Spanish influence on Filipino culture Hispanic influence on Filipino culture (Spanish: Influencia hispnica en la cultura filipina) are customs

and traditions of the Philippines which originated from three centuries of Spanish
[1]

colonisation. Filipinos today speak a

variety of different languages including Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Ilonggo, Englishand Chavacano. There are thousands of Spanish loanwords in most Filipino languages. A Spanish-Based creole language called Chavacano is also spoken in communities in Mindanao (notably Zamboanga where it is the official language, as well as Davao and Cotabato), and Luzon (Cavite). The Philippines, having been one of the most distant Spanish colonies, received less migration of people from Spain, compared to the colonies in the Americas, Latin America. Most of the influence during the colonial period came through Mexico, rather than directly from Spain, as the Philippines was governed as a territory of New Spain. Mexican and Spanish influence is evident in many aspects of Philippine culture including religion, architecture, language, music, fashion, cooking, and traditions. History[edit source | editbeta] Before the Spanish colonisation, there were already a mixture of cultures, the native people similar to Melanesians and Australian Aborigines, a majority population of Malays and Polynesians, and small groups of people from other Southeast Asian countries. The Philippines and Guam were the furthest colonies from Spain, and it was decided that they would be governed from Mexico, as it was a lot closer. Because of this the Philippines received significant influence from Mexican culture. Language[edit source | editbeta] {Main|Spanish language in the Philippines} The most common languages spoken in the Philippines today are English and Filipino, which is based on Tagalog. Spanish was an official language of the country until the change of government in 1987, which led to Spanish being dropped as an official language for political reasons. The Americans embarked on a policy of dehispanicisation and urged the Filipino government to chose Tagalog and English as the official languages. There are a minority of people who still speak Spanish in public; these people are mostly of Hispanic origin. However, the government has reintroduced the teaching of Spanish into the state education system. The Spanish spoken in the Philippines today has a great affinity with Mexican Spanish. Filipino Spanish contains many Mexican Spanish loanwords of Nahuatl origin which were first incorporated into Mexican Spanish, and which do not exist in European Spanish. Examples include nanay (nantl), tatay (tatle), bayabas [from guayaba(s), guava], abokado (avocado), papaya, sayote, zapote, and palengke. Various Filipino languages have significantly assimilated aspects of the Spanish language, and contain thousands of loanwords. Numerous words, and some grammatical concepts of the Spanish vocabulary, are used in Chavacano, Cebuano, Tagalog, Bicolano, and Ilocano. Name of the Philippines[edit source | editbeta]

The name of the Philippines comes from the king of Spain Philip II. It was given by the Spanish explorer Ruy Lpez de Villalobos who named the islands of Samar and Leyte "Las Islas Felipinas" (The Philippine Islands), during his expedition in 1543. Throughout the colonial period, the name Felipinas (Philippines) was used, and became the official name of the Philippines. There are many provinces in the Philippines with Spanish names, such as Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, La Union, Marinduque, Antique, Negros Occidental,Negros Oriental, Nueva Segovia and Valle de Compostela. Many cities, and towns are also named in Spanish, such as Medellin, La Libertad, Naga City (prior to 1919 was known as Nueva Cceres), Las Pias, Prosperidad, Isabela, Sierra Bullones,Angeles, La Paz, Esperanza, Buenavista, Pilar, La Trinidad, Garcia Hernandez, Trece Martires, Los Baos, and many more. There are numerous other towns and cities named after saints, such as San Fernando, Santa Rosa, San Isidro, San Jos, San Juan and San Pablo, as well as after Spanish places like Madrid, Santander, Toledo, Cdiz, Valencia, Murcia, Lucena, and Pamplona. Other native Filipino names are spelled using Spanish orthography, such as Cagayn de Oro, Paraaque, and Ceb. Filipino Spanish surnames[edit source | editbeta] See also: Catlogo Alfabtico de Apellidos On 21 November 1849 the Spanish Governor General of the Philippine Islands, Narciso Clavera, decreed the systematic distribution of surnames and the implementation of the Spanish naming system for Filipinos and Filipinas, thereby producing the Catlogo Alfabtico de Apellidos (Alphabetical Catalogue of Surnames") listing Spanish, Filipino, and Hispanicised Chinese words, names, and numbers. Thus many Spanish-sounding Filipino surnames are not surnames common to the Hispanophone world. However, Spanish nobility and colonial administrator surnames were explicitly prohibited. The colonial authorities implemented this decree because too many (early) Christianized Filipinos assumed religiousinstrument and saint names. There soon were too many people surnamed "de los Santos" (of the Saints), "de la Cruz" (of the Cross), "del Rosario" (of the Rosary), "Bautista" (Baptist), et cet era, which made it difficult for the Spanish colonists to control the Filipino people, and most important, to collect taxes. This Spanish naming custom countered the native Filipino naming custom wherein siblings assumed different surnames, as practised before the Spanish Conquest of the Philippine islands. Moreover, because of this implementation of Spanish naming customs (given name -paternal surname -maternal surname) in the Philippines, a Spanish surname does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry People[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Demographics of the Philippines

The majority of Filipinos are descendants from Austronesian peoples. These people are closely related to the Chamorro people in Guam and the Mariana Islands. Although there are lots of other ethnicities in the Philippines, such as the native population related to the Aborigines of Australia and Melanesians. There are also Chinese, Japanese, and Indians.
[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Official percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is unknown. The Philippine Statistics Department does not account for the racial background or ancestry of an individual. Different estimates of this mixed descent, either by the parent side, it is calculated that some 3,500,000 to 5,000,000. In other cases it is also estimated with a proximity of 17,000,000 to 36,550,197 people of Hispanic descent. But none of these estimates are supported by genetic studies.
[8]

Religion[edit source | editbeta] The Philippines is one of two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being East Timor. About 90% of the population are Catholics. About 5% are Muslim, and about 5% practised other religion, and those with no religion. Filipinos at home set up altars in Hispanic tradition, adorned with Catholic icons, flowers, statues, and candles. On festival season, most barriosorganised religious church service, and processions in honor of their patron saint, and cooked a variety of Filipino food. Festivities[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Public holidays in the Philippines All major Roman Catholic holy days are observed as official national holidays in the Philippines. SpanishMexican culture and Christianity has influenced the customs and traditions of the Philippines. Every year on the 3rd week of January, the Philippines celebrates the festival of the "Santo Nio" (Holy Child Jesus), the largest being held in Cebu City. Holiday[edit source | editbeta]

1 January - New Years Day (Ao Nuevo or Bagong Taon) March or April - Semana Santa (Holy Week or Easter) 31 October to 2 November - Day of the Dead (Da de los Muertos), Araw ng mga Kaluluwa/Da de las almas (All Souls' Day), and Todos Los Santos (All Saints' Day) where families spend much of the 3 days and 3 evenings visiting their ancestral graves, showing respect and honoring the departed relatives by feasting, decorating and offering prayers.

24 December - Nochebuena (The Good night or Christmas Eve) 25 December - Christmas (Navidad or Pasko)

Arts, literature and music[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Arts of the Philippines, Literature of the Philippines, and Music in the Philippines Hispanic influence is based on Indigenous, and European tradition. Folk dance, music, and literature have remained intact in the 21st century. These were introduced from Spain, and Mexico in the 16th century, and can be regarded as largely Hispanic in constitution, which have remained in the Philippines for centuries. Cuisine[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Filipino cuisine The cuisine in the Philippines reflects the influences of Spanish and Asian cuisine. Business[edit source | editbeta] In the business community, the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI) plays an integral role in the economic, political and social development of the nation. Historically, the chamber can be traced back as early as the 1890s with the inauguration of the Cmara de Comercio de Filipinas. This organisation was composed mainly of Spanish companies such as theCompaia General de Tabacos de Filipinas, Fbrica de Cerveza San Miguel, and Elizalde y Ca, among other Spanish, and Philippine companies. During the first half of the 20th century commerce, and industrial trades with other Hispanic countries declined due to the United States administration of the Philippines. However, the resurgence of trade between Spain and Latin American nations had risen toward the closing of the century. 1998 marked the centennial celebration of Philippine independence, and opened a new opportunity for both Hispanic and Filipino businesses to reconnect their historic ties as trade partners. Resistance against Spanish rule[edit source | editbeta] Spanish rule of the Philippines was constantly threatened by indigenous rebellions and invasions from the Dutch, Chinese, Japanese and British. The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule, refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses. All were defeated by the Spanish and their Filipino allies. In many areas, the Spanish left indigenous groups to administer their own affairs but under Spanish overlordship. Early resistance[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Philippine revolts against Spain and Spanish-Moro Conflict Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities. After Rajah patis of Cebu, random native nobles resisted Spanish rule. The longest recorded native rebellion was that of Francisco Dagohoy which lasted a century.
[25]

During the British occupation of Manila (17621764), Diego Silang was appointed by them as governor of Ilocos and after his assassination by fellow natives, his wife Gabriela continued to lead the Ilocanos in the fight against Spanish rule. Resistance against Spanish rule was regional in character, based on ethnolinguistic groups.
[26]

Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon, nor to the inland communities of Mindanao. The highlanders were more able to resist the Spanish invaders than the lowlanders. The Moros, most notably the sultanates, had a more advanced political system than their counterparts in the Visayas and Luzon. Spanish cities in Mindanao were limited to the coastal areas ofZamboanga and Cagayan de Oro. The opening of the Philippines to world trade[edit source | editbeta] In Europe, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain during the period known as the Victorian Age. The industrialization of Europe created great demands for raw materials from the colonies, bringing with it investment and wealth, although this was very unevenly distributed. Governor-General Basco had opened the Philippines to this trade. Previously, the Philippines was seen as a trading post for international trade but in the nineteenth century it was developed both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed to satisfy the rising demands of an industrializing Europe. A small flow of European immigrants came with the opening of the Suez Canal, which cut the travel time between Europe and the Philippines by half. New ideas about government and society, which the friars and colonial authorities found dangerous, quickly found their way into the Philippines, notably through the Freemasons, who along with others, spread the ideals of the American, French and other revolutions, including Spanish liberalism. Rise of Filipino nationalism[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Filipino nationalism The development of the Philippines as a source of raw materials and as a market for European manufactures created much local wealth. Many Filipinos prospered. Everyday Filipinos also benefited from the new economy with the rapid increase in demand for labor and availability of business opportunities. Some Europeans immigrated to the Philippines to join the wealth wagon, among them Jacobo Zobel, patriarch of today's Zobel de Ayala family and prominent figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where they learned the ideals of liberty from the French and American Revolutions. The new economy gave rise to a new middle class in the Philippines, usually not ethnic Filipinos. In the early 19th century, the Suez Canal was opened which made the Philippines easier to reach from Spain. The small increase of Peninsulares from the Iberian Peninsula threatened the secularization of the Philippine churches. In state affairs, the Criollos, known locally as Insulares (lit. "islanders"). were displaced from government positions by the Peninsulares, whom the nativeInsulares regarded as foreigners. The Insulares had become increasingly Filipino and called themselves Los hijos del pas (lit. "sons of the country"). Among the early proponents of Filipino nationalism were the Insulares Padre Pedro Pelez, archbishop of Manila, who fought for the secularization of Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars; Padre Jos Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero Jos Rizal; and Joaqun Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race. In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the Indios (possibly referring to Insulares and mestizos as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. In response, the Insulares came out with Indios agraviados, a manifesto defending the Filipino against discriminatory remarks. The tension between the Insulares and Peninsulares erupted into the failed revolts of Novales and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 which resulted to the deportation of prominent Filipino nationalists to the Marianas and Europe who would

continue the fight for liberty through the Propaganda Movement. The Cavite Mutiny implicated the priests Mariano Gmez, Jos Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (see Gomburza) whose executions would influence the subversive activities of the next generation of Filipino nationalists, Jos Rizal, who then dedicated his novel, El filibusterismo to the these priests. Rise of Spanish liberalism[edit source | editbeta] See also: Liberalism and radicalism in Spain After the Liberals won the Spanish Revolution of 1868, Carlos Mara de la Torre was sent to the Philippines to serve as governor-general (18691871). He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the reforms he implemented.
[citation needed]

At one time, his supporters, including Padre Burgos and Joaqun Pardo de
[citation needed]

Tavera, serenaded him in front of theMalacaan Palace. vowed to rule with an iron fist.
[citation needed]

Following the Bourbon Restoration in Spain and

the removal of the Liberals from power, de la Torre was recalled and replaced by Governor-General Izquierdo who

Freemasonry[edit source | editbeta] Freemasonry had gained a generous following in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century and found its way to the Philippines. The Western World was quickly changing and sought less political control from the Roman Catholic Church. The first Filipino Masonic lodge was Revoluccion. It was established by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized in April 1889. It did not last long after he resigned from being its worshipful master on November 29, 1889. In December 1889, Marcelo H. del Pilar established, with the help of Julio Llorente, the Solidaridad in Madrid. Its first worshipful master was Llorente. A short time later, the Solidaridad grew. Some its members included Jos Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, and Galicano Apacible. In 1891, Del Pilar sent Laktaw to the Philippines to establish a Masonic lodge. Laktaw established on January 6, 1892, the Nilad, the first Masonic lodge in the Philippines. It is estimated that there were 35 masonic lodges in the Philippines in 1893 of which nine were in Manila. The first Filipina freemason was Rosario Villaruel. Trinidad and Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Romualda Lanuza, Purificacion Leyva, and many others join the masonic lodge. Freemasonry was important during the time of the Philippine Revolution. It pushed the reform movement and carried out the propaganda work. In the Philippines, many of those who pushed for a revolution were member of freemasonry like Andrs Bonifacio. In fact, the organization used by Bonifacio in establishing the Katipunan was derived from the Masonic society. It may be said that joining masonry was one activity that both the reformists and the Katipuneros shared. Illustrados, Rizal and Katipunan[edit source | editbeta] The mass deportation of nationalists to the Marianas and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate community of reformers in Europe. The community grew with the next generation of Ilustrados studying in European universities. They allied themselves with Spanish liberals, notably Spanish senator Miguel Morayta Sagrario, and founded the newspaper La Solidaridad. Among the reformers was Jos Rizal, who wrote two novels while in Europe. His novels were considered
[by whom?]

the

most influential of the Illustrados' writings causing further unrest in the islands, particularly the founding of

the Katipunan. A rivalry developed between himself andMarcelo H. del Pilar for the leadership of La Solidaridad and the reform movement in Europe. Majority of the expatriates supported the leadership of del Pilar.
[citation needed]

Rizal then returned to the Philippines to organize La Liga Filipina and bring the reform movement to Philippine soil. He was arrested just a few days after founding the league. In 1892, Radical members of the La Liga Filipina, which included Bonifacio and Deodato Arellano, founded theKataastaasang Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), called simply the Katipunan, which had the objective of the Philippines seceding from the Spanish Empire. The Philippine Revolution[edit source | editbeta]

Main article: Philippine Revolution By 1896 the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of the Katipunan was discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August Katipuneros gathered in Caloocan and declared the start of the revolution. The event is now known as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugad Lawin, due to conflicting historical traditions and official government positions.
[27] [28]

Andrs Bonifacio called for a general offensive on Manila

and was defeated in battle at the town of San Juan del

Monte. He regrouped his forces and was able to briefly capture the towns of Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban. Spanish counterattacks drove him back and he retreated to the mountains of Balara and Morong and from there engaged in guerrilla warfare.
[29]

By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-

General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in these provinces and placed them under martial law. These were Manila,Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag. Cavite were the most successful of the rebels
[31] [30][not in citation given]

Emilio Aguinaldo and the Katipuneros of

[29]

and they controlled most of their province by September October.

They defended their territories with trenches designed byEdilberto Evangelista.

Many of the educated ilustrado class such as Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini did not initially favor an armed revolution. Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Before his arrest he had issued a statement disavowing the revolution, but in his swan song poem Mi ltimo adis he wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending death.
[32][page needed]

While the revolution spread throughout the provinces, Aguinaldo's Katipuneros declared the existence of an insurgent government in October regardless of Bonifacio's Katipunan, government with him as president in August.
[34][35] [33]

which he had already converted into an insurgent

Bonifacio was invited to Cavite to mediate between Aguinaldo's

rebels, the Magdalo, and their rivals theMagdiwang, both chapters of the Katipunan. There he became embroiled in discussions whether to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government of the Cavite rebels' design. To this end, the Tejeros Convention was convened, where Aguinaldo was elected president of the new insurgent government. Bonifacio refused to recognize this and he was executed for treason in May 1897.
[36][37]

By December 1897, the revolution had resulted to a stalemate between the colonial government and rebels. Pedro Paterno mediated between the two sides for the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The conditions of the armistice included the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for $800,000 to be paid by the colonial government. Aguinaldo then sailed to Hong Kong for self exile.

The Spanish-American War[edit source | editbeta] On April 25, 1898, the Spanish-American War began with declarations of war. On May 1, 1898, the Spanish navy was decisively defeated in theBattle of Manila Bay by the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy led by Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia Thereafter Spain lost the ability to defend Manila and therefore the Philippines. On May 19, Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines aboard an American naval ship and on May 24 took command of Filipino forces. Filipino forces had liberated much of the country from the Spanish.
[citation needed]

On June

12, 1898 Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence declaring independence from Spain and later established the First Philippine Republic. Filipino forces then laid siege to Manila, as had American forces. Aguinaldo however failed to take the city. The Americans entered into a pact with the Spanish governor-general in which they agreed to fight a mock battle before surrendering Manila to the Americans. The Battle of Manila took place on August 13 and Americans took control of the city. In the Treaty of Paris (1898) ending the Spanish-American War, the Spanish agreed to sell the Philippines to the United States for $20 million which was subsequently narrowly ratified. With this action, Spanish rule in the Philippines formally ended. On February 4 1899, the PhilippineAmerican War began with the Battle of Manila (1899) between Americans forces and the nascent Philippine Republic.