MAR 2115 Differential Equations & Series - WorkSheet 2 Taylor Series for Functions of One Variable 1.

1 Use standard series to obtain the Maclaurin series for each of the given functions. In each case, you should give the first few terms of the series, the general term and the range of values of x for which the series is valid. 1 1 i. ii. ln 3  2x iii. 2x e 2x

1.2 Use standard series to obtain the first three non zero terms of a power series expansion for the functions i. e x cos x ii. 1x 1x

stating the values of x for which each series is valid.

1.3 Rewrite the function f x 

1 in two different ways and use the binomial x3 2 expansion to obtain a series suitable for approximating f x when i. x is small ii. x is large

indicating the values of x for which the expansions are valid.

1.4 Find the first four terms of the Taylor ( or Maclaurin) series for the given functions from first principles: i. iii. v. ex 1x cos x
n

about x  2 about x  0 about x   3

ii.

sin 2x

about x  1 about x  0 about x  1

iv. cosh x vi. ln x  2

1.5 Find, from first principles, the first three terms of the Maclaurin series for i. exp sin x ii. ln 1  e x

1.6 Use standard series to evaluate the given limits and then check your answer using LHopitals rule. cos x i. lim 1 x
x lim 1 e sin 2x x0 1x 1x iii. lim x x0 x0

ii.

MAR2115 Differential Eqs & Series - Worksheet 2

1.7 Use LHopitals rule to evaluate the following limits: 4x i. lim sin x x ii. lim 1 cos 2
x0 x0

iii. lim
x x0

iv. lim v. lim

x1

vi.

x/4

lim

x sin x x tan x x x sin x x 1 sin x 1  cos x sin x cos x cos 2x

Answers 1. 1 i. 1 1 1 x  1 x 2 1 x 3 . . .  1 n 1 x n . . . ; 2  x  2 2n 2 2 4 8 1 n1 2x n ii. ln 3  2 x 2 x 2  8 x 3 . . .  . . . ; 3  x 3 n 3 3 9 81 2 2 n 2 iii. 1 2x  2x 2 4 x 3 . . .  x n . . . ; valid for all x 3 n! 1. 2 i. 1  x 1 x 3 . . . ; valid for all x 3 ii. 1  x  1 x 2 . . . ; 1  x  1 2 2 2 1. 3 i. 3x  3 2 1  x  1 1 2 x  1 x 2 4 x 3 . . ; 3  x  3 3 9 3 3 27 2 27 108  12 1 6 ii. 3  x 2  x 2 1  3 x x  x 2 x 3 . . . ; |x |  3 x x2 2 x2 3 1. 4 i. ex  e2  e2 x 2  e2  e2 . . . 2! 3! ii. sin 2x  sin 2  2 x 1 cos 2 2 x 1 2 sin 2 4 x 1 3 cos 2 . . . 3 n n1 2 n n1 n2 3 iii. 1  x n  1  nx  x  x . . . (binomial series) 2! 3! iv. cosh x  1  1 x 2  1 x 4  1 x 6 . . . 2! 4! 6! 3 3 x  1 x  2 x  3 . . . v. cos x  1 3 4 3 3 2 2 12 2 3 vi. ln x  2  x  1 1 x  1  1 x  1 1 x  1 4 . . . 2 3 4 1. 5 i. exp sin x  1  x  1 x 2 . . . 2 ii. ln 1  e x  ln 2  1 x  1 x 2 . . . 2 8 1. 6 i. 1. 7 i. iv. 0 4 2 ii. ii. v. 1 2 1 2 2  iii. iii. vi. 1 1 1 2

Suggested solution

MAR2115 Differential Eqs & Series - Worksheet 2

1.5 i.

f x  e sin x , f 0  1 f x  cos xe sin x , f 0  1 f" x  cos 2 x e sin x sin xe sin x , f" 0  1 2 n Hence f x  f 0  x f 0  x f 0  . . .  x f 2! n! 2 x sin x e 1  x   ... 2 f x  ln 1  e x , f 0 x f x  e x , f 0  1e 1  ex ex ex. ex f" x  1  ex 2 ln 1  e x  ln 2  1 x  2 1  ln 2  x  2  ln 2 1 2 , f" 0  1 4 2 x . 1  ... 2 4 x2  . . . 8

. . .

1.5 ii.

MAR2115 Differential Eqs & Series - Worksheet 2