Er 20 - 592 30ckt - 20.3 Er 02 E1 - 48 Er 5 E1 - 136 15 E1 - 439 Er 30 - 901 CAS Line Signalling a) Uses TS = 16 for indication of ckt. Status only ( I.e. FREE , SIEZ , FREE BY A/B , BUSY etc.) ABCD Fwd ABCD Bckwd 10XX 10XX 00XX 10XX 00XX 11XX 00XX 01XX 00XX 11XX 10XX 0/10XX STATUS IDLE SIEZ SIEZ ACK ANS B PARTY REL A PARTY REL

E1 Physical Interface a) 0th TS used for synchronization ( 0011011) b) Modes of Operation 1. Unframed - No TS at all 2. Framed - All 32 TS used for data 3.Multiframe - 0 TS for sync, rest 31 for data c) Bit '1' - 3V , Bit '0' - 0~0.3 V

CAS ( Channel Associated Signalling ) a) Uses INBAND Signalling ( Voice frequencies ) b) Signaliing Associated in that E1 only - TS = 16 Line Sig. And TS=All Registered Signalling CAS Registered Signalling

CAS Registered Signalling a) Uses voice TS for Registered Signalling . b) Types : DECADIC , DTMF , R2 Semi C , R2Fully C c) R2MF - R2 Multi Freq Fully Compled (Ack Reqd) d) MF - Combination of 2 Freq to represent one info Grp 1 Fwd Sig. 1 Digit '1' 2 Digit '2' 3 Digit '3' 4 Digit '4' Grp II Fwd 1 Ordinary 2 Priority 5 Operator 6 STD Coin Sig. Subs Subs Box

Grp A Bwd Sig. 1 Send Next Dig. 2 Restart 3 Change over grp B 4 CLI 5 Send Cat of A Party 6 Switch to speech 7 Send last but 2 digits 8 Send last but 3 digits 9 Send last but 1 digit

Grp B Bwd Sig. 2 Changed No. 3 Called Line Busy 4 Congestion 5 Unallocated No. 6 Normal subs free

Ist Frame : TS-1 & TS-17 (4+4 bits) IInd Frame : TS-2 & TS-18 .... .... 15th Frame : TS-15 & TS-31

CCS Associated

CCS Quasi associated

CCS Non associated.

CCS STRUCTURE

Layer-2 : CRC , Retransmission ( PCR ) , Error Correction and detection Etc

CCS 7 Layers

Layer# 2

FLAG

BSN

BIB FSN

FIB

LI SPARE

DATA

CRC

0 FISU 1-2 LSSU 3-63 MSU

Layer# 3

SIF

SIO

Layer-3 : b. Signalling Route Management - Traffic / Sharing / Overloading Routing c. Signalling Link Management - Control / Monitor / Status of Links e Signalling Traffic Management - Change over/ Back in case of Fail e. Alignment - SIO , SIN , SIE , SIOS f. Message Distribution - Distributing the MSG to ISUP , SCCP g. Message Discrimination - Mine or Other DPC / NW

SubService Field

Service Indicator

Service Indicator 0 - SNM ( Signalling NW Management Message ) 1 - MTN ( Mtc Regular Msg ) 2 - MTNs ( Mtc Special Message ) 3 - SCCP ( Carry Non-Voice Traffic Ex: SMS ) 4 - TUP 5 - ISUP ( Voice related traffic ) 6 - Data User Part ( Call & ckt Related ) 7 - Data User part ( Facility Regn & Cancellation )

Network Indicator NAT0/1, INAT0/1

Priority - 1,2,3 ( Low to High )

SLS ( 4 DPC OPC Bits , Max 16 Selection

CIC (only ISUP) USER PART

Layer-3 Timers T1 Delay to avoid message mis-sequencing on changeover .5 to 1.2 sec. T2 Wait for changeover Ack .7 to 2. 0 sec T3 Delay to avoid message mis-sequencing on changeback .5 to 1.2 sec. T4 Wait for changeback Ack (1st attempt) 5 to 1.2 sec. T5 Wait for changeback Ack (2nd attempt) 5 to 1.2 sec.

ISUP

Message Type

Mandatory FIX

Mandatory Variable

Optional FIX

Optional Variable

IAM

A Party Category , Forward Call Indicator

ISUP Message Type : IAM ( Initial Address Message ) INR ( Information Request ) ACM ( Address Complete ) ANM ( Answer Message ) REL ( Release Message ) RLC ( Release Complete ) BLO ( Blocking ) UBL ( Uublocking ) BLA ( Blocking Acknowledment ) CPG ( Call Progress )

B Party No , User service Info

CLI , Carrier , NW , HOPs

SCCP

Message Type

Mandatory FIX

Mandatory Variable

Optional FIX

Optional Variable

Used for

UDT

XUDT

Protocol Class : Class -0 : Basic Connectionless ( Non Critical, TCAP ) Class -1 : Sequenced Connectionless (Critical , TCAP ) Class -2 : Basic Connection Oriented ( BSSAP ) Class -3 : Flow Control Connection Oriented (BSSAP ) Class -4 : Flow Control + Err Recovery

1. Called Party 2. Calling Party 3. User Data 1. Called Party 2. Calling Party 3. User Data 1. Called Party 2. Calling Party 3. User Data 1. Called Party 2. Calling Party 3. User Data 1. Segmentation data 1. Segmentation data

Used to transport user data

User Data :
1. Length Indicator 2. User Data Ex: TCAP etc

and SCCP management messages in the connectionless mode. It can Segment / DeSegment data as per its size Used to indicate to the originating SCCP user that a UDT message cannot be delivered to the specified destination. The data field of the UDT message and the reason for the return are included in the UDTS

UDTs

1. Return Cause 2. Hop Counter

XUDTs

1. Return Cause 2. Hop Counter

Connection Oriented - Only used in BSSAP where heavy data transfer is required for ex. Between MSC/VLR to BSC to BTS

Calling / Called party :

1. Address Indicator : a. Routing Indicator : GT based or ( DPC + SSN ) b. GTT Indicator : No GT or GT - 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 c. SSN Indicator : Present / Not Present d. Point Code Indicator : Present / Not Present 2. Address : a. Point Code b. SSN

c. GT - 1 : i. Nature of Address Ind : Subscriber Number / National Sig. No. / International No. ii. Odd / Even Indicator ( Spr) iii. Address Information ( 919839212499 ) d. GT - 2 : i. Translation Type ii. Address Information ( 919839212499 ) e. GT - 3 : i. Translation Type ii. Encoing Scheme - Unknown / BCD Odd / BCD Even iv. Address Information iii Numbering Plan - ISDN / Telephony / Data / Telex / Land Mobile / Mobile e. GT - 4 : i. Translation Type ii. Encoing Scheme - Unknown / BCD Odd / BCD Even iii. Numbering Plan iv. Nature of Address Indicator v. Address Information ( Contains Address for Example : 919839212499 )

SCCP - Routing Protocol

SCMG Functions - Signaling point status management : Failure, recovery, and congestion information of signaling points, provided by MTP - Subsystem status management : Subsystem failure and recovery information, and SCCP (SSN 1) congestion received in SCCP management messages. - Subsystem status test : SSP , SSA , SST , SOR , SOG

SSN 1 SCCP Management 3 ISDN user part 4 OMAP (Operation, Maintenance and Administration Part) 5 MAP (Mobile Application Part) 6 HLR (Home Location Register) 7 VLR (Visitor Location Register) 8 MSC (Mobile Switching center) 9 EIR (Equipment Identifier register) 10 AUC (Authentication Centre) 11 ISDN Supplementary Services (SSAP) 13 Broadband ISDN edge-to-edge applications 254 Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP)

Hop Counter ( 15 to 1 ) : Counter is decremented upon GTT Segmentation : Max 16 Segments , each carries 246 bytes GTT CASES 1. SPC + SSN 2. SPC + SSN + GT 3. SSN + GT 4. SPC + GT 5. GT only GT is performed on given SPC + SSN on the basis of GT info , to find out the final A/B Party Address

GTT > Method of hiding the SS7 point code and sub-system number from the originator of a message

a) GT Consists of Translation type (TT)

Numbering plan (NP)

Nature of address (NA)

Global title digits (GTDIG)

b) GT Benefits Central administration of routing information makes it easier to restructure the network It is possible to set up alternative routing schemes and load sharing More compact and dyanmic routing tables The function is required for the introduction of certain new services (such as call completion to busy subscriber, CCBS and 800 free phone) a) The result of a global title translation can be: the point code for a signaling destination a subsystem service group ( this is used in the intelligent network to guarantee a fail-safe service control point (SCP). Two SCPs can be combined to form a subsystem service group that is accessed from the relevant service switching point (SSP) via global title translation. ) a translator service group ( this consists of up to four signaling points, each of which can perform the necessary translation ) a further translation in the same network node

TRANSACTION

DIALOG TAG

COMPONENT TAG

Functions of TCAP are to control: The transaction between both endpoints in the network The communication to the users of TCAP.

TCAP :
1. Transaction Part : ( Deals with SCCP Message ) a. TCAP Message Type : BEGIN / UNI / END / CONTINUE / ABORT b. Length Indicatior of Transaction Tag ( Max 2048 , SCCP takes Care of Segmenting / Breaking ) c. Transaction Info ( Not Valid for UNI ) i. Origination Transaction Id ( Mandatory for BEGIN , CONTINUE ) - Length Indicator & Value i. Destination Transaction Id ( Mandatory for END , ABORT , CONTINUE ) - Length Indicator & Value i. P_Abort Cause ( Mandatory for TC_P_Abort Request ) - Reason for Abort 2. Dialog Part : a. Dialog Indicator Tag b. Length Indicatior of Dialog Tag c. Dialog Information - Depend on USER For Ex : MAP , INAP 3. Message Component Part : ( Deals with USERs such as MAP , INAP ...) a. Component Indicator Tag b. Length Indicatior of Component Tag c.Component Type : ( Invoke / Return Result Last / Return Result Not Last / Return Error / Reject ) d. Component length e. Component User Information by MAP , INAP , CAMEL , OMAP , SSAP Etc..........

Message type
Invoke

Function
Initiates/invokes a desired operation at the remote peer application entity.

Return result not last

Used to carry a segment of the result of a successfully completed operation. It is used when a success reply is physically too large to fit into a single message.

Return result last

Represents the final success reply to an operation invocation. If the success reply was segmented, this component would represent the final segment of the reply

Return error

Indicates an operation invoked previously has failed due to some processing error. Error codes are supplied by TCAP users, and are passed transparently by TCAP.

Reject

Indicates that one of the Invoke, Return Result, or Return Error components received from the remote user/CSL could not be understood or was not expected.

Unidirectional

Used to transport data in an unstructured dialogue

Begin

First message, to start a structured dialogue, sent once

Continue

Used to sustain the structured dialogue, more continue messages can be sent

End

Used to terminate the structured dialogue in a normal way

Abort

Used to terminate the structured dialogue in an off normal way.

SMSC
1. SMS are stored in SMSC before they can be sent to MS ( 140 bytes each SMS ) 2. MAP USED is > Forward Short Message Submit > Send Routing Info for SM > Forward Short Message Deliver 3. MO Forward SM : A party MS to SMSC ( Forward Short Message Submit ) 4. MT Forward SM : SMSC to B Party MS ( Forward Short Message Deliver )

HLR

TCAP Begin/Invoke - SRI for SM TCAP End / Retrun Res - SRI Ack

GMS

TCAP Begin/Invoke - Forward SM TCAP End / Retrun Res - Forward SM Ack

MSC/VLR

SM_DELIVER

BTS

BTS VLR D HLR IMSI AUC-SIM GSM H G V D C B M E GMSC F IMEI A

SMSC

EIR

HLR TCAP Begin/Invoke - SRI TCAP End / Retrun Res - SRI TCAP Begin/Invoke - Provide MSRN TCAP End / Retrun Res - MSRN Ack

GM

IAM - MSISDN

MSC/VLR BTS

IAM -

Mobile Terminating Call ( MTC )

SCP
Service Control Pt

STP A-Access

STP

C-Cross

D-

C-Cross

B-Bridge

Other STP NW

SCP

A-

STP

STP

A-

E-Extended C7 Network

SSP (Service Switching Pt )

GPRS ( General Packet Radio Services ) a) Key Features Speed immediacy New applications Better applications Service access b) Key Network Features of GPRS Packet switching Spectrum efficiency Internet aware Supports tdma and gsm c) Limitations of GPRS Limited cell capacity for all users Speeds much lower in reality Support of gprs mobile terminate by terminals is not ensured Suboptimal modulation Transit delays No store and forward d) SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node handles session management, mobility management, billing and traffic measurements bit level encryption of data which is to be sent over the air interface. Put GPRS data received from the BSC in IP format for sending to the GGSN and vice-versa. Provide GPRS routing to BSCs d) GGSN - GPRS Gateway Support Node The GGSN is the gateway in and out of the GPRS system. It routes packets from an external network ( "the Internet" ) to the SGSN which is currently serving the MS, and routes packets from the SGSNs to which it is connected to the external network. This concept is called tunnelling. d) Similar Techniques Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

FLAG

UDT MESSAGE TRANSACTION ID , BEGIN

BSN DPC BIB

PROTOCOL CLASS =0/1

B PARTY - GT(N) / SSN / SUB NO DIALOG ID

FIB

A PARTY - GT(N) / SSN / SUB NO

FSN COMPONENT TYPE = INVOKE LI OPC SIO USER DATA SIF

SPARE

USER DATA

COMPONENT USER DATA , SM , MSIN DIGIT

MT Forward

CRC

SLS

MTP - 2

LAYER 3

SCCP

TCAP

GSM Overview IMSI : International Mobile Subs Identity [ SIM , MCC(3) + MNC(2) + MSISDN (<10) ] TMSI : Temporary Mobile Subs Identity [ VLR , MCC(3) + MNC(2) + MSISDN (<10) ] MSISDN : Mobile Stn Integrated Services Digital NW [ CC(1-3) + NDC(1-3) + MDN(10) ] IMSI Vs TMSI One can't take hacking benefits with TMSI as it is dyanmically allocated by VLR , moreover TMSI is 4 octet shorter than IMSI . MAP D ( HLR-VLR ) Provide MSRN / MSRN Ack Update Location / Cancel Location / Ack Insert / Delete Subs Data / Ack Send Param / Ack Reset Deregister Mobile Data Note MS Present MAP C ( HLR-MSC ) Send Routing info SRI / Ack Send Routing info for SM / Ack Set Message waiting data Alert Service Centre Regisster charging info

BTS VLR D HLR IMSI GSM Overview AUCH EIR SMSC MAP I ( Subservices - MSC ) Get Pwd / Register Pwd Activate / Deactivate / Erase / Register SS Interrogate / Invoke SS Forward SS Notification F IMEI G VLR B D C MSC E GMSC A

MAP E ( GMSC - MSC ) Process access sigmnalling CCS 7 Forward access Signalling CCS 7 Send End Signal CCS 7 Perform Handovers / Subsequent HO Perform Internal Handovers Trace subs activity

MAP F ( EIR - MSC ) Check IMEI

MAP H ( SMSC - MSC ) MAP G ( VLR - VLR ) Forward Short Message Send Param

Intelligent Network ( IN ) Requirement / Advantages Rapid deployment of Vendor / SSP Free Services which are centrally administered

SSP CCF - Call Control Functions ( Takes Care of all call related processing in Switch ) SSF - Service Switching functions ( Provides IN Triggering and IN Accessibility ) SRF - Specialized resource function ( Provides interactioon bw Call processing SW in SSP) SCP SCF - Service Control Functions ( Executes IN service logic and interfaces witrh SSP via SSF ) SDF - Service data function ( Maintains all customer and nw data ) SMP - Service Management Point ( Administration and Operation of IN )

a) Uses TS = 16 for indication of ckt. Status only ( I.e.

SCPs can be combined to form a subsystem service group that is accessed from

remote peer application entity.

successfully completed operation. It is used when a success reply is physically too large to fit

eration invocation. If the success reply was segmented, this component would represent the

has failed due to some processing error. Error codes are supplied by TCAP users, and are

sult, or Return Error components received from the remote user/CSL could not be understood

dialogue

ue, sent once

ore continue messages can be sent

in a normal way

in an off normal way.

GMSC