Data source

Section 3
Outline
1. Pressure data source
2. Fluid gradient
3. Vertical stress/overburden stress
4. Minimum horizontal stress (fracture pressure)
1. Pressure data source
Data source Hierarchy
Repeat formation tester (RFT, FMT, MDT)
Formation interval test (FIT)
Drill stem test (DST)
Well or pressure kick
Connection gas
Measurement whilst drilling (MWD/LWD)
Mudweight
Drilling exponent
Swarbrick, 1999
MDT tool
RFT/MDT
RFT data chart
Analog recording
Pressure build-up: formation permeability/mobility
Accuracy of MDT/RFT
Quartz gauge:
error about 15 psi (Ireland et al., 1992)
New generation of quartz gauge
(combinable quartz gauge/CQG)
error about 2.5 psi
Remarks on pressure data
WELL
TVDSS
(ft)
TOOL GAUGE
FP
(psi)
EMW
(gr/cm
3
)
MOB
(mD/cp)
FA
FLUID
LOG
MARKER REMARK DATE
NWP-1 7449.37 RFT QG 3292 1.01 HC G 1a-a GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 7449.37 RFT QG 3293 1.01 61 N/A G 1a-a GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8003.04 RFT QG 3610 1.04 14 N/A G 1d GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8608.20 RFT QG 3906 1.04 4.3 N/A G 1g GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8646.74 RFT QG 3854 1.02 876 N/A G 1h GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8670.52 RFT QG 3853 1.02 273 N/A G 1h GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8682.00 RFT QG 3854 1.02 974 N/A G 1h GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8695.12 RFT QG 3855 1.02 938 N/A G 1h GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 8708.24 RFT QG 3856 1.02 45 N/A G 1h GOOD 6/2/1991
NWP-1 9898.81 RFT QG 4430 1.03 N/A G 2g N.S 6/2/1991
NWP-1 10907.74 RFT QG 5291 1.12 N/A G 4a S.C 6/2/1991
NWP-1 10950.05 RFT QG 5384 1.13 1.4 N/A G 4b GOOD 6/2/1991
Note:
TVDSS True vertical depth sub sea
TOOL Downhole pressure instrument
GAUGE Pressure gauge; QG: quartz gauge
FP Formation pressure
EMW Pressure in equivalent mud weight
MOB (mD/cp) Mobility in Millidarcy per centi poise
FA Pore fluid analysis from fluid sample
HC : hydrocarbon
N/A: not available
FLUID LOG Pore fluid analysis from wireline logs
G: gas
O: oil
W: water
MARKER Stratigraphical marker
REMARK Result of pressure test
GOOD : reliable pressure data
N.S. : not stabilised (not enough time to directly determine pressure value)
S.C. : unreliable pressure data due to mud invasion
TIGHT : unreliable pressure data due to tight reservoir
DATE Date of pressure measurement
Remarks
Good: reliable pressure data
NS: not stabilised (not enough time to
directly determine pressure value)
SC: supercharged unreliable pressure
data due to mud invasion
Tight: unreliable pressure data due to tight
reservoir
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
Pressure (psi)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Supercharged
2. Fluid gradients
g
dz
dP
w
=
Specific
gravity
API gravity Normal
hydrostatic
grad. (psi/ft)
Total
Dissolved
solids (ppm)
1.14 (brines) -7.5
0
0.494 210,000
1.12 -5.2
0
0.485 175,800
1.10 -2.7
0
0.476 143,500
1.05 3
0
0.455 69,500
1.00
(fresh water)
10
0
0.433 zero
0.95 17
0
0.411
0.9 25
0
0.390
0.85 (light oil) 35
0
0.368
0.8 45
0
0.346
0.7 60
0
0.303
0.4 (gas) 0.130
Simplified from Dahlberg, 1982
Water grad. : salinity measurement
HC grad. : API measurement
Water & HC: could be inferred from
pressure depth plot, if the pressure
measurement close enough
Fluid gradients
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Example: Kutai Basin
Pressure (psi)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
0.433 psi/ft
Some examples of hydrostatic gradient
Region Hydrostatic gradient
(psi/ft)
Anadarko 0.433
California 0.439
Gulf of Mexico 0.465
Mackenzie Delta 0.442
Malaysia 0.422
North Sea 0.452
Rocky Mountains 0.436
Santa Barbara Channel 0.452
West Africa 0.442
West Texas 0.433
Kutai Basin 0.433
HC gradient
Pressure (psi)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Water: 0.433 psi/ft
HC: 0.1 psi/ft
HC RFT point
Water RFT point
HC gradient
Pressure (psi)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
HC RFT point
Water RFT point
Variable HC-water contact?
Indication of hydrodynamic trap:
will be discussed later
3. Vertical stress/overburden stress
Fluid
Overburden
()
Rock matrix
o
=
p
(pore pressure)
+
o
(effective stress)
b
gz
b
o =
g
dz
d
b

o
=
Average density down to ~ 3 4 km:
2.3 g/cm
3
g
dz
d
b

o
=
pa/m 23000 s m kg 23000 10 2300
2 2
= = =

dz
do
psi/ft 1 KPa/m 23 = =
dz
do
1 psi/ft
Vertical stress/overburden stress
Example: Shelf, Kutai Basin
1 psi/ft only at depth
Ramdhan & Goulty, 2010
Example:
Baram Delta
Variation of
vertical stress
due to uplift and
undercompaction
Tingay et al., 2003
World wide example
Mouchet and Mitchell, 1989
Vertical stress from wireline logs
The most reliable: density log
Sonic, resistivity, etc.
Example of reasonably
good density log
- Oil-based mud
- Measurement every 0.5 ft
- No density data in the
shallow section
Density (g/cm
3
)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Trend 1
Trend 2
Caving?
1.50
1.87
2.02
2.13
2.22
2.29
2.35
2.40
2.44
2.49
2.52
2.56
2.60
2.62
Density (g/cm
3
) Depth (ft)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
0

=
A =
n
i
b
z g
1
o
Exercise
1.50
1.87
2.02
2.13
2.22
2.29
2.35
2.40
2.44
2.49
2.52
2.56
2.60
2.62
Density (g/cm
3
) Depth (ft)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
0
o
1
o
2
o
3
o
@2000
o
@3000
o
@1000
= o
1
o
@2000
= o
1
+ o
2
o
@3000
= o
1
+ o
2
+ o
3
1.50
1.87
2.02
2.13
2.22
2.29
2.35
2.40
2.44
2.49
2.52
2.56
2.60
2.62
Density (g/cm
3
) Depth (ft)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
0
Depth (ft) o
n
=
b
gAz (Pa) Eo
n
(Pa) Eo
n
(psi)
1000 1500 x 9.8 x 1000 x 0.3048
= 4480560
4480560
650
2000 1870 x 9.8 x 1000 x 0.3048
= 5376672
9857232
1429
3000 2020 x 9.8 x 1000 x 0.3048
= 6033821
15891053
2304
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Pressure (psi)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
1 psi /ft
The real
overburden gradient
1 psi/ft is only
at depth
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Pressure (psi)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
1 psi /ft
Shelf overburden
Deep water overburden
Mud line
Deep water overburden profile
4. Minimum horizontal stress (fracture pressure)
Leak-off test
White et al., 2002
Example: Kutai Basin
Example: world-wide
Breckels and Eekelen, 1982
Power law:
b
H
az = o
Some notes on minimum horizontal stress
(fracture pressure)
The deeper, the greater the gradient
following power law
Couple pore pressure fracture pressure
Overpressure-induced
increase fracture pressure
Production-induced
reduce fracture pressure
Review
1. Pressure data source
Direct: RFT/MDT, FIT, DST
Indirect: drilling parameters
2. Hydrostatic fluid and hydrocarbon
gradients
Fluid density
Pressure data
Review
Vertical stress gradient: density
Minimum horizontal stress/fracture
gradient: LOT
Question?