Professional Documents
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Abdul Salam Babji*, Masomeh Ghassem, See Siau Fern and Nur Aliah Daud
COLLAGEN-GELATIN
PHYTOCHEMICALS EXTRACT
Hypertension treatment
Medicine Vegetables Fruits Healthy foods
Hypertension medicine
Captopril Enalapril and Lasinopril
Ultrafiltration
Removing high molecular weight protein over 10kDa in hydrolysates
Gel filtration
Separation of ACE inhibitory fraction, antimicrobial and antioxidative fraction
RP-HPLC separation
Select highest peak
Peptide sequencing
Confirming the structure of the highest ACEinhibitory peptide, antimicrobial and antioxidative peptides
Figure 1. Typical procedure of isolation of antihypertensive, antimicrobial and antioxidative peptides from freshwater fish meat proteins
Opioid antagonist
Anti-hyperlipidemic
Immune system
Anti-microbial
Immunomodulatory
Cytomodulatory
Sarcoplasmic Fractionation
0.05
0 0 10 20 30 40
PS1 PS2
3.3 0.51
Gel filtration
Myofibrillar Fractionation P1
0.3
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 0 10 20 30 40
P2
P3
PM1
PM2 PM3
According to study that has done by Ghassem et. al. (2011), two peptide sequences for the most abundant fragments were identified as VPAAPPK and NGTWFEPP, found in Haruan meat. The presence of two proline residues at the C-terminal sequence is responsible for the high ACE inhibitory activity of these peptides. The peptides that can inhibit ACE in vitro and further exert antihypertensive effect in vivo have shown great promise in the development of a novel therapeutics and functional food for preventing hypertension.
Amino Acid Sequence Of Antioxidant Peptides From Sarcoplasmic And Myofibrillar Protein Hydrolysates, Characterized By Swissprot Database
MPH and SPH of patin can served as source for novel peptides for natural antioxidants to be used in food products.
Collagen ?
An insoluble fibrous protein that occurs in vertebrates as chief constituent of connective tissue fibrils and in bones. Constitute >25% of protein mass in the human body.
Hydrolyzed Collagen is obtained from animal skins and bones by thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis
Source
Tendons Skin Bone Vascular system of animals The connection tissue sheaths surrounding muscle
Reaction Medium In
Temperature Indicator
Cold Water In
Water Out
Processing of gelatin
Step 1: Raw Material Preparation Step 2: Cleaning Step 3: Alkaline Pretreatment Step 4: Acidic Pretreatment Step 4: Gelatin Extraction Step 5: Purification
The concentrated gelatin was freeze dried.
Collagen-Hydrolysate
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In Malaysia, Catfish is common farm-raised, warm-water fish supplying large amounts of fish skins year-round.
Recent study reported that gelatin hydrolysates from catfish skin and bone showed high antioxidant activity including DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, metal chelating capacity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Functional bioactive peptides with in vitro ACE inhibitory activity have been isolated from skin and bone gelatin hydrolysate of catfish P. sutchi (Mahmoodani et al. 2012).
Edible Birdnest
The 21st centurys new health supplement
Birdnest products -
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Nutritional content
Parameters Protein Carbohydrate Content (% weight)
Raw EBN
58.65 0.84a 20.05 0.19b
EBN Hydrolysate
57.20 0.50b 24.95 0.01a
Moisture
Fat
17.33 0.32a
0.38 0.24a
14.18 0.32b
0.29 0.22b
Ash
3.50 0.20a
3.38 0.28a
Glycoprotein in EBN
Content: 9% sialic acid, 4.19 -7.2% galactosamine, 5.3% glucosamine, 5.03 -16.9% galactose, 0.7% fucose. Sialic acid residues conjugates are involved in biologically important ligand-receptor interactions.
Sialic acid: Specific cell-to-cell, pathogen-tocell, drug-to-cell interactions.
Studies have been conducted for antioxidant activity on cave and house, raw and cleaned EBN. Hydrolysate of raw cave EBN form showed the highest ABTS free radical scavenging activity (34.17 0.094 mol/g) and the highest reducing power (0.683 0.01). When tested on metal chelating activity, hydrolysate of raw house EBN showed the highest activity (0.0020 0.0003 mg EDTA/g sampel) compared to others.
Since the protein content in EBN is high (56.47-60.63%), this makes birds nest a potential raw material for enzymemediated production of ACE inhibitory peptides.
Showed in vitro antiviral reaction Natural source for the prevention of influenza.
March 5, 2004.
Carrageenan
Carrageenan
obtained by extraction with water or alkaline water of certain Rhodophyceae (red seaweed).
A hydrocolloid
consisting mainly of the potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium sulfate esters of galactose and 3.6-anhydro-galactose copolymers.
Carrageenan Production
In cooked meats carrageenan is used to improve moisture retention, cooking yields, consistency, sliceability, cohesiveness mouthfeel and juiciness, while simultaneously decreasing purge (Imeson 2000).
Kappa-carrageenan increase the hardness of meat batters when replacing fat with watergum solution, whereas iotacarrageenan improves the WHC. Chicken balls in terms of texture, hardness, elasticity, chewiness and gumminess attributes were improved with the addition of 0.5% carrageenan-kappa (Zalifah et al. 2011).
Burger and meatball are popular foods BUT health concern by consumers due to high animal fat content.
Design & formulation of healthier meat products with less fat and salt contents and the use of edible seaweeds is a promising area of research.
Herbs Spices
Fruits Flower
Vegetable
37
So...
SYNTHETIC or NATURAL?
Herbs and spices possessed anti-oxidative property and have been used to prolong shelf-life and improve taste of meat products (Mielnik et al. 2003). Herbs are commonly eaten fresh as vegetable (salad & ulam) especially Malay communities. Herbs are believed to be associated with antioxidant activities and have many beneficial effects.
Chan et. al. (2007) studied the antioxidant activities of 15 tested spice extracts. Spice extracts- cinnamon bark, clove buds, curry leaves and star anise exhibited high antioxidant activities (P<0.05) through DPPH scavenging activity test and ferric reducing power test.
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Coriandrum sativum
Cuminum cyminum
Capsicum annuum
Curcuma longa
Foeniculum vulgare
Piper nigrum
Illicium verum
Zingiber officinale
Eugenia caryophylata
Brassica negra
Cinnamomum verum
Papayer somniferum
Murraya koenigii
These four extracts also exhibited similar (P>0.05) antioxidant activities compared to synthetic lipophilic antioxidant. Through the antioxidant activities screening, cinnamon bark and clove buds extracts were chosen for further investigation.
The recent revival of consumer interest in the therapeutic properties of herbs has led to an increase in consumer demand for herbalbased food products. Preliminary studies of screening potential herbs and spices was conducted by HudaFaujan et al. (2007), Noriham et al. (2005) and Noriham et al. (2004).
Antioxidative properties of prepared clove buds deodorized aqueous extract (CDAE) in chicken meatballs were studied. At 200 ppm concentration, it is superior than synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT) in retarding the lipid oxidation and decolorization of chicken meatball, without contributing any significant impairment to sensory properties. Hence, from the present study, the herbs deodorized aqueous extract might be able to replace synthetic antioxidants in preservation of meat products from lipid oxidation.
It is envisaged that the use of phytochemicals in meat based products will be an interesting area for the meat industry to explore as these functional extracts with antioxidative and antimicrobial properties are able to replace the current usage of synthetic food additives in the development and improvement of healthy food products.
Conclusions
R&D has resulted in exploring local resources resulting in basic scientific and technological information contributed to obtaining functional components useful to man. Application of microparticulates, hydrolysates and freeze-dried bioactives will bring forward the supplement/nutraceutical industry to global competitiveness for selected biodiversified resources. Enzymatic/physical operation process of purification, hydrolysis & idenfication of biologically active ingredient. Laboratory methods of extraction be extended to optimize microparticulates bioactives functional properties at a pilot plant and SME level.
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