Experiment 5.0: Performance of turbine 5.1 Objective: 1. To determine the efficiency of turbine. 5.2 Equipment: 1.

Using the FM3su Turbine Service Unit. This machine consists of a reservoir pump and associated pipe. The pumps drown water from tank via an inlet pipe containing an orifice plate used flow measurement. The outlet from the pump includes a valve to adjust the flow to the turbine unit.

2. The sensors which measure :a) Differential pressure across the orifice plate b) Differential pressure across the turbine c) Rotational speed of the propeller d) Force sensor to measure the force on the brake on the hub of the turbine rotor. 3. The IFD6 Interface is used to transfer data from the heat exchanger under test to the PC:a) It connects to the PCs USB port b) It connects to the FM3su using the special phone leads provide. 5.3 Theory: The power absorbed by the brake is determine using equation;

Where; T is the torque The hydraulic powers available to the fluid also determine using equation;

The overall efficiency of the turbine determines using equation; %

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5.3.1 Introduction: An ideal turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20%-90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or buckets as they are more commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage. Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear ships and power plants. Turbines are often part of a larger machine. A gas turbine, for example, may refer to an internal combustion machine that contains a turbine, ducts, compressor, combustor, heatexchanger, fan and (in the case of one designed to produce electricity) an alternator. However, it must be noted that the collective machine referred to as the turbine in these cases is designed to transfer energy from a fuel to the fluid passing through such an internal combustion device as a means of propulsion, and not to transfer energy from the fluid passing through the turbine to the turbine as is the case in turbines used for electricity provision etc. Reciprocating piston engines such as aircraft engines can use a turbine powered by their exhaust to drive an intakeair compressor, a configuration known as a turbocharger (turbine supercharger) or, colloquially, a "turbo. Turbines can have very high power density (i.e. the ratio of power to weight, or power to volume). This is because of their ability to operate at very high speeds. The Space Shuttle's main engines use turbo pumps (machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The liquid hydrogen turbo pump is slightly larger than an automobile engine (weighing approximately 700 lb) and produces nearly 70,000 hp (52.2 MW).Turbo expanders are widely used as sources of refrigeration in industrial processes. Turbines could also be used as powering system for a remote controlled plane that creates thrust and lifts the plane of the ground. They come in different sizes and could be as small as soda can, still be strong enough to move objects with a weight of 100kg.

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Turbine efficiency

Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a reaction turbine To maximize turbine efficiency the fluid is expanded, generating work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either impulse or reaction turbines. Most steam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type. Turbine designs will use both these concepts to varying degrees whenever possible. Wind turbines use an airfoil to generate lift from the moving fluid and impart it to the rotor (this is a form of reaction). Wind turbines also gain some energy from the impulse of the wind, by deflecting it at an angle. Cross flow turbines are designed as an impulse machine, with a nozzle, but in low head applications maintain some efficiency through reaction, like a traditional water wheel. Turbines with multiple stages may utilize either reaction or impulse blading at high pressure. Steam Turbines were traditionally more impulse but continue to move towards reaction designs similar to those used in Gas Turbines. At low pressure the operating fluid medium expands in volume for small reductions in pressure. Under these conditions (termed Low Pressure Turbines) blading becomes strictly a reaction type design with the base of the blade solely impulse. The reason is due to the effect of the rotation speed for each blade. As the volume increases, the blade height increases, and the base of the blade spins at a slower speed relative to the tip. This change in speed forces a designer to change from impulse at the base, to a high reaction style tip.

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Impulse turbines An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss". Reaction turbines In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.

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5.4 Procedure: 1. All pressure tappings were connected to appropriate sensors blank off unused tappings. 2. The installation of force sensor was check 3. Ensure that the pressure sensor is primed. 4. Close the drain valve fully and open the inlet. 5. Connected the sensors to the IFD6 as follow ; a. Channel 1 SPW1 b. Channel 2 SPH2 c. Channel 3 SSO2 d. Channel 4 SLR1

6. Switch on button on the IFD6 Interface. 7. Then, control the brake force by turn the screw at the top of the reservoir. 8. After that, take the measurement at 0 N brake forces. 9. The measurement was taken by increasing the value of brake force until its limit. 10. The data was rearranged and plotted the graph of torque, efficiency, and power output against volume flow rate.

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5.5 Data and result; Turbine inlet Pressur e, P1 (kPa) 242.163 252.417 255.664 257.373 255.835 258.395 258.74 257.031 260.107

Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Brake Force, Fb (N) 0.5 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.7

Turbine Speed, n (Hz) 129 100 69 50 44 26 26 22 9

Volume flow rate, Qv (dm3/s) 0.309 0.298 0.286 0.278 0.278 0.277 0.272 0.275 0.274

Turbine Head, Hi (m) 24.73 25.78 26.11 26.28 26.13 26.42 26.39 26.25 26.56

Hydrauli c Power, Hi (m) 74.92 75.23 72.99 71.52 71.12 71.7 70.28 70.69 71.22

Torque, T (Nm) 0.012 0.033 0.038 0.055 0.058 0.064 0.067 0.070 0.089

Brake Power, Pb (W) 9 21 16 17 16 11 10 10 5

Overall Efficien cy, Et (%) 12.01 27.91 21.92 23.77 22.49 13.95 15.65 14.15 7.02

5.5.1 Graph a)

Graph Of Torque Against Volume Flow Rate

0.1

Torque,T ()Nm

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.272 0.274 0.275 0.277 0.278 0.278 0.286 0.298 0.309

Volume Flow Rate, Qv (dm3/s)

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b)

Graph of Power Output Against Volume Flow Rate

25 Power output (W 20 15 10 5 0 0.309 0.298 0.286 0.278 0.278 0.277 0.272 0.275 0.274

Volume Flow Rate, Qv

(dm3/s)

c)

Graph Efficientcy Against Volume Flow Rate

30 25 Efficienntcy, Et(%) 20 15 10 5 0 0.309 0.298 0.286 0.278 0.278 0.277 (dm3/s) 0.272 0.275 0.274 Volume Flow Rate, Qv

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5.6 Discussion We can conclude that the increasing of brake force will cause the power output of the turbine decrease, then the efficiency also decrease because efficiency is the ratio between power output and power input. From graph of torque against volume flow rate, we determine the decreasing pattern of torque when the of volume flow rate is increasing. That situation occurred because the brake force control the opening vale of water flow and the brake force also cause the turbine tendency to rotate at low speed. From the graph of power output and efficiency against volume flow rate, we determine the power output increasing with volume flow rate. When power output increase, it shows the system is not ideal system. In ideal system, we need the power out are most likely equivalence with the power input because if will make the losses of power decrease. There also have errors during do this experiment. This is because the tools are not in good condition and the data that we determine is not the exact value because we take the average value. 5.7 Conclusion After doing this experiment, objective of this experiment is achieves, and we can conclude the external force will cause the efficiency of the turbine is decrease. We dont want the efficiency of a system decrease because it will cause a lot of power losses. The powers of losses are in many forms such as heat, friction, vibration and etc. If the power losses are high, it will reduce life expectancy of the system.

5.8 References

a) Efficiency, Turbine Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Applications byYunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala. b) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine#Theory_of_operation

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