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\
|
B
B
j
ij ij ij ij j i i N i
N
B G V V P
( )
PQ
B
j
ij ij ij ij j i i N i
N
B G V V Q e =
=
, 0 cos sin
1
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 176
These constraints are formulated as
i) voltage limits
(4)
ii) Generator reactive power capability limit
(5)
iii) Capacitor reactive power generation limit
(6)
iv) Transformer tap setting limit
(7)
v) Transmission line flow limit
(8)
vi) Voltage stability constraint
min max
L L s (9)
The voltage stability index given in Equation (9) is evaluated as follows, First, the L-indices [19] of all the load buses
in the system are computed using the expression(10):
=
+ Z =
g
N
i
j i ji
j
i
ji j
V
V
F L
1
) ( 1
(10)
The values of
ji
F are obtained from the matrix F
LG,
Where, ] [ ] [
1
LG LL LG
Y Y F
= (11)
The maximum of the L indices (L
max
) gives the proximity of the system to voltage collapse. The bus with the highest L
index value will be the most vulnerable bus in the system which need critical reactive power support.
3. Cat swarm optimization
3.1 Overview
CSO algorithm[2] is divided into two sub models based on two of major behavioural of traits of cats. These are termed
as Seeking mode and Tracing mode.
Seeking mode has four essential factors .Such as SMP,SRD,CDC,SPC Which are designed as follows .
- Seeking Memory pool (SMP):- It is used to define the size of Seeking memory of each cat, indication any points sort
by cat.
- Seeking Rang of Selected Dimensions (SRD):- It is used to declare mutative ration for selected dimensions. While in
seeking mode; if a dimension is selected for mutation, the difference between old and new ones may not be out of range
,the range defines by SRD.
- Counts of Dimensions to Change (CDC):- It is used tell how many dimensions to will be varied. All these factors play
an important roles in seeking mode.
- Self Position Consideration (SPC):- It is a Boolean valued variable, and indicates whether the point at which the cat
is already standing will be one of the candidate point to move to.SPC cannot influence SMP.
3.2. Seeking Mode: Resting and Observing
The seeking mode of the CSO algorithm models the behaviour of the cats during the period of resting but staying alert-
observing its environment for its next move .
The seeking mode of the CSO algorithm can be described as follows
B
i i i N i V V V e s s ;
max min
g
gi gi gi N i Q Q Q e s s ;
max min
c ci ci ci N i Q Q Q e s s ;
max min
T
N k t t t k k k e s s ;
max min
l l l N l S S e s ;
max
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 177
Step 1:-Make j copies of the present position of each cat
k
, where j=SMP. if the value of SPC is true. let
j=(SMP=1),then retain present position as one of the candidates.
Step 2:- For each copy according to CDC add or subtract SRD percent values and replace the old ones.
Step 3:-Calculate the fitness values (FS) of all candidate points.
Step 4:-If all the FS[3] are not exactly equal calculate the selecting probability(12) of each candidate point .otherwise
set all the selecting probability of each candidate point to 1.
j i where
FS FS
FS FS
P
b i
i < <
= 0 ,
min max
(12)
If the global of the fitness is to find the minimum solution .FS
b
=FS
max
, otherwise FS
b
=FS
min.
Step 5:- Randomly pick the point to move to form the candidate points, and replace the position of cat
k .
3.3.Tracing Mode.:- Running after a target
Step1:- update the velocities for every dimension (V
id)
according to eq (13)
Step 2:- check if the velocities are in the range of maximum velocity is over-range, it is set equal to the equal.
Step 3:- update the position of cat
k
according to eq (14)
( ) id gd id id X P r C V W V + = * * * (13)
Where ,W is inertia weight ,P
gd
is position of cat, who has the best fitness value. X
id
is the position of cat
k
, C is constant
r is a random value in the range of [0,1].
id id id
V X X + =
(14)
3.3 CSO flow chart
Fig 1.CSO flow chart
4.Results
The proposed CSO algorithm has been tested on the standard IEEE 6-generator,30-bus test system shown in fig.1 The
IEEE-30 bus system has 6 generator buses,24 load buses and 41 transmission lines of which 4 branches are (6-9),(6-
10),(4-12) and(28-27) are with the tap setting transformers .This system has 19-control variables as follows :6-genetor
voltage magnitudes,4-tap transformer setting and 9-switchable VAR .System description is given in Table 1.
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 178
Fig2: Single line diagram of IEEE-30 bus test system
Table1: System description of IEEE 30 bus test system
Variable limits of control variables are given in Table2
Table 2: Control variable limits
RPD with loss minimization objective . Here the CSO algorithm was applied to identify the optimal control variables of
the system under base-load condition, with loss minimization and without considering the voltage stability of the system.
It was run with different control parameter settings and the minimization solution was obtained with the following
parameter setting s are shown in Table3
Table3: CSO Parameters for best results of optimal power flow for IEEE 30-bus system
S.No
Parameters
Values
1
2
3
Populations
Iterations
Copies
170
180
30
The minimum and maximum limits for the control variables along with the initial settings Table 4 :The optimal values of
the control variables along with the minimum loss obtained are given in Table 5.Corresponding to this control variable
S. No Variable 30-bus system
1 Buses 30
2 Branches 41
3 Q
svc
9
4 Generators 6
5 Tapchanging transformers 4
S.No Control variable limits Limits
1
2
3
Generator voltage (Vg)
Tap setting(t
k
)
MVAR by static compensators (Qsvc)
(0.95-1.1) p.u.
(0.95 -1.1)p.u.
(0.0-5.0) p.u
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 179
setting, it was found that there are no limit violations in any of the state variables. The minimum loss obtained by the
proposed method is less than the values presented in the other papers. It is tabulated in the Table 5
Table 4 :The minimum and maximum limits for the control variables along with the initial settings
Table 5:Optimal settings of control variables for CSO
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 180
Fig 3. Power loss variation with no of iteration Fig 4. fitness variation with no of iterations
Fig 3,4 shows the graph between power loss and fitness variations with respective to no iterations
Table 6: Comparison of Power Losses for different methods
Method
Minimum Power loss(pu)
Evolutionary programming[10]
DE[1]
Proposed algorithm
5.0159
0.0485
0.0478
5.Conclusions
In this paper ,CSO optimization algorithm has been proposed ,developed and successfully applied to solve reactive power
dispatch problem .The RPD has been formulated as a constrained optimization problem where several objective functions
have been considered to minimize the power losses, to improve the voltage profile ,and to enhance the voltage stability.
The proposed approach has been tested and examined on the standard IEEE 30-bus test system. the results demonstrate
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm to solve RPD problem. This paper shows that such excellent
results with different objective functions shows that makes the proposed CSO optimization technique is good in dealing
with power systemoptimization problems.
References
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[3] S-C Chu, P-W Tsai and J-S. Pan. Cat Swarm optimization. Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim International
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 181
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AUTHOR
Dr.P.KANTARAO born in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1969. He received the B.Tech. M.Tech degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from Affiliated College of Sri Venkateswara University, A.P. He has the experience of 22 years
teaching Experience. His research areas arein power systems security, stability, load management and voltage stability,
and has published more papers in these areas. Currently, he is with the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, in GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, and Andhra Pradesh as a Professor.
P.SURYA KUMARI received B.E (EEE) degree, First class from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
in April 2010. At present she is pursuing his M.Tech (Power & Industrial Drives) at GMR Institute of Technology,
Rajam, Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada, A.P, India.