Analysis of Project Management Data Set

List of variables of study and their levels in the STATA
data set c:\bos\pm1.dta

The data set c:\bos\pm1.dta contains the following 30
variables of study (A dependent variable of study + 29
independnet variables of study).
Dependent or outcome variable of study (Y)
success: Successful completion of project (Yes, No)
List of 29 independent or explanatory variables of study

(X1, X2, ., X29)
relationship: Problems related to relationship (Very low,

Low, Average, High, Very high)
experience: Problems related to lack of experience (Very

low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
type: Type of project (Buildings, Roads, Lights, Water, IT)
race: Race group of project leader (Black, White, Coloured,

Indian)
rivals: Problems related to rivals (Very low, Low, Average,

High, Very high)
resources: Problems related to shortage of resources

(Very low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
scope: Problems due to change of scope of project (Very

objectives: Problems related to failure to meet objectives

quality: Problems related to quality of workmanship (Very

cost: Problems related to cost over-run (Very low, Low,

Average, High, Very high)
time: Problems related to time over-run (Very low, Low,

control: Problems related to lack of control (Very low,

procurement: Problems related to procurement (Very low,

2
contract: Problems related to contractual agreement (Very

interference: Problems due to interference (Very low, Low,

communication: Problems due to poor communication

stakeholders: Problems related to stakeholders (Very low,

planning: Problems due to poor planning (Very low, Low,

accountability: Problems due to lack of accountability

transparency: Problems due to lack of transparency (Very

audit: Problems due to lack of proper auditing (Very low,

training: Problems related to lack of training (Very low,

leadership: Problems related to lack of leadership (Very

conflicts: Problems related to internal conflicts (Very low,

risk: Problems related to unforeseen potential risks (Very

skills: Problems related to lack of skills (Very low, Low,

harmony: Problems related to lack of harmony (Very low,

labour: Problems related to labour (Very low, Low,

trust: Problems related to lack of trust in project leader

Procedure 1: Frequency tables for categorical

variables of study
. use c:\bos\pm1.dta, clear

. des
Contains data from c:\bos\pm1.dta
obs:
120
vars:
30
size:
35,040
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------storage
variable name
type
display
value
format
label
variable label
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------success
str3
%9s
Successful completion of project
relationship
str10
project manager
%10s
Problems related to working relationship with
experience
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of experience
type
str11
%11s
Type of project
race
str8
%9s
Race group of project leader
rivals
str10
%10s
Problems related to rivals
resources
str10
%10s
Problems related to shortage of resources
scope
str10
%10s
Problems related to change of scope of project
objectives
str10
%10s
Problems related to failure to meet objectives
quality
str10
%10s
Problems related to quality of work
cost
str10
%10s
Problems related to cost overrun
time
str10
%10s
Problems related to time overrun
control
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of control of project
procurement
str10
%10s
Problems related to procurement issues
contract
str10
%10s
Problems related to contractual obligations
interference
str10
%10s
Problems related to interference
communication
str10
%10s
Problems related to poor communication
stakeholders
str10
%10s
Problems related to stakeholders
planning
str10
%10s
Problems related to poor planning
accountability
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of accountability
transparency
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of transparency
audit
str10
%10s
Problems related to poor auditing
training
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of proper training
leadership
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of leadership
conflicts
str10
%10s
Problems related to internal conflicts
risk
str10
%10s
Problems related to unforeseen risk
skills
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of skills
harmony
members
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of harmony among team
labour
str10
%10s
Problems related to labour issues
trust
str10
%10s
Problems related to lack of trust in project leader
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sorted by:
. tab1 success relationship experience

type race rivals resources scope
objectives quality cost time control
procurement contract interference
communication stakeholders planning
accountability transparency audit
training leadership conflicts risk

skills harmony labour trust
-> tabulation of success
Successful |
completion |
of project |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------No |
21
17.50
17.50
Yes |
99
82.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of relationship
Problems |
related to |
working |
relationshi |
p with |
project |
manager |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
37
30.83
30.83
High |
47
39.17
70.00
Low
1.67
71.67
Very high
30
25.00
96.67
Very low
3.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of experience
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
experience |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
36
30.00
30.00
High |
43
35.83
65.83
Low
26
21.67
87.50
Very high
3.33
90.83
Very low
11
9.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of type
Type of |
project |
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Buildings
26
21.67
21.67
IT |
18
15.00
36.67
Lights |
18
15.00
51.67
Roads
38
31.67
83.33
Water |
20
16.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of race
Race group |
of project |
leader |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Black
29
24.17
24.17
Coloured |
18
15.00
39.17
34
28.33
67.50
White |
39
32.50
100.00
Indian
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of rivals
Problems |
related to |
rivals |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
23
19.17
19.17
High |
34
28.33
47.50
Low
14
11.67
59.17
Very high
34
28.33
87.50
Very low
15
12.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of resources
Problems |
related to |
shortage of |
resources |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
10
8.33
8.33
High |
35
29.17
37.50
Low
12
10.00
47.50
Very high
53
44.17
91.67
Very low |
10
8.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of scope
Problems |
related to |
change of |
scope of |
project |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
2.50
2.50
High |
31
25.83
28.33
Low |
15
12.50
40.83
Very high
70
58.33
99.17
Very low
0.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of objectives
Problems |
related to |
failure to |
meet |
objectives |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
5.00
5.00
10
High |
24
20.00
25.00
Low |
14
11.67
36.67
76
63.33
100.00
Very high
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of quality
Problems |
related to |
quality of |
work |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
19
15.83
15.83
High |
46
38.33
54.17
Low
18
15.00
69.17
Very high
36
30.00
99.17
Very low
0.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of cost
Problems |
related to |
cost |
overrun
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
11
9.17
9.17
High |
38
31.67
40.83
Low
22
18.33
59.17
Very high
48
40.00
99.17
11
Very low
0.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of time
Problems |
related to |
time |
overrun
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
11
9.17
9.17
High |
49
40.83
50.00
Low
15
12.50
62.50
Very high
45
37.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of control
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
control of |
project |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
24
20.00
20.00
High |
51
42.50
62.50
Low
16
13.33
75.83
Very high
29
24.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
12
-> tabulation of procurement
Problems |
related to |
procurement |
issues |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
29
24.17
24.17
High |
48
40.00
64.17
Low
13
10.83
75.00
Very high
29
24.17
99.17
Very low
0.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of contract
Problems |
related to |
contractual |
obligations |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
19
15.83
15.83
High |
50
41.67
57.50
Low
20
16.67
74.17
Very high
31
25.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of interference
13
Problems |
related to |
interferenc |
e |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
21
17.50
17.50
High |
47
39.17
56.67
Low
12
10.00
66.67
Very high
38
31.67
98.33
Very low
1.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of communication
Problems |
related to |
poor |
communicati |
on |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
2.50
2.50
High |
25
20.83
23.33
Low
18
15.00
38.33
Very high
74
61.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of stakeholders
Problems |
related to |
14
stakeholder |
s |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
10
8.33
8.33
High |
40
33.33
41.67
Low
13
10.83
52.50
Very high
57
47.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of planning
Problems |
related to |
poor |
planning |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
21
17.50
17.50
High |
29
24.17
41.67
Low
25
20.83
62.50
Very high
34
28.33
90.83
Very low
11
9.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of accountability
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
accountabil |
ity
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
15
------------+----------------------------------Average |
15
12.50
12.50
High |
47
39.17
51.67
Low
17
14.17
65.83
Very high
41
34.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of transparency
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
transparenc |
y |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
20
16.67
16.67
High |
39
32.50
49.17
Low
24
20.00
69.17
Very high
35
29.17
98.33
Very low
1.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of audit
Problems |
related to |
poor |
auditing
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
16
13.33
13.33
16
High |
44
36.67
50.00
Low
21
17.50
67.50
Very high
38
31.67
99.17
Very low
0.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of training
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
proper |
training |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
26
21.67
21.67
High |
35
29.17
50.83
Low
27
22.50
73.33
Very high
31
25.83
99.17
Very low
0.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of leadership
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
leadership |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
4.17
4.17
High |
29
24.17
28.33
17
Low
17
14.17
42.50
Very high
66
55.00
97.50
Very low
2.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of conflicts
Problems |
related to |
internal |
conflicts
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
14
11.67
11.67
High |
41
34.17
45.83
Low
18
15.00
60.83
Very high
47
39.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of risk
Problems |
related to |
unforeseen |
risk |
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
15
12.50
12.50
High |
42
35.00
47.50
Low
18
15.00
62.50
Very high
45
37.50
100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
18
Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of skills
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
skills |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
29
24.17
24.17
High |
37
30.83
55.00
Low
24
20.00
75.00
Very high
27
22.50
97.50
Very low
2.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of harmony
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
harmony |
among team |
members |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
33
27.50
27.50
High |
37
30.83
58.33
Low
13
10.83
69.17
Very high
33
27.50
96.67
Very low
3.33
100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
19
Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of labour
Problems |
related to |
labour |
issues |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
37
30.83
30.83
High |
44
36.67
67.50
Low
11
9.17
76.67
Very high
21
17.50
94.17
Very low
5.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of trust
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
trust in |
project |
leader |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
33
27.50
27.50
High |
45
37.50
65.00
Low
14
11.67
76.67
Very high
26
21.67
98.33
Very low
1.67
100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
20
Total |
120
100.00
Procedure 2: Pearsons chi-square tests of

associations between the dependent variable of
study and the other 29 variables of study
. tab2 success relationship,
exp
cell
chi2
-> tabulation of success by relationship
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
| expected frequency |
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
Successful | Problems related to working relationship with project

completion |
of project |
manager
Average
High
Low
Very high
Very low
Total
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------No |
4 |
21
6.5
8.2
0.3
5.3
0.7 |
21.0
7.50
4.17
0.83
1.67
3.33 |
17.50
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------Yes |
28
42
28
0 |
99
30.5
38.8
1.6
24.8
3.3 |
99.0
21
23.33
35.00
0.83
23.33
0.00 |
82.50
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------Total |
37
47
30
4 |
120
37.0
47.0
2.0
30.0
4.0 |
120.0
30.83
39.17
1.67
25.00
3.33 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(4) =
25.4853
Pr = 0.000
Note that there are 4 expected cell

frequencies that are less than 5 in the
above cross-tab table. As such, the P-value
(Pr=0.000) obtained from the above
procedure is not reliable. The remedial
action is to reduce the number of
categories of the variable relationship
from 5 to 2 by recoding.
Recoding procedure in STATA
Open up the STATA data file c:\bos\pm1.dta

. tab1
relationship

22
Problems |
related to |
working |
relationshi |
p with |
project |
manager |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Average |
37
30.83
30.83
High |
47
39.17
70.00
Low
1.67
71.67
Very high
30
25.00
96.67
Very low
3.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Reduce the number of categories of each of your categorical

variables from 5 to 2 as follows:
Very low = Low

Low = Low
Average = Moderate
High = Moderate
Very high = Moderate
23
Save the resulting data file as c:\bos\pm2.dta
Frequency tables for the variables in the STATA data file

c:\bos\pm2.dta

. tab1 success relationship experience type race
rivals resources scope objectives quality cost
time control procurement contract interference
accountability transparency audit training
leadership conflicts risk skills harmony labour
trust
-> tabulation of success
success |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------No |
21
17.50
17.50
Yes |
99
82.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
relationshi |
24
p |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
5.00
5.00
Moderate |
114
95.00
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of experience
experience |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
37
30.83
30.83
Moderate |
83
69.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of type
type |
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Buildings
26
21.67
21.67
IT |
18
15.00
36.67
Lights |
18
15.00
51.67
Roads
38
31.67
83.33
Water |
20
16.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of race
race |
Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
25
Black
29
24.17
24.17
Coloured |
18
15.00
39.17
34
28.33
67.50
White |
39
32.50
100.00
Indian
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of rivals
rivals |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
29
24.17
24.17
Moderate |
91
75.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of resources
resources |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
22
18.33
18.33
Moderate |
98
81.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of scope
scope |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
16
13.33
13.33
Moderate |
104
86.67
100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
26
Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of objectives
objectives |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
14
11.67
11.67
Moderate |
106
88.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of quality
quality |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
19
15.83
15.83
Moderate |
101
84.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of cost
cost |
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
23
19.17
19.17
Moderate |
97
80.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Freq.
Percent
-> tabulation of time
time |
Cum.
27
------------+----------------------------------Low |
15
12.50
12.50
Moderate |
105
87.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of control
control |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
16
13.33
13.33
Moderate |
104
86.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of procurement
procurement |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
14
11.67
11.67
Moderate |
106
88.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of contract
contract |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
20
16.67
16.67
Moderate |
100
83.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
28
-> tabulation of interference
interferenc |
e |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
14
11.67
11.67
Moderate |
106
88.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of communication
communicati |
on |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
18
15.00
15.00
Moderate |
102
85.00
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of stakeholders
stakeholder |
s |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
13
10.83
10.83
Moderate |
107
89.17
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of planning
29
planning |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
36
30.00
30.00
Moderate |
84
70.00
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of accountability
accountabil |
ity |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
17
14.17
14.17
Moderate |
103
85.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of transparency
transparenc |
y |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
26
21.67
21.67
Moderate |
94
78.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of audit
audit |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
30
Low |
22
18.33
18.33
Moderate |
98
81.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of training
training |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
28
23.33
23.33
Moderate |
92
76.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of leadership
leadership |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
20
16.67
16.67
Moderate |
100
83.33
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of conflicts
conflicts |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
18
15.00
15.00
Moderate |
102
85.00
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
31
-> tabulation of risk
risk |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
18
15.00
15.00
Moderate |
102
85.00
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of skills
skills |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
27
22.50
22.50
Moderate |
93
77.50
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of harmony
harmony |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
17
14.17
14.17
Moderate |
103
85.83
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of labour
labour |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
18
15.00
15.00
32
Moderate |
102
85.00
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
-> tabulation of trust
trust |
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
------------+----------------------------------Low |
16
13.33
13.33
Moderate |
104
86.67
100.00
------------+----------------------------------Total |
120
100.00
Pearsons chi-square tests of associations between the dependent

variable success (yes, no) and each of the categorical variables in
the STATA data file c:\bos\pm2.dta

. tab2 success relationship experience rivals
resources scope objectives quality cost time
control procurement contract interference
accountability transparency audit training
leadership conflicts risk skills harmony labour
trust, cell chi2 expected firstonly
33
-> tabulation of success by relationship
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
relationship
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
16 |
21
1.1
19.9 |
21.0
4.17
13.33 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
98 |
99
5.0
94.0 |
99.0
0.83
81.67 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
114 |
120
6.0
114.0 |
120.0
5.00
95.00 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
18.9595
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by experience
34
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
experience
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
13 |
21
6.5
14.5 |
21.0
6.67
10.83 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
29
70 |
99
30.5
68.5 |
99.0
24.17
58.33 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
37
83 |
120
37.0
83.0 |
120.0
30.83
69.17 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
0.6294
Pr = 0.428
-> tabulation of success by rivals
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
35
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
rivals
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
17
4 |
21
5.1
15.9 |
21.0
14.17
3.33 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
12
87 |
99
23.9
75.1 |
99.0
10.00
72.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
29
91 |
120
29.0
91.0 |
120.0
24.17
75.83 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
44.7885
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by resources
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
36
resources
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
20
1 |
21
3.9
17.1 |
21.0
16.67
0.83 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
97 |
99
18.1
80.8 |
99.0
1.67
80.83 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
22
98 |
120
22.0
98.0 |
120.0
18.33
81.67 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 100.5508
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by scope
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
scope
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
15
6 |
21
2.8
18.2 |
21.0
37
12.50
5.00 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
98 |
99
13.2
85.8 |
99.0
0.83
81.67 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
16
104 |
120
16.0
104.0 |
120.0
13.33
86.67 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
74.3457
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by objectives
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
objectives
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
14
7 |
21
2.5
18.6 |
21.0
11.67
5.83 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
99 |
99
11.6
87.5 |
99.0
0.00
82.50 |
82.50
38
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
14
106 |
120
14.0
106.0 |
120.0
11.67
88.33 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
74.7170
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by quality
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
quality
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
15
6 |
21
3.3
17.7 |
21.0
12.50
5.00 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
95 |
99
15.7
83.3 |
99.0
3.33
79.17 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
19
101 |
120
19.0
101.0 |
120.0
15.83
84.17 |
100.00
39
Pearson chi2(1) =
59.0375
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by cost
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
cost
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
16
5 |
21
4.0
17.0 |
21.0
13.33
4.17 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
92 |
99
19.0
80.0 |
99.0
5.83
76.67 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
23
97 |
120
23.0
97.0 |
120.0
19.17
80.83 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
53.4245
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by time
+--------------------+
40
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
time
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
13
8 |
21
2.6
18.4 |
21.0
10.83
6.67 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
97 |
99
12.4
86.6 |
99.0
1.67
80.83 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
15
105 |
120
15.0
105.0 |
120.0
12.50
87.50 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
56.8048
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by control
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
41
+--------------------+
control
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
12 |
21
2.8
18.2 |
21.0
7.50
10.00 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
92 |
99
13.2
85.8 |
99.0
5.83
76.67 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
16
104 |
120
16.0
104.0 |
120.0
13.33
86.67 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
19.2008
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by procurement
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
procurement
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
42
No |
12 |
21
2.5
18.6 |
21.0
7.50
10.00 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
94 |
99
11.6
87.5 |
99.0
4.17
78.33 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
14
106 |
120
14.0
106.0 |
120.0
11.67
88.33 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
24.0291
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by contract
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
contract
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
14
7 |
21
3.5
17.5 |
21.0
11.67
5.83 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
93 |
99
43
16.5
82.5 |
99.0
5.00
77.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
20
100 |
120
20.0
100.0 |
120.0
16.67
83.33 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
45.8182
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by interference
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
interference
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
11
10 |
21
2.5
18.6 |
21.0
9.17
8.33 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
96 |
99
11.6
87.5 |
99.0
2.50
80.00 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
14
106 |
120
14.0
106.0 |
120.0
44
11.67
88.33 |
Pearson chi2(1) =
40.9437
100.00
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by communication
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
communication
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
18
3 |
21
3.1
17.9 |
21.0
15.00
2.50 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
99 |
99
14.9
84.2 |
99.0
0.00
82.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
18
102 |
120
18.0
102.0 |
120.0
15.00
85.00 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
99.8319
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by stakeholders
45
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
stakeholders
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
13
8 |
21
2.3
18.7 |
21.0
10.83
6.67 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
99 |
99
10.7
88.3 |
99.0
0.00
82.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
13
107 |
120
13.0
107.0 |
120.0
10.83
89.17 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
68.7316
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by planning
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
46
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
planning
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
13
8 |
21
6.3
14.7 |
21.0
10.83
6.67 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
23
76 |
99
29.7
69.3 |
99.0
19.17
63.33 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
36
84 |
120
36.0
84.0 |
120.0
30.00
70.00 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
12.3383
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by accountability
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
accountability
47
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
14
7 |
21
3.0
18.0 |
21.0
11.67
5.83 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
96 |
99
14.0
85.0 |
99.0
2.50
80.00 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
17
103 |
120
17.0
103.0 |
120.0
14.17
85.83 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
57.6979
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by transparency
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
transparency
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
20
1 |
21
4.5
16.4 |
21.0
16.67
0.83 |
17.50
48
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
93 |
99
21.4
77.5 |
99.0
5.00
77.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
26
94 |
120
26.0
94.0 |
120.0
21.67
78.33 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
81.1792
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by audit
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
audit
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
18
3 |
21
3.9
17.1 |
21.0
15.00
2.50 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
95 |
99
18.1
80.8 |
99.0
3.33
79.17 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
49
Total |
22
98 |
120
22.0
98.0 |
120.0
18.33
81.67 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
77.1886
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by training
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
training
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
16
5 |
21
4.9
16.1 |
21.0
13.33
4.17 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
12
87 |
99
23.1
75.9 |
99.0
10.00
72.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
28
92 |
120
28.0
92.0 |
120.0
23.33
76.67 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
39.7548
Pr = 0.000
50
-> tabulation of success by leadership
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
leadership
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
18
3 |
21
3.5
17.5 |
21.0
15.00
2.50 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
97 |
99
16.5
82.5 |
99.0
1.67
80.83 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
20
100 |
120
20.0
100.0 |
120.0
16.67
83.33 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
87.3766
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by conflicts
+--------------------+
| Key
51
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
conflicts
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
13
8 |
21
3.1
17.9 |
21.0
10.83
6.67 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
94 |
99
14.9
84.2 |
99.0
4.17
78.33 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
18
102 |
120
18.0
102.0 |
120.0
15.00
85.00 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
43.9227
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by risk
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
52
risk
success |
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
16
5 |
21
3.1
17.9 |
21.0
13.33
4.17 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
97 |
99
14.9
84.2 |
99.0
1.67
80.83 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
18
102 |
120
18.0
102.0 |
120.0
15.00
85.00 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
74.7520
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by skills
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
skills
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
16
5 |
21
53
4.7
16.3 |
21.0
13.33
4.17 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
11
88 |
99
22.3
76.7 |
99.0
9.17
73.33 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
27
93 |
120
27.0
93.0 |
120.0
22.50
77.50 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
42.0800
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by harmony
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
harmony
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
11
10 |
21
3.0
18.0 |
21.0
9.17
8.33 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
93 |
99
14.0
85.0 |
99.0
54
5.00
77.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
17
103 |
120
17.0
103.0 |
120.0
14.17
85.83 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
30.5698
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by labour
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
labour
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
12
9 |
21
3.1
17.9 |
21.0
10.00
7.50 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
93 |
99
14.9
84.2 |
99.0
5.00
77.50 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
18
102 |
120
18.0
102.0 |
120.0
15.00
85.00 |
100.00
55
Pearson chi2(1) =
35.4571
Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by trust
+--------------------+
| Key
|--------------------|
|
frequency
|
cell percentage
+--------------------+
|
success |
trust
Low
Moderate |
Total
-----------+----------------------+---------No |
11
10 |
21
2.8
18.2 |
21.0
9.17
8.33 |
17.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Yes |
94 |
99
13.2
85.8 |
99.0
4.17
78.33 |
82.50
-----------+----------------------+---------Total |
16
104 |
120
16.0
104.0 |
120.0
13.33
86.67 |
100.00
Pearson chi2(1) =
33.5864
Pr = 0.000
56
Summary
of
results
obtained
from
cross-tab
analyses
Table 1 shows the top 5 influential predictor variables of success. Each test
of association was performed between the dependent variable of study
(successful completion of project) and the other independent variables
of study that are known to affect the capacity of the project manager to
successfully complete the project work being done.
At the 5% level of significance, a two-by-two test of association among two
categorical variables is said to be statistically significant if the P-value is
below 0.05. Otherwise, the association is said to be insignificant at the same
level of significance. At the 5% level of significance, significant associations
are characterized by P-values that are smaller than 0.05 and large observed
values of the chi-square random variable. In this study, the top 5 highly
significant predictors of success were selected based on these criteria.
In each chi-square test of association performed in this section, the expected
cell frequencies were all greater than 5. As such, results obtained from crosstab analysis were valid.
Table 1: Top 5 significant variables based on cross-tab analysis
Variable of study associated with Y Observed
(Successful completion of project)
chi-square
value
Resources
P-value
100.5508
0.0000***
Communication
99.8319
0.0000***
Leadership
87.3766
0.0000***
Transparency
81.1792
0.0000***
57
Audit
77.1886
0.0000***
Key: Significance at * P<0.05; ** P<0.01;*** P<0.001.
List of top 5 influential variables of study

Y: Success (1 if project was not successful, 0 otherwise)
X1: Resources (1 if resources were inadequate, 0 otherwise)
X2: Communication (1 if communication was poor, 0 otherwise)
X3: Leadership (1 if leadership was poor, 0 otherwise)
X4: Transparency (1 if there was no transparency, 0 otherwise)
X5: Audit (1 if audit exercises were inadequate, 0 otherwise)
Suitable methods for further multivariate

analysis
Results
obtained
from
Pearsons
chi-square
tests
of
association are not as reliable as robust multivariate methods

such as binary logistic regression analysis and factor analysis.
Further multivariate analysis should be done by performing

the non-linear regression of Y on X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 in
order to achieve theoretically more reliable estimates for
predictors of success.
58

Analysis of Project Management Data Set

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List of variables of study and their levels in the STATA

data set c:\bos\pm1.dta

success: Successful completion of project (Yes, No)

List of 29 independent or explanatory variables of study

relationship: Problems related to relationship (Very low,

experience: Problems related to lack of experience (Very

type: Type of project (Buildings, Roads, Lights, Water, IT)

race: Race group of project leader (Black, White, Coloured,

rivals: Problems related to rivals (Very low, Low, Average,

resources: Problems related to shortage of resources

scope: Problems due to change of scope of project (Very

objectives: Problems related to failure to meet objectives

quality: Problems related to quality of workmanship (Very

cost: Problems related to cost over-run (Very low, Low,

time: Problems related to time over-run (Very low, Low,

control: Problems related to lack of control (Very low,

procurement: Problems related to procurement (Very low,

contract: Problems related to contractual agreement (Very

interference: Problems due to interference (Very low, Low,

communication: Problems due to poor communication

stakeholders: Problems related to stakeholders (Very low,

planning: Problems due to poor planning (Very low, Low,

accountability: Problems due to lack of accountability

transparency: Problems due to lack of transparency (Very

audit: Problems due to lack of proper auditing (Very low,

training: Problems related to lack of training (Very low,

leadership: Problems related to lack of leadership (Very

conflicts: Problems related to internal conflicts (Very low,

risk: Problems related to unforeseen potential risks (Very

skills: Problems related to lack of skills (Very low, Low,

harmony: Problems related to lack of harmony (Very low,

labour: Problems related to labour (Very low, Low,

trust: Problems related to lack of trust in project leader

Procedure 1: Frequency tables for categorical

. use c:\bos\pm1.dta, clear

Successful completion of project

Problems related to working relationship with

Problems related to lack of experience

Race group of project leader

Problems related to rivals

Problems related to shortage of resources

Problems related to change of scope of project

Problems related to failure to meet objectives

Problems related to quality of work

Problems related to cost overrun

Problems related to time overrun

Problems related to lack of control of project

Problems related to procurement issues

Problems related to contractual obligations

Problems related to interference

Problems related to poor communication

Problems related to stakeholders

Problems related to poor planning

Problems related to lack of accountability

Problems related to lack of transparency

Problems related to poor auditing

Problems related to lack of proper training

Problems related to lack of leadership

Problems related to internal conflicts

Problems related to unforeseen risk

Problems related to lack of skills

Problems related to lack of harmony among team

Problems related to labour issues