The Structure of Culture A culture is not simply an accumulation of folkways and mores. It is an organized system of behavior.

Cultural traits and Complexes: the smallest unit of culture is called a trait. Hoebels definition: A reputedly irreducible unit of learned behavior pattern or material product thereof. Traits of the material culture would include such things as the nail, the screwdriver, the pencil, and the handkerchief, Non material culture traits would include such actions as shaking hands, driving on right/left hand side of the road, or saluting the flag. Each culture includes thousands of traits. Cultural complex: A cultural complex is intermediate between the trait and the institution, a cluster of related traits is called cultural complex. A number of traits when organized together make a culture complex.football match, attitudes and actions, prayer, hajj, eids,political party An institution is a series of complexes centering upon an important activity. It means when a number of cultural complexes unite together on a certain point make an institution. Marriage is an institution with betrothal, nikah, dowry, and marriage party as its complexes. Subculture and counterculture: In one society, there may be a number of regional classes representing their respective ways of life distinctive from one another and from the whole culture. The culture of these classes of people, within the general culture of the whole society, is called sub culture. There are numerous subcultures in one culture on the basis of geographical, religious, economic and ancestral conditions. Subcultures are really the integral with or independent upon the rest of the culture.with the exclusion of subculture the whole cannot represent entity. A counterculture is a subculture with the addition that some of its beliefs, values, or norms challenge or even contradict those of the main culture of which it is part. Nation of Islam, Army ,gangs. it should be remembered that a counterculture rejects some, but not all, of the norms of the dominant culture. culture integration: The different parts of the culture all fitted together in an interrelated system of practices and values is called cultural integration. The organization of traits with one another is called cultural integration. A culture is an integrated system in which each trait fits into the rest of the culture. The part of a culture must fit into one another if it is to function efficiently. Respect for teacher is an important trait of pakistani education system. Hence reapect for teacher is integrated intoour education system and the culture as a whole.

culture relativism: the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its culture setting. a trait in neither good nor bad but it is good or bad only with reference to the culture in which it functions. Real culture: it is that culture which can be observed in our social life. The culture on which we act upon in our social life is real. The whole of the culture is never real beacause a part of it remains without practice. Ideal culture: the culture which is presented as a patteren or precedent to the people is called ideal. Ir is the goal of the society. It can never be achived fully because some part of it remains out of practice. This culture is explained in books, speeches and guidences. The part of ideal culture practiced in social life is called real culture. Ethnocentrism: The view of things in which ones, own group is the centre of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. it means that every culture considers itself superior to other cultures. Ethnocentric and personality: All the groups are ethnocentric in training their members. This creates bias among groups. Some groups are more ethnocentric than the other. Generally the Minority groups on more serious in stimulating this trait. Being smaller in size they hold their members tight and inculcate ethnocentrism against the larger opposite groups. Researches have Shown that ethnocentric people tend to be less educated more orthodox in religion and less sociable. Positive Effects of ethnocentrism It encourages social solidarity in groups of cooperative becomes stronger. and in society by which the forces

It provides protection to group members by creating sense of belonging among them. Those members who are weak Poor, hopeless and helpless are encouraged by joining hands of ethnocentrism with them. It means it provides compensation to the people of low status. It promotes nationalism and Patriotism among the members of society

Negative effects of ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism creates tight boundaries among various social groups. intergroup relations are hampered due to prejudice against one another. The

Ethnocentrism limits an individual in a small social group to which he belongs. He remains within the limits of that group and is not influenced by the general social changes happening around him in the society The national development in general is slowed down in such cultures where ethnocentrism is emphasize in books newspapers radio and television.

XENOCENTRISM This word means a preference for the foreign.it is the exact oposite of ethnocentrism. It is the believe that our own products styles our ideas are necessarily inferior to those which originate elsewhere.