The Electronics Toolkit provides a convenient source of calculations for the majority of basic electronics formulas.

Based on a spreadsheet format, all formulas are clearly illustrated and include convenient features such as on the fly units conversions. Calculators are provided in the following areas: Ohms law for a.c. and d.c. Parallel Circuits Alternating Current/Voltage Capacitance and Capacitive Circuits Coil Winding for Air and Toroid Cores Math for A.C. Circuits Transmission Lines Decibels Series Circuits Networks Inductance and Inductive Circuits L/R and RC Time Constants Filter Circuits Basic Antennas Magnetic Circuits Conversion Factors

Click on topic below to jump to desired worksheet.

TOPIC
Basic Formulas (d.c.) Basic Formulas (a.c.) Basic Series Circuits Basic Parallel Circuits Networks Alternating Current/Voltage Inductance Capacitance Time Constants Resonance Coil Winding (air core) Coil Winding (toroids) Filters Complex Math for A.C. Basic Antennas Component Data Magnetic Circuits Decibels Transmission Lines Basic Units & Conversions

DESCRIPTION
Ohm's Law for d.c. circuits (voltage, current, resistance, power) Ohm's Law for a.c. circuits (voltage, current, impedance, power, power factor) Calculation of resistance, voltage, current and power for series circuits Calculation of resistance, voltage, current and power for parallel circuits Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws, Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and Millman Theorems Calculation of rms, peak, peak-to peak, average voltage/current, frequency, period, wavelength Inductance, energy stored in an inductor, inductive reactance, phase shift, inductive coupling Capacitance, charge (Coulomb's Law), energy stored in a capacitor, capacitive reactance, phase shift Calculation of RC and L/R time constants Series/parallel resonance, resonant frequency, inductive/capacitive reactance, Q-factor, bandwidth Calculation of inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, no. of turns for air core single/multi-layer coils Calculation of inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, no. of turns for toroid core single layer coils Low pass, high pass, band pass (constant-k, m-derived), resonant filter Rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates, rectangular-to-polar conversion, polar-to-rectangular conversion Half-wave dipole, quarter-wave vertical, folded dipole, 3-element yagi, range calculations Resistor/capacitor color codes, wire chart, toroid data, resistance of cylindrical conductors, T.C. of resistance Magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, series magnetic circuit, hysteresis Calculation of power, voltage, and current gain/loss Impedance, inductance, capacitance, attenuation for coax and ladder transmission lines Units, symbols, and definitions for electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic variables

Legal Notice

Please do not make illegal copies - Each CD contains a unique, hidden serial number.

General Notes:
1. The Toolkit worksheets are set to a default screen resolution of 800x600 pixels. For other screen resolutions, click on 'View' and set 'Zoom' at the desired percentage for best viewing. 2. For best results when printing worksheets, set printer resolution at 600dpi if available on your printer. For draft quality, set printer resolution to 300dpi. 3. Version 1.0.2 02-21-2005

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserve

Coulomb (C) - The basic unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after Charles A. Coulomb. When a current of one ampere is maintained for one second, a charge of one coulomb flows past a given point. It is equivalent to a charge of 6.25x10 18 electrons. Ohm's Law - In 1827, Dr. George S. Ohm discovered that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the difference of potential (voltage) across the circuit. According to ohm's Law, a potential difference of one volt across a one ohm resistance will cause a current of one amp to flow through the resistance. Stated as a formula, the ratio of volts to amps is a constant called resistance (R) and is measured in ohms ( ). Voltage (E or V) - The voltage between two points in a circuit is called the potential difference or electromotive force (emf) and is measured in volts (V) (named after Count Alessandro Volta). Current (I) - The current through a circuit is the rate of flow of electric charge and is measured in amperes (A) (named after Andre-Marie Ampere). Resistance (R) - Resistance impedes the flow of current and is measured in ohms ( ). Power (P) - Power is the rate at which work is done (work per unit time) or energy produced/consumed in watts (W). The power consumed in a circuit device is the work/charge multiplied by the charge/time or P=V*I watts. (For d.c. circuits, volt-amps and watts are equivalent in magnitude). Note: In d.c. circuit diagrams and calculations, conventional (positive to negative) current flow is assumed. Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Ohm's Law - Calculate Resistance Voltage, E Current, I Resistance, R Power, P Current, I Resistance, R Voltage, E Power, P Resistance, R 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 V A Ohms W A Ohms V W Ohms

R=
R =
R =

E I
P I2

E2 P
Practical Units and Conversions: Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons. Ampere = coulomb/second Volt = joule/coulomb Watt = joule/second Ohm = volt/ampere Siemens* = ampere/volt *Originally the 'mho' for conductance.

Ohm's Law - Calculate Voltage Current, I Resistance, R Voltage, E Power, P Resistance, R Voltage, E Current, I Power, P Voltage, E 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 A Ohms V W Ohms V A W V

E = IR
E =
E =

PR
P I

Ohm's Law - Calculate Current Voltage, E Resistance, R Current, I Power, P Resistance, R Current, I Voltage, E Power, P Current, I 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 V Ohms A W Ohms A V W A

E R
P R

Space For User Notes:

I =

P E

Ohm's Law - Calculate Power Voltage, E Resistance, R Power, P Voltage, E Current Power, P Current, I Resistance, R Power, P 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 V Ohms W V A W A Ohms W

P =

E 2 R

P = EI
P = I
2

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

DEFINITIONS: Voltage (E or V) - Generally, the voltage in a.c. circuits is the 'root mean squared' (RMS) or 'effective' voltage, measured involts (V). Current (I) - Similarly, the current in a.c. circuits is the RMS value or effective value, measured inamperes (A). Impedance (Z) - Impedance is the total opposition to the flow of an alternating current and it may consist of any combination of resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance. Like resistance in d.c. circuits, it is measured in ohms ( ).

Power (P) - Real Power (as opposed to apparent or reactive) is the power in watts (W) dissipated in heat through resistance.
Power Factor (PF) - PF is the ratio of the true power (watts) to the apparent power (volts x amps). It is expressed as the cosine of the phase angle (cos ) or in a.c. power applications, the cos is multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage. Phase Angle () - This is the angular difference in time between corresponding values in the cycles of two wave forms of the same frequency (i.e. voltage and current in an a.c. circuit containing inductance, resistance and capacitance). Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Ohm's Law - Calculate Impedance Voltage, E 1.00 V Current, I 1.00 A Impedance, Z 1.00 Ohms PF, cos Power, P Current, I Impedance, Z PF, cos Voltage, E Power, P Impedance, Z 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
(no units)

E I

W A Ohms
(no units)

Z =

P I 2 cos

V W Ohms

Z =

E 2 cos P

Ohm's Law - Calculate Voltage Current, I 1.00 A Impedance, Z 1.00 Ohms Voltage, E 1.00 V PF, cos Power, P Impedance, Z Voltage, E PF, cos Current, I Power, P Voltage, E 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
(no units)

E = IZ
E = PZ cos

Resistance, R = Z cos cos = R/Z Phase Angle, = cos-1(R/Z)

W Ohms V
(no units)

Reactance, X = Z sin sin = X/Z Phase Angle, = sin-1 (X/Z)

A W V

E =

P I cos
= E Z
Note: See Series and Parallel Circuits work sheets to calculate values for a.c. impedance, Z. and the phase angle, .

Ohm's Law - Calculate Current Voltage, E 1.00 V Impedance, Z 1.00 Ohms Current, I 1.00 A PF, cos Power, P Impedance, Z Current, I PF, cos Voltage, E Power, P Current, I 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
(no units)

W Ohms A
(no units)

I =

P Z cos
P E cos

V W A

I =

Ohm's Law - Calculate Power PF, cos 1.00 (no units) Voltage, E 1.00 V Impedance, Z 1.00 Ohms Power, P 1.00 W PF, cos Voltage, E Current, I Power, P PF, cos Current, I Impedance, Z Power, P 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
(no units)

P =

cos Z
Apparent Power, Papp = EI (volt-amps) Real Power, P real = EI cos (watts) Reactive Power, P reactive=EI sin (VAR) Power factor, PF = cos = P real/Papp Phase Angle, = cos-1(Preal/Papp)

V A W
(no units)

P = EI cos
P = I 2 Z cos

A Ohms W

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

SERIES CIRCUITS L is the inductance in Henries XL is the inductive reactance in Ohms F is the frequency in Hertz XC is the capacitive reactance in Ohms Z is the impedance in Ohms is the phase angle in degrees R is the resistance in Ohms

If the series circuit consists of series capacitors only, the impedance, Z, is equal to the sum of the individual capacitive reactances. The phase angle, , is equal to -90 0 (The voltage lags the current by 90 0). If the series circuit consists of series inductors only, the impedance, Z, is equal to the sum of the individual inductive reactances. The phase angle, , is equal to +90 0 (The voltage leads the current by 90 0). An easy way to remember the phase relationship of voltage/current in inductive and capacitive circuits is: "eLi the iCe man". (i.e. voltage leads in inductive circuits and current leads in capacitive circuits).

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

R & L in Series Resistance, R 100.0 Reactance, X 100.0 Impedance, Z 141.4 Phase Angle 45.00 R & C in Series Resistance, R 10.0 Reactance, X 10.0 Impedance, Z 14.1 Phase Angle 45.00 L & C in Series Reactance, XL 30.0 Reactance, XC 31.0 Impedance, Z -1.0 Phase Angle -90.00

ohms ohms ohms degrees

Z =

R 2 + X L2
XL R

= arctan

ohms ohms ohms degrees

Z =

R2 + X

2 C

= arctan

XC R

ohms ohms ohms degrees

Z = X

=0 when XL = XC (resonance)

R, L, & C in Series Resistance, R 20.0 ohms Reactance, XL 20.0 ohms Reactance, XC 20.0 ohms Impedance, Z 20.0 ohms Phase Angle 0.00 degrees

Z =

+ (X

)2

= arctan

X L XC R

Inductive Reactance

Inductance Frequency Reactance

643.06 11.130 44.97

uH kHz ohms

X L = 2FL
1 2FC

Capacitive Reactance

Capacitance Frequency Reactance

0.32 11.130 44.97

mF Hz ohms

XC =

Series Resistance

Resistance 1 Resistance 2 Resistance 3 Resistance 4 Resistance 5 Resistance 6 Total

2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 12.000

ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms

RT

= R 1 +R 2 +R 3 +R n

Note: If the series circuit contains less than six resistors, enter 0 for the remaining resistances.

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

PARALLEL CIRCUITS L is the inductance in Henries XL is the inductive reactance in Ohms F is the frequency in Hertz XC is the capacitive reactance in Ohms Z is the impedance in Ohms is the phase angle in degrees R is the resistance in Ohms

If XL - XC is positive, the circuit is inductive. If XL - XC is negative, the circuit is capacitive. An easy way to remember the phase relationship of voltage/current in inductive and capacitive circuits is:eLi " the iCe man". (i.e. voltage leads current in inductive circuits and current leads voltage in capacitive circuits).

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS
R & L in Parallel Resistance, R 6800.0 Reactance, X 8640.0 Impedance, Z 5343.5 Phase Angle 38.20 R & C in Parallel Resistance, R 3300.0 Reactance 2530.0 Impedance, Z 2007.8 Phase Angle 52.52 L & C in Parallel Reactance, XL 365.0 Reactance, XC 365.0 Impedance, Z MAX Phase Angle 0.00 R, L, & C in Parallel Resistance, R 2200.0 Reactance, XL 770.0 Reactance, XC 535.0 Impedance, Z 1371.0 Phase Angle 51.45

FORMULAS
= R * X R
2 L 2 L

NOTES

ohms ohms ohms degrees

+ X

= arctan

R XL
C 2 C

ohms ohms ohms degrees

R * X R
2

+ X

= arctan

R X C

ohms ohms ohms degrees

Z =
0

XL * XC XL XC

=0 when XL = XC (resonance)
R* XL * XC X L X C + R2 ( X L X C )2
2 2

ohms ohms ohms ohms degrees

Z =

= arctan

R( X L X C ) XL * XC
2 2 2

R1&L in Parallel with R2&C - Case (A) Resistance, R 1 100.0 ohms Resistance, R 2 100.0 ohms Reactance, XL 1000.0 ohms Reactance, XC 500.0 ohms Impedance, Z 951.6 ohms Phase Angle -62.60 degrees R1 & L in Parallel with C - Case (B) Impedance, Z ohms Phase Angle degrees R2 & C in Parallel with L - Case (C) Impedance, Z ohms Phase Angle degrees Inductive Reactance

Z =

( R1 + X L )( R2 + X C ) ( R1 + R2 ) 2 + ( X L X C ) 2
2

(A)

= tan1

X L (R2 + XC ) XC (R1 + X L ) 2 2 2 2 R1(R2 + XC ) + R2 (R1 + X L )

2 2 2 2
2 + XL2 R 1

Z = XC

(B)
2

R 1

+ ( X L XC )2
C

= tan

X L R1 2 R1 X C
2
2 2 2

Z=X L

R C 2 +X
2 2
L

(C)

R + (X X L C)
X X
C

Inductance, L Frequency, F Reactance, XL

643.06 11.130 44.97

uH kHz ohms

= tan

X R2 X

2 C 2 L

R2

Capacitive Reactance

Capacitance, C Frequency, F Reactance, XC

0.32 11.130 0.04

F Hz ohms

X L = 2FL
XC = 1 2 FC

Note: Diagrams (B) & (C) above are special cases of (A). For (B), enter "0" for Resistance R 2. For (C), enter "0" for Resistance R 1.

Parallel Resistance

Resistance 1 Resistance 2 Resistance 3 Resistance 4 Resistance 5 Resistance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000 2.000 2.000 0.250

ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms

RT =

1 1 1 1 + + ... R1 R2 Rn

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Note: Due to the infinite number of circuit configurations, no calculations are presented, only the prinicples and methods of network solutions are presented. Calculations from other worksheets may be used to reduce networks to equivalent values.

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DEFINITIONS

NOTES

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law The algebraic sum (for d.c. circuits) or the phasor sum (for a.c. circuits) of the source voltages and voltage drops around a closed electric circuit (loop) is zero.

+ E2 + E3 + ...En = 0

Kirchhoff's Current Law The algebraic sum (for d.c. circuits) or the phasor sum (for a.c. circuits) of the currents in and out of a node (point) is zero.

I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + ... I n = 0

Thevenin's Theorem for d.c (or a.c.) Circuits Any two terminal network of resistors (or impedances) and voltage sources is equivalent to a single resistor (or impedance) in series with a single constant voltage source.

Norton's Theorem for d.c. (or a.c.) Circuits Any two terminal network of resistors (or impedances) and current sources is equivalent to a single resistor (or impedance) in parallel with a single constant current source.

Millman's Theorem Any number of constant current sources that are directly connected in parallel can be converted to a single current source whose total output is the algebraic sum (for d.c.) or the phasor sum (for a.c.) of the individual source currents, and whose total internal resistance (or impedance) is the result of combining the individual source resistances (or impedances) in parallel.

Superposition Theorem In a network of linear resistances (or impedances) containing more than one source, the resultant current flow at any one point is the algebraic sum (for d.c.) or the phasor sum (for a.c.) of the current that would flow at that point if each source is considered separately, and all other sources are temporarily replaced by their equivalent internal resistances (or impedances). This would involve replacing each voltage source by a short-circuit and each current source with an open circuit.

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Amplitude - The amplitude of a periodic curve (in electronics, typically a sinusoidal wave) is taken as the maximum displacement or value of the curve. Frequency - The number of complete cycles occurring in a periodic curve in a unit of time is called the frequency (F) of the curve. Period - The time (T) required for a periodic function, or curve, to complete one cycle is called the period. Phase Angle - The angular difference () between two curves or waves is called the phase angle. RMS - The effective value of a sine wave of current can be calculated by taking equally space samplings and extracting the the square root of their mean, or average, values. Peak - The maximum instantaneous value of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current. Peak-Peak - The amplitude of an alternating quantity measured from positive peak to negative peak. Average Value - The average of many instantaneous amplitude values taken at equal intevals of time during a half cycle of alternating current. The average value of a pure sine wave during one half cycle is 0.637 times its maximum or peak value.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Frequency Period, T 1 Frequency, F 1 Period 1 0.001

mSec kHz

F=

1 T

F is the frequency in Hertz T is the period in seconds

Frequency, F Period, T

KHz Sec

T =

1 F

F is the frequency in Hertz T is the period in seconds

is the wavelength I meters

Wavelength Frequency, F 3.75 80 Wavelength,

Mhz Meters

C F

C is the velocity of light (3x10 8 m/sec) F is the frequency in Hertz

a.c. Voltage or Current Avg Peak Peak-Peak RMS Peak Peak-Peak RMS Avg Peak-Peak RMS Avg Peak RMS Avg Peak Peak-Peak 123.000 193.233 386.712 136.653 120.000 240.000 84.840 76.440 240.000 84.720 76.320 120.000 84.720 76.163 119.794 239.588 V V V V uA uA uA uA mV mV mV mV mA mA mA mA

Note: Conversion factors are for sine waves only peak = 1.571*avg peak-peak = 3.144*avg rms = 1.111*avg

peak-peak = 2.000*peak rms = 0.707*peak avg = 0.637*peak

Sine Wave Characteristics Degrees Rad Sin Voltage 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.707 70.7% rms /4 45 0 0.866 86.6% /3 60 0 1 100.0% peak /2 90 0 0 0.0% 180 Primary Relationships

rms = 0.353*peak-peak avg = 0.318*peak-peak peak = 0.500*peak-peak

Vavg =

V peak = 0.637V peak

= 0.707V peak

avg = 0.899*rms peak = 1.414*rms peak-peak = 2.828*rms

Vrms =

V peak 2

Calculate Power Phase Angle 10.00 Voltage, E 120.00 Current, I 10.00 Power, P REAL 1181.769 Apparent Power 1200.000 Reactive Power 208.378 PF, cos 0.985

Degrees
V A

P REAL = EI cos
P APPARENT= EI
P REACTIVE = EIsin

W VA VAR
(no units)

PF = cos

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

DEFINITIONS: Inductance, L - Inductance is the ability of a conductor to produce an induced voltage as the current in the conductor is varied. Typically inductors take the form of a coil of wire that concentrates the magnetic flux lines thereby increasing the inductance. The unit of inductance is the Henry - the amount of inductance which will induce a counter EMF of one volt when the inducing current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second. Inductive Reactance, XL - This is the characteristic of an inductor to impede the flow of a.c. current. The higher the inductive reactance, the more the a.c. curent is impeded (just as resistance impedes the flow of current in a d.c. circuit). An important characteristic of inductive reactance is that it increases as the frequency is increased (just the opposite of capacitive reactance). Energy Stored, W - An inductor stores energy in the electric field, since an electric current is induced back into the conductor by the decaying magnetic field. The amount of energy stored in an inductor (Joules) is directly proportional to the inductance and the square of the current.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS
Inductance

FORMULAS

NOTES

Frequency, F Reactance, XL Inductance, L

25.00 44.97 286.288

kHz ohms uH

L =

XL 2F

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

Inductive Reactance

Inductance, L Frequency, F Reactance, XL

0.00 800.000 10.05

H Hz ohms

X L = 2FL
F = XL 2L
Formula Variables: L is the inductance in Henries XL is the inductive reactance in Ohms F is the frequency in Hertz W is the energy stored in Joules Z is the impedance in Ohms V is the voltage in Volts I is the current in Amps R is the resistance in Ohms

Frequency

Inductance, L Reactance, XL Frequency, F

107.86 2.640 3895.50

uH kilohms kHz

Energy Stored

Inductance, L Current, I
Energy Stored

10.00 2.00 20.00

H Amps Joules

W = (1 / 2) LI 2
LT = 1 1 1 1 + + ... L1 L2 Ln

Parallel Inductance

Inductance 1 Inductance 2 Inductance 3 Inductance 4 Inductance 5 Inductance 6 Total

2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 0.333

uH uH uH uH uH uH uH

Series Inductance

Inductance 1 Inductance 2 Inductance 3 Inductance 4 Inductance 5 Inductance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000

mH mH mH mH mH mH mH

LT = L1 + L 2 + ... L n

Series Inductive Reactance

Reactance 1 Reactance 2 Reactance 3 Reactance 4 Reactance 5 Reactance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000

ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms

X T = X 1 + X 2 + ... X n

Parallel Inductive Reactance

Reactance 1 Reactance 2 Reactance 3 Reactance 4 Reactance 5 Reactance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.167

ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms

XT =

1 1 1 1 + + ... X1 X2 Xn

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

DEFINITIONS: Capacitance, C - This is the ability of a dielectric to store an electric charge which is measured in Farads (after Michael Faraday). Physically, a capacitor consists of a dielectric material between two conductors. In operation, d.c. voltages are blocked while a.c. voltages pass through. Capacitive Reactance, Xc - This is the characteristic of a capacitor to impede the flow of a.c. current. The higher the capacitive reactance , the more the a.c. curent is impeded (just as resistance impedes the flow of current in a d.c. circuit). An important characteristic of capacitive reactance is that it increases as the frequency is decreased (just the opposite of inductive reactance). Charge, Q - When a voltage is applied to opposing plates of the capacitor, negative and positive electric charges build up creating a field that stresses the dielectric. The higher the voltage, the more the dielectric is stressed and the higher the charge (in Coulombs). Energy Stored, W - The amount of energy stored in a capacitor (Joules) is directly proportional to the capacitance and the square of the voltage.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

RETURN TO INDEX NOTES

CALCULATIONS
Capacitance

FORMULAS

Frequency, F Reactance, XC Capacitance, C

11.13 44.97 317.982

mHz ohms pF

C=

1 2 FXC

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE

Capacitive Reactance

Capacitance, C Frequency, F Reactance, XC

317.98 11.130 44.97

Frequency

pF mHz ohms

XC =

1 2 FC

Capacitance, C Reactance, XC Frequency, F

317.98 44.970 11.13

pF ohms mHz

F =

1 2CX C

Charge & Energy Stored

Capacitance, C Voltage, E Energy Stored Charge, Q

5.00 100.00 25.00 0.50

mF Volts Joules
Coulombs

= CE

W = (1 / 2 ) CE 2
CT = 1 1 1 1 + + ... C1 C2 Cn

Series Capacitance

Capacitance 1 Capacitance 2 Capacitance 3 Capacitance 4 Capacitance 5 Capacitance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.167

uF uF uF uF uF uF uF

Formula Variables: C is the capacitance in Farads Xc is the capacitive reactance in Ohms F is the frequency in Hertz Q is the electric charge in Coulombs W is the energy stored in Joules Z is the impedance in Ohms E is the voltage in Volts I is the current in Amps R is the resistance in Ohms

Parallel Capacitance

Capacitance 1 Capacitance 2 Capacitance 3 Capacitance 4 Capacitance 5 Capacitance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000

pF pF pF pF pF pF pF

C T = C1 + C 2 + ...C n

Series Capacitive Reactance

Reactance 1 Reactance 2 Reactance 3 Reactance 4 Reactance 5 Reactance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000

ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms

X T = X 1 + X 2 + ... X n

Parallel Capacitive Reactance

Reactance 1 Reactance 2 Reactance 3 Reactance 4 Reactance 5 Reactance 6 Total

1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.167

ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms

1 1 1 1 + + ... X1 X2 Xn

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

RC & L/R TIME CONSTANTS t - The time constant in seconds L - the inductance in henries C - The capacitance in farads R - The resistance in ohms

The time constant is the time, in seconds, that it takes a voltage across a capacitor or for the current through an inductor to build up to 63.2% of its final value. The Time Constant is also the time, in seconds, that it takes the voltage across a capacitor or the current through an inductor to discharge to 36.8% of its initial value. A long time constant takes approximately 5 time constants to build up to 99% of its final value. A short time constant is defined as one-fifth or less the pulse width, in time, for the applied voltage.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

RC Time Constant

Resistance, R Capacitance, C Time Const, Time Const, Capacitance, C Resistance, R Time Const, Resistance, R Capacitance, C

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ohms uF uSec uSec uF

Ohms

= R *C
R =
C =

uSec Ohms uF

L/R Time Constant

Resistance, R Inductance, L Time Const, Time Const, Inductance, L Resistance, R Time Const, Resistance, R Inductance, L

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ohms uH uSec uSec uH Ohms uSec Ohms uH

=
R =

L R L

L = *R

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

DEFINITIONS: Resonant Frequency - In an LC circuit, the resonant frequency occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal and opposite, such that X c = XL. Resonance - In an LC circuit, as the frequency is increased, the inductive reactance increases and the capacitive reactance decreases. Due to these opposing characteristics, there is a frequency where the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal to each other. This condition is called resonance and the circuit is called a resonant circuit . Q Factor - The ratio of the reactance (capacitive or inductance) to the device's resistance is known as the Q Factor or figure of merit . Bandwidth - The width of the resonant band of frequencies with a response of 70.7% of the magnitude and centered around the resonant frequency (Fr) is called the bandwidth of the tuned circuit.

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CALCULATIONS
Frequency

FORMULAS

NOTES

Inductance, L Capacitance, C Frequency, F

10.00 100.00 5.033

uH pF mHz

F =

1 2 LC

Capacitance

Inductance, L Frequency, F Capacitance, C

11.13 7.112 45.00

uH mHz pF

C=

1 4 2 F 2 L
1 4 F 2 C
2

Formula Variables: L is the inductance, Henries C is the capacitance, Farads R is the resistance, Ohms X is the reactance (XL or Xc), Ohms F is the frequency, Hertz Q is the ratio of X to R, no units Z is the impedance, Ohms

Inductance

Capacitance, C Frequency, F Inductance, L

45 7.112 11.13

pF mHz uH

L =

Inductive Reactance

Inductance, L Frequency, F Reactance, XL

11.13 7.112 497.36

uH mHz ohms

X L = 2FL

Parallel RLC Circuit @ Resonance: Z=R Xc = XL Phase Angle = 0 Power Factor = 1 Z = Max I = Min. Vo = Max.

Capacitive Reactance

Capacitance, C Frequency, F Reactance, XC

45.00 7.112 497.30

pF mHz ohms

XC =

1 2 FC
Series RLC Circuit @ Resonance: Z=R Xc = XL Phase Angle = 0 Power Factor = 1 Z = Min I = Max Vo = Min

Q Factor (Components)

Reactance, X Resistance, R Series Q Parallel Q

1.00 10.00 0.10 10.00

ohms ohms
(no units) (no units)

X R Q = LorC = R X LorC
(series circuits)

(parallel circuits)

Bandwidth Resonant Freq., F R 7.112

Q-Factor Delta F
Frequency, F1 Frequency, F2

150.00 0.047 7.088 7.136

mHz ohms mHz mHz mHz

F =

Fr = F1 F2 Q
F 2

F1 = Fr

F2 = Fr +

F 2

Q Factor (Resonant Circuit)

Frequency, Fr Bandwidth, F Q-Factor

1.00 10.00 0.10

ohms ohms (no units)

Q =

FR F

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

COIL WINDING (AIR CORE)

DEFINITIONS: Filter - A network that is designed to attenuate certain frequencies, but pass other frequencies, is called a filter. Bands - A filter possesses at least one pass band and at least one stop band. Stop Band - A band of frequencies for which the attenuation is theoretically infinite. Pass Band - A band of frequencies for which the attenuation is theoretically zero. Cutoff Frequency - The frequencies that separate the various pass and stop bands are called cutoff frequencies.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Low Pass Filters - Cutoff Frequency

Inductance, L Capacitance,C Frequency, F

11.13 45.00 14.223

uH pF mHz

Fcutoff =

LC

High Pass Filters - Cutoff Frequency

Inductance, L Capacitance,C Frequency, F

11.13 45.00 3.556

uH pF mHz

Fcutoff =

1 4 LC

Band Pass Filters - Center Frequency

Inductance, L Capacitance,C Frequency, F

11.13 45.00 7.112

uH pF mHz

Fcenter =

1 2 LC

Half-Wave Filter Design (5-Pole) Frequency, F Load Cutoff Freq. Inductance, L1 Inductance, L2
Capacitance, C1 Capacitance, C2 Capacitance, C3

13.5 50 15.255 0.52 0.52 208.66 417.32 208.66

MHz ohms MHz uH uH pF pF pF

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The calculations on this worksheet are based on air core coils (ferrite, iron core, and toroids are addressed in a separate worksheet). Two calculations are presented for single layer coils: one based on the radius, and the other based on the diameter of the coil. The wire tables are based on an average as the dimensions of wire products vary slightly among manufacturers. For convenience, a calculation is included for determining the resonant frequency of an LC circuit. The resonant frequency for an inductor and capacitor is the same whether they are connected in series or parallel. As an example, if you have a known capacitor, the required inductance can be determined for a desired resonant frequency. Using the calculated inductance, determine the number of turns required based on the diameter of available coil forms. Or, using the inductance formula, the inductance of an existing coil can be determined by entering it's diameter, length, and number of turns in the appropriate calculator. Formulas assume short coils (length < 10x diameter).
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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Coil Inductance (based on radius) Coil Radius, r 1 inches (no units) No. of Turns, N 40 Coil Length, l 1 inches Inductance, L 84.21 uH Spacing 40 TPI Typ. Wire Size 22 AWG

Inductance of a coil based on radius , length, and number of turns.

r2N 2 L= 9 r + 10 l
Inductance of a coil based on diameter , length, and number of turns.

Coil Inductance (based on dia.) Coil Dia., d 3 inches (no units) No. of Turns, N 60 Length of Coil, l inches 10 Inductance, L uH 71.37 Spacing 6 TPI Typ. Wire Size #N/A AWG

Formula Variables: L is the inductance, Henries r is the coil radius, inches d is the coil diameter, inches l is the coil length, inches N is the number of turns b is the depth of coil winding for multi-layer coils* TPI is the number of turns per inch AWG is the American Wire Gauge standard C is the Capacitance F is the Frequency

L =

d 2N 2 18 d + 40 l

* These formulas are based on short coils (i.e. length < 10x diameter of coil).

Number of Turns (based on radius) inches Coil Radius, r 0.25 Length of Coil, l 1 inches Inductance, L uH 8.16 (no units) No. of Turns, N 39.99 Spacing 40.0 TPI Wire Size 22 AWG

Number of turns required for a coil based on radius, length, and inductance.

Copper Wire Table

L(9r + 10l ) N= r
Number of turns required for a coil based on diameter, length, and inductance.

Number of Turns (based on dia.) Coil Dia., d 0.5 inches Length of Coil, l 1 inches Inductance, L uH 8.16 (no units) No. of Turns, N 39.99 Spacing 40.0 TPI Wire Size 22 AWG

N =

L (18 d + 40 l ) d
1 2 LC

Inductance, L Capacitance, C Frequency, F

Resonant Frequency 107.85 6.77 5.890

uH pF mHz

F =

AWG 10 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

TPI enameled 9.6 12.0 15.0 18.9 21.2 23.6 26.4 29.4 33.1 37.0 41.3 46.3 51.7 58.0 64.9 72.7 81.6 90.5

Diameter
inches mm

TPI insulated

0.1019 0.0808 0.0641 0.0508 0.0453 0.0403 0.0359 0.0320 0.0285 0.0254 0.0226 0.0201 0.0179 0.0159 0.0142 0.0126 0.0113 0.0100

2.59 2.05 1.63 1.29 1.15 1.02 0.91 0.81 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.25

13.3

1 inch = 2.54 cm Multi-Layer Coil (based on radius) Coil Radius, r 0.55 inches No. of Turns, N 40 Length of Coil, l 1 inches Depth of Coil 0.1 inches Inductance, L 29.113 uH
Inductance of a multi-layer coil based on radius, number of turns, length, and depth of coil.

1 cm = 0.3937 in.

1 meter = 39.37 in

0.8(rN 2 ) L= 6r + 9l + 10b
2l Llowfreq = 0.002l log 0.75 d /2

Inductance, Straight Wire Dia. Of Wire, d 0.001 cm Length of Wire, l 200 cm Induct. L (low freq) 2.061 uH Induct. L (high freq) 1.961 uH

2l Lhighf req= 0.002 l log 1.00 d /2

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Iron Powder Toroid Cores: Iron powder toroids are suitable for tuned tank circuits, filters, network inductors, and any applicationrequiring a high Q inductor. Iron powder toroids are more stable than ferrites and do not saturate as easily. For best Q, use the mix specified for the applications frequency range.

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IRON POWDER TOROID CORES, uH PER 100 TURNS

Mix
Frequency MHz

0
50 - 250

1
0.15 - 2

2
0.25 - 10

3
0.02 - 1

6
2 - 30

7
3 - 35

10
10 - 100

12
20 - 200

15
0.1 - 3

17
40 - 180

26
DC - 1

Color
Material

Tan
Phenolic

Blue
Carbonyl C

Red
Carbonyl E

Gray
Carbonyl HP

Yellow
Carbonyl SF

White
Carbonyl TH

Black
Carbonyl W

Green/white
Synthetic Oxide

Red/White
Carbonyl GS6

Blue/Yellow
Carbonyl

Yellow/White
Hydrogen Reduced

u
Temp Stability ppm/0C

1 0

20 280

10 95

35 370

8.5 35

9 30

6 150

4 170

25 190

4 50

75 825

Core Size/Mix T-12 T-16 T-20 T-25 T-30 T-37 T-44 T-50 T-68 T-80 T-94 T-106 T-130
T-157

0
3.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.0 4.9 6.5 6.4 7.5 8.5 10.6 19.0 15.0 -

1
48 44 52 70 85 80 105 100 115 115 160 325 200 320 500 250 -

2
20 22 27 34 43 40 52 49 57 55 84 135 110 140 240 120 120 215 115 185 360

3
60 61 76 100 140 120 180 175 195 180 248 450 350 420 720 425 425 -

6
17 19 22 27 36 30 42 40 47 45 70 116 96 115 195 100 100 -

7
18 24 29 37 32 46 43 52 50 133 103 105 -

10
12 13 16 19 25 25 33 31 32 32 58 -

12
7.5 8 10 12 16 15 18.5 18 21 22 32 -

15
50 55 55 85 93 90 160 135 180 170 200 345 250 360 -

17
7.5 8 10 12 16 15 18.5 18 21 22 -

26
145 180 235 325 275 360 320 420 450 590 900 785 870 1640 895 -

T-184 T-200 T-225 T-225A T-300 T-400 T-400A

CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Inductance, L uH/100Turns, AL No. Turns, N

Number of Turns 8.16 300.00 16.492

uH

N = 100

L AL

No. of Turns, N uH/100Turns, AL Inductance, L

Inductance 16.49 300.00 8.160

uH

N2 L = AL 10 4
1 2 LC

Formula Variables: L is the inductance, Henries N is the number of turns AL is the inductance in uH per 100 turns (See table) AWG is the American Wire Gauge standard C is the capacitance in Farads F is the frequency in Hertz

Inductance, L Capacitance, C Frequency, F

Resonant Frequency 8.16 200.00 3.940

uH pF mHz

F =

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Antennas Hertz Antenna - Type of antenna that is complete in itself and capable of self-oscillation (i.e. half or full wavelength dipole). Marconi Antenna - Type of antenna that relies on the ground (earth) as part of antenna (i.e. 1/4 wavelength vertical ground plane). Permittivity of Free Space, o - 8.85 x 10 -12 farads/meter Permeability of Free Space, o - 4 x 10-7 henrys/meter or 1.257 x 10-6 henrys/meter. Velocity of Light (E-M Radiation), C - C=1/SQRT(oo) = 3x108 meters/sec Radiation Resistance of Free Space, 0 = SQRT(o/o) = 377

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Antenna Calculator(s)
Dimensions in Feet

1/4 Wave Vertical Antenna 7.100 Frequency, F MHz 42.25 Wavelength Meters 32.96 1/4 Wavelength Feet 10.05 1/4 Wavelength Meters

1/ 4 =

234 F

Dimensions In Meters

1 / 4 =

71 . 34 F

1/2 Wave Dipole Antenna 7.040 Frequency, F MHz 42.61 Wavelength Meters 32.96 Length Per Side Feet 65.92 1/2 Wavelength Feet 20.27 1/2 Wavelength Meters

Dimensions in Feet

1 / 2 =

Dimensions In Meters

468 F

1 / 2 =

142 .68 F

3-Element Beam Antenna 14.020 Frequency, F MHz 21.40 Wavelength Meters 66.76 Wavelength Feet Director, DI, 0.45 30.04 Feet Spacing, DD, 0.10 6.68 Feet Driven El., DE, 0.5 33.38 Feet Spacing, DR, 0.15 10.01 Feet Reflector, RF, 0.55 36.72 Feet

Director: DI Spacing: DD Driven Element: DE Spacing: DR Reflector: RF

DI = 0.45 * DD = 0 . 10 * DE = 0 .5 * DR = 0 . 15 * RF = 0 . 55 *

Matching Transformer 7.040 Frequency, F MHz 0.98 Velocity Factor, V 34.07 Total Length, L Feet

L=

Velocity Factors: Air Insulated Coax -0.85 Ladder Line - 0.975 Twin Lead - 0.82 Polyethylene Coax-0.66

246 * V F

Line of Sight Propagation 328.0 Height @ XMTR feet 29.5 Height @ RCVR feet 33.19 Total Range miles

D =1.41*( HT + HR )
D = 3. 6 * ( H T + H R )

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transmission Line - A transmission line is the connecting link between a source of r.f. power (transmitter) and the load (antenna). The main purpse of the transmission line is to transfer maximum power to the antenna with minimum losses. The two main types of transmission lines are the 'parallel-conductor' (i.e. open-wire, ladder line, or two-wire) and the 'coaxial line' (or 'coax' for short). Velocity of Propagation - The presence of dielectrics in a coaxial line reduces the velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave through the transmission line. Fo this reason, transmission line specfications will include the velocity factor for the line. Characteristic Impedance, ZO - Due to the physical characteristics of a transmission line, it will exhibit distributed capacitance and impedance and therefore exhibits a characteristic or surge impedance. Standing Wave Ratio - The ratio of maximum voltage along the line to the minimum volatage along the line is called the voltage standing wave ration (v.s.w.r.) or the standing wave ratio (s.w.r.). The lower the ratio, the better is the match with the lowest s.w.r. representing the maximum power transfer. Attenuation - The is the measure of losses along a transmission line and is usually specified as dB per foot (dB/ft). Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS
Two Parallel Lines - Impedance 0.1305 inches Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches 1.00 Rel Permittivity, Impedance, Z 603.176 ohms
Dia. Of Conductors, d

FORMULAS

NOTES

Z=

276

log

2D d

Two Parallel Lines - Capacitance 0.1305 inches Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches Length, L 1.00 feet 1.00 Rel Permittivity, Capacitance, C 1.684 pF
Dia. Of Conductors, d

C =

3 . 68 L 2D log d
Permittivity (Dielectric Const), air=1.0 teflon=2.1 glass=7.6 mica=7.5 plexiglas=2.6 - 3.5 polystyrene=2.4 - 3.0 Permeability, non-ferrous=1.0

Two Parallel Lines - Inductance 0.1305 inches Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches Length, L 1.00 feet 1.00 Rel. Permeability, Inductance, L 0.612 uH
Dia. Of Conductors, d

L = 0.281L log

2D d

Two Parallel Lines - Attenuation 0.1305 inches Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches Frequency, F 400.00 mHz Length, L 100.00 feet Attenuation 0.220 dB
Dia. Of Conductors, d

dB =

3.14 F (L)(105 ) 2D (d)log d

138 D d

Coax - Impedance 0.108 Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 2.30 Rel Permittivity, Impedance, Z 52.234
Dia. of Inner Cond., d

inches inches ohms

Z=

log

Coax - Capacitance 0.108 Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 Length, L 1.00 2.30 Rel Permittivity, Capacitance, C 29.490
Dia. of Inner Cond., d

inches inches feet pF

C =

7 . 36 L D log d

Coax - Inductance 0.108 Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 Length, L 1.00 2.30 Rel. Permeability, Inductance, L 0.185
Dia. of Inner Cond., d

inches inches feet uH

L = 0.140 L log

D d

Coax - Attenuation 0.108 Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 Frequency, F 400.00 Length, L 100.00 Attenuation 0.188
Dia. of Inner Cond., d

inches inches mHz feet dB

dB =

4 .6 F ( D + d ) * L *10 6 D ( D * d ) log d

Capacitance, C is in pF Inductance, L is in uH Frequency, F is in MHz Length, L is in feet Distance/Diameter is in inches Impedance, Z is in ohms

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

BEL -The Bel (B) is the unit of measurement used to express a ratio between two quantities, typically power, current or voltage. Decibel - A dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of two values. It is equal to 10 times the log10 of a power ratio or 20 times the log10 of the voltage or current ratio. dBm - This is an absolute measurement of the power level compared to a reference of 1mW. For RF, 0 dBm = 1mW into 50 ohms or -30 dBw. dBi - The absolute measurement of the gain (or loss) of an antenna as compared to an isotropic antenna reference. dBd - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) of an antenna as compared to a half wave dipole reference antenna. If the isotropic antenna is assumed to be unity gain, then the gain of a dipole is 2.14 dBi. Stated another way, dBd = dBi - 2.14. dBw - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) compared to a reference of 1 watt. For RF, 0 dBw = 1 watt into 50 ohms or 600 ohms for AF. Stated another way, 0 dBw = +30 dBm. dBV - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) compared to areference of 1 Volt into 50 ohms. 0 dBuV = 1 Volt into 50 ohms for RF. Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Power (gain/loss) Power In 0.001 Power Out 100 Loss/Gain 50

W W dB

P dB = 10 log out Pin

dB is the power gain or loss in decibels Pout is the output power in Watts Pin is the input power in watts log is the logarithm to the base 10

Voltage (gain/loss) Voltage In 1 V Voltage Out 50 V Loss/Gain 33.9794 dB

V dB = 20 log out V in

dB is the voltage gain or loss in decibels Vout is the output voltage in volts Vin is the input voltage in volts log is the logarithm to the base 10

Current (gain/loss) Current In 100 A Current Out 1 A Loss/Gain -40 dB

I dB = 20 log out I in

dB is the current gain or loss in decibels Iout is the output current in amps Iin is the input current in amps log is the logarithm to the base 10

Power (gain/loss) 1mW Power In 1 mW Power Out 100 mW Loss/Gain 20 dB

P dBm = 10 log out 1mW

dBm is the power gain or loss in decibels referenced to 1 mW at 600 ohms for audio or 50 ohms for radio frequencies. Pout is the output power in Watts Pin is the input power @ 1 mWatt log is the logarithm to the base 10 dBw is the power gain or loss in decibels referenced to 1 W at 600 ohms for audio or 50 ohms for radio frequencies. Pout is the output power in Watts Pin is the input power @ 1 Watt log is the logarithm to the base 10 dBV is the voltage gain or loss in decibels referenced to 1 V at 600 ohms for audio or 50 ohms for radio frequencies. Pout is the output power in Volts Pin is the input power @ 1 V log is the logarithm to the base 10

Power (gain/loss) 1 Watt W Power In 1 Power Out 100000 W Loss/Gain 50 dB

dBW

P = 10 log out 1W

Voltage (gain/loss) 1 V Voltage In 1 uV Voltage Out 50 uV Loss/Gain 33.9794 dB

dBV = 20 log

Vout 1V

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Definitions: Weber - The Weber () is the magnetic flux which induces an emf of one volt when a conductor cuts through the field in one second. Reluctance, R - The opposition by a circuit to the establishment of a magnetic field in amp-turns per weber. Mutual Inductance - The measure of the magnetic flux linkage between two coils, measured in henrys. The mutual inductance is one henry when the current of one coil is changing at the rate of one amp per second inducs a voltage of one volt in the second coil.

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CALCULATIONS
Magnetic Field Intensity Current 20.0 amps No. of Turns 10.0 Length 0.5 meters Mag. Field Intensity,H 400.00 amp-t/meter Magnetic Flux Density 20.0 Flux, Area 10.0 Mag. Flux Density,B 2.00

FORMULAS

NOTES
H is the magnetic field intensity, amp-turns/meter I is the current, amps L is the length, meters N is the number of turns Note: For magnetic field intensity in oersteds, multiply amp-turms/meter by 0.01257

I * N L

webers meters teslas

B is the magnetic flux density in teslas (webers/meter2) A is the cross sectional area in meters 2 is the magnetic flux in webers (volt-secs)

Magnetic Flux, Mag. Flux Density,B 20.0 Area 10.0 20.0 Flux,

teslas meters webers

BA

B is the magnetic flux density in teslas (webers/meter2) A is the cross sectional area in meters2 is the magnetic flux in webers (volt-secs)

Permeability Mag. Flux Density,B 20.0 Mag. Field Intensity,H 10.0 2.00 Permeability,

teslas amp-t/meter tesla-m/amp

B H

B is the magnetic flux density in teslas (webers/meter2) H is the magnetic field intensity, amp-turns/meter is the Permeability in tesla-meter/amp

Transformer Voltage Ratio Pri. Voltage 20.0 volts Pri. Turns 10.0 turns Sec. Voltage 10.0 volts Sec. Turns 5.00 turns

V1 N1 = V2 N2

V1 is the voltage on the transformer primary V2 is the voltage on the transformer secondary N1 is the number of turns on the primary N2 is the number of turns on the secondary

Transformer Current Ratio Pri. Current 20.0 amps Pri. Turns 10.0 turns Sec. Current 10.0 amps Sec. Turns 5.00 turns Transformer Impedance Ratio Pri. Imped. 20.0 ohms Pri. Turns 10.0 turns Sec. Imped. 10.0 ohms Sec. Turns 50.00 turns Mutual Inductance Inductance, L1 10.0 Inductance, L2 1.0 Coupling Factor, k 0.5 Mutual Inductance 1.58 LT, Series Aiding 14.16 LT, Series Oppose 7.84 LT, Parallel Aiding 0.96 LT, Parallel Oppose 0.53

I1 N1 = I2 N2
2

I1 is the current on the transformer primary I2 is the current on the transformer secondary N1 is the number of turns on the primary N2 is the number of turns on the secondary

Z1 N1 = 2 Z2 N2
Series Aiding

Z1 is the transformer primary impedance Z2 is the transformer secondary impedance N1 is the number of turns on the primary N2 is the number of turns on the secondary

henrys henrys henrys henrys henrys henrys henrys

LT = L 1 +L 2 + 2M

Series Opposing Parallel Aiding

L M T =L 1 +L 2 2
L1 L 2 M 2 L1 L 2 + 2 M

L1 is inductance of first coil in henrys L2 is inductance of second coil in henrys LT is total inductance in henrys M is the mutual inductance in henrys

LT =

Parallel Opposing

LT =

L1 L2 M 2 L1 L2 2 M

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2 Real and Imaginary Number - In a.c. calculations, it is generally more practical to represent real and reactive values in terms of complex numbers. Thus the square root of (R + X2) becomes R + jX where R is the real part and X is the imaginary (reactive) part. Phase - in the complex number, R + jX, R is the in-phase of the complex number and X is the out-of-phase portion. Rectangular Form - The expression R = jX is referred to as the rectangualr for or rectangular coordinates. Polar Form - When the rectangualr components of R + jX are resolved into a single magnitude of Z rotated through an angle of , the expression is referred to as the polar form or polar coordinate. So that R + jX = Z/, where R=Zcos, X=Zsin, =arctan(X/R), Z=R/cos, and Z=X/sin.

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CALCULATIONS

FORMULAS

NOTES

Rectangular to Polar Resistance, R 20.0 ohms Reactance, X -20.0 ohms Impedance, Z 28.3 ohms -45.00 degrees Phase Angle, Enter inductive reactance as positive and capacitive reactance as negative. Polar to Rectangular Impedance, Z 28.3 ohms -45.0 degrees Phase Angle, Resistance, R 20.0 ohms Reactance, X -20.0 ohms A positive reactance indicates inductance and a negative reactance indicates capacitance.

R + jX = Z
Z= R2 + X 2
1

Rules For Complex Math: If Y1=Z1/1 = R1+ jX1 and Y2=Z2/2=R2+jX2

When adding or subtracting, use the Rectangular Form:

= tan

X R

Addition: Y1+Y2 =(R1+R2) +j(X1+X2) Subtraction: Y1-Y2=(R1-R2)+j(X1-X2) When multiplying or dividing, use the Polar Form: Multiplication: Y1Y2=Z1Z2/1+2 Division: Y1/Y2=Z1/Z2/1-2 Square: Z12=Z12/21 Square Root: Z1^0.5=Z1^0.5/1/2

Z = R + jX R = Z cos

X = Z sin
SERIES CIRCUIT: = tan-1 (X/R) R = Zcos = SQRT (Z2-X2) X = Zsin = SQRT(Z2-R2) Z = R/cos = X/sin

sin = opp/hyp cos = adj/hyp tan = opp/adj cot = adj/opp sec = hyp/adj csc = hyp/opp

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

COMPONENT DATA Resistance of a Conductor - The resistance of a cylindrical conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor, inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area and is dependent on the conductors material composition (expressed as its resistivity). Temperature Coeficient - Most conducting materials exhibit an increase in resistance as the temperature rises (within certain ranges). Other materials exhibit a negative temperature coefficience (carbon, germanium,and silicon). The change in resistance due to temperature is expressed as the temperature coeficient of temperature, (alpha).

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CALCULATIONS
Resistance of a Conductor

FORMULAS

NOTES

Length, L
Area, S Resistivity, r Resistance, R

1000
0.001 1.72E-08 0.017

meters meters2 -meters

ohms

R =

L S

R is the conductor's resistance in ohms is the resistivity of the conductor in -meters L is the length of the conductor in meters S is the cross sectional area in meters2 S is the cross sectional area in meters2 is a constant 3.14 D is the diameter of the conductor in meters

Cross sectional Area of Conductor Diameter, D 0.1 meters Area, S 0.01 meters2 Thermal Resistance Changes Initial Resistance 100 ohms Initial Temp, T1 80 degrees Final Temp, T2 120 degrees
Temp. Coef., Final Resistance

S =

D2 4

0.00393
115.7 ohms

R final = Rinitial[1+(T2 T1 )]

Rfinal is the final resistance in ohms Rinitial is the initial resistance in ohms T1 is the initial temperature T2 is the final temperature is the temperature coeficient

Resistor Color Code 1st

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Silver No Color

Temperature Characteristics M 10 101 102 3 10 4 10 105 106 107

0

2nd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tolerance 1% 2% 0.5% 0.25% 0.1% 0.05% 5% 10% 20%

Failure Rate

Conductor

Resistivity, ohm-m @ 20 C
0

Resistivity, ohm-cmil/ft @ 200 C

Temp. Coeficient

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 0.1 0.01 0.001

silver copper aluminum tungsten nickel iron constantan

1.46E-08 1.72E-08 2.83E-08 5.50E-08 7.80E-08 1.20E-07 4.90E-07

8.78E-14 1.04E-13 1.7E-13 3.31E-13 4.69E-13 7.22E-13 2.95E-12

3.80E-03 3.93E-03 3.90E-03 4.50E-03 6.00E-03 5.50E-03 8.00E-07

10-1 10-2

Copper Wire Table

AWG TPI (enam) Dia (inches) Dia (mm) TPI (insul)

10 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

9.6 12.0 15.0 18.9 21.2 23.6 26.4 29.4 33.1 37.0 41.3 46.3 51.7 58.0 64.9 72.7 81.6 90.5

0.1019 0.0808 0.0641 0.0508 0.0453 0.0403 0.0359 0.0320 0.0285 0.0254 0.0226 0.0201 0.0179 0.0159 0.0142 0.0126 0.0113 0.0100

2.59 2.05 1.63 1.29 1.15 1.02 0.91 0.81 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.25

13.3

Copyright 2003-2005 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

RETURN TO INDEX Electric Circuit Ohm's Law: Resistance=EMF/Current

VARIABLE EMF Current Current Density Resistance Conductance Conductivity Electric Field Intensity Susceptibility Permittivity Charge Charge Quantity Energy Power Resistivity Capacitance Inductance Impedance Admittance Susceptance Reactance Resistivity SYMBOL SI UNITS

Comments

V or E I R G E e Q E P or W C L Z Y B X

volt ampere amps/meter ohm siemens (mho) siemens/meter volts/meter coulomb/volt-m farad/meter electron volt coulomb joule watt ohm-meter farad henry ohm Siemen Siemen ohm ohm-meter
2

V A S S/m V/m
C/Vm

Also equivalent to one joule/coulomb. One amp represents 6.24x10 18 electrons past a point in one second. The resistance that results in one amp to flow through a circuit device with a potential of one volt across it The reciprocal of resistance. Also referred to as Electric Field Strength

F/m Ev The charge of one electron. C J Energy is the capacity for doing work. W Power is the rate at which work is performed or energy expended. Also one joule/second. -m The resistivity is one ohm-meter when one amp flows through a one meter conductor with one volt applied F Also one coulomb/volt H Also one volt-sec/amp S Reciprocal of Impedance S If resistance is zero, susceptance is the reciprocal of reactance. Formerly mhos. -m

Magnetic Circuit Rowland's Law: Reluctance=MMF/Flux

VARIABLE MMF Flux Flux Density Reluctance Permeance Permeability Magnetic Field Intensity Reluctivity SYMBOL SI UNITS

Comments
F=H x L = (amps/meter) x meters = amps Also, F=N x I amp-turns. 1 Amp-turn=1.257 Gilberts. flux,, webers = B x A = (E) x (Time) Therefore, webers = volt-secs. 1 Weber=108 Maxwells. B = /area, teslas Therefore, teslas = webers/meter2 = 104 gauss Reluctance is the magnetic analog of electrical resistance, but also changes with permeability. R=MMF/F Reciprocal of Reluctance: P = 1/R Absolute permeability, =B/H = /HA Permeability of Free Space, = 1.257 x106 henrys/meter Actually, H = (N x I)/L N=# turns, I=amps, and L=length (amp-turns/meter). 1 A-T=0.01257 Oersteds. Reciprocal of Permeability

F B R P H

amp-turn weber Wb tesla T amp-turn/weber weber/amp-turn tesla-meter/amp amps/meter meters/henry

Electromagnetic
VARIABLE Electric Field Intensity Magnetic Field Intensity EM Field Strength Frequency Wavelength SYMBOL SI UNITS

Comments volts/meter amps/meter watts/meter2 Hertz meters V/m A/m W/m2 Hz

E H F

Copyright 2003-2005

XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.