2a.

Introduction: Equilibrium

1. Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of materials A branch of mechanics studies the relationship between: External loads applied to a deformable body, and Intensity of internal forces acting within the body This branch is used to study the deformation of a body and its stability when external forces are applied to it

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

2. Load
External loads are Direct or Indirect : Surface Forces (caused by direct physical contact with another body); SURFACE forces may be divided into concentrated (point) or distributed loads.

Body forces (caused by indirect contact with another body, Earths gravitation or electromagnetic field). The unit of distributed load is given in terms of the load intensity.
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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

2. Load (Cont.)
External loads External loads could be Static load (as in dead weight), Impact load (as in dropped weight), and Variable load (as in Cam-action).
Static load

Impact load

Variable load

0
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t
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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

2. Load (Cont.)
There are 5 basic types of load with respect to its effects: Tension Compression Shear Bending Torsion

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

4. EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Equilibrium of a body means prevention of the body from translating or rotating, i.e., a balance of forces and a balance of moments, mathematically; F=0 and M=0

Equations of equilibrium (EQEQs)

For equilibrium F=0 balance of forces MO = 0 balance of moments We apply these equations to achieve equilibrium state.

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

4. EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS (EQEQs)

Fx=0, Mx=0, Fy=0, My=0, and and Fz=0 Mz=0

Transitional Motion in x-direction

Fx = 0, F6 +F5 = F4 F6 +F5 - F4=0 No transitional motion for the body in the x-direction Body is in Transitional equilibrium, x-direction
F4 F3 F6 F5 F1 Y 2D Rigid Body R1
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X R2
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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

4. EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS (EQEQs)

Fx=0, Mx=0, Fy=0, My=0, and and Fz=0 Mz=0

Transitional Motion in y-direction

Fy = 0, F1 +F3 = F2+R1+R2 F1 +F3 - F2=R1+R2 No transitional motion for the body in the y-direction Body is in Transitional equilibrium, y-direction
F3 F6 F4 d3 d4 O d5 d2 F2 R2
7

F1

Y 2D

d1 X

Rigid Body R1 F5

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

4. EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS (EQEQs)

Fx=0, Mx=0,
Mo = 0,

Fy=0, My=0,

and and

Fz=0 Mz=0
Z

Rotational Motion about any point No Rational motion for the body about point O or any other point Body is in Rotational equilibrium

R2xd1F1xd1+F2xd2+F4xd4+F5xd5+F3xd3 R1xd6= 0

F3 F6

F4 d3 d4 O d5 d6 d2 F2 d1

F1

Y 2D

Rigid Body F5

X Z

R1

R2

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

3. Support Reactions in 2D Problems

How do we calculate the reactions at the supports?

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

5. Coplanar force systems (2D)

Example:(2D) FX = 0, FY= 0 and
External contact, support 4 1 2 3 5 6 8

M Z = 0
External contact, Cable 7

External body produces forces on the beam

Single body

FBD

Combination of connected bodies

FBD

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

6. System Isolation & (FBD)(2D)

Free Body Diagram, FBD
1. Isolated the desired body from all surrounding bodies. 2. Replace the surrounding Elements contacting the body by their effects (forces). (study the different types of supports) 3. Present all forces were originally applied to the body, 4. Show all dimensions on the body, 5. Apply the EQEQS to find the unknown forces.

TB

External contact, support 4 1 2 3 5

External contact, Cable 7 8

30o Cx 2 Cy 3kN 2 4kN 2 2

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

7. FBD & EQEQs In Summary,

To write the EQEQS

for a rigid body: Identify all externals forces applied on the body including the reaction at the supports. Draw a FBD (free hand sketch) by: removing all contacting bodies, Show all forces including the unknowns, Show all dimensions

Following is a Table showing FBD for simple structures and mechanical systems

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

8. Internal resultant loadings

Internal resultant loadings (in 3-D) Define resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo) in 3-D: Normal force, N Shear force, V Torsional moment or torque, T Bending moment, M

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

8. Internal Resultant Loadings (Cont.)

EQEQs and Internal resultant loadings (2-D) For coplanar loadings: Normal force N FX = 0 to solve for N Shear force, V FY = 0 to solve for V Bending moment, My MO = 0 to solve for M

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

8. Internal resultant loadings (Section Method)

Determination of internal resultant loadings (N), (V) and (M) by using section method

Draw the FBD for the entire beam and determine the reactions at A and B, using; MA = 0 and MB= 0
To determine the internal forces (V & M) at C, Cut the beam at C and draw FBD for AC and CB,

Applying EQEQS on AC portion

Shearing force (V) obtained from applying FY=0 on the AC portion, and similarly, Bending moment (M) obtained from applying MC=0 .

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the machine shaft shown in the Figure below. The shaft is supported by bearings at A and B, which exert only vertical forces on the shaft.
Free Body Diagram A free-body diagram of the entire shaft is drawn below. Considering segment AC, only the reaction at A has to be determined. Why?
Assume the direction of Ay upward

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 1 (Cont.)

The negative sign for Ay indicates that Ay acts in the opposite sense to that shown on the free-body diagram.

Section method:
On the FBD, Passing an imaginary section perpendicular to the axis of the shaft through C yields the free-body diagram of segment AC as shown below;

What do the negative signs for Vc and Mc indicate? As an exercise, calculate the reaction at B and try to obtain the same results using segment CBD of the shaft.
Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

9. Procedure for analysis using section method In Summary, the Procedure for Analysis by using the section method 1. Draw FBD for whole system and determine Support Reactions 2. Choose segment to analyze 3. Apply EQEQs

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

9.Procedure for analysis using section method

Hints for drawing the FBD 1. Keep all external loadings in exact locations. 2. Replace all the contacting bodies with their effects 3. Show all dimensions After sectioning 1. Indicate unknown resultants, N, V, M, and T if any at the section, normally at centroid C of sectioned area 2. Coplanar system of forces only include N, V, and M 3. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at centroid

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

9.Procedure for analysis using section method

Equations of equilibrium 1. Sum moments at section, about each coordinate axes where resultants act 2. This will eliminate unknown forces N and V, with direct solution for M (and T) 3. Resultant force with negative value implies that assumed direction is opposite to that shown on free-body diagram
THANK YOU
Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 2 Determine resultant loadings acting on cross section at C of beam.

FBD for the complete structure and find the reactions at the supports.
Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 2 (Cont.) Support Reactions Consider segment CB

Free-Body Diagram: Keep distributed loading exactly where it is on segment CB after cutting the section. Replace it with a single resultant force, F.

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 2 (Cont.)
Free-Body Diagram: Intensity (w) of loading at C (by proportion) w/6 m = (270 N/m)/9 m w = 180 N/m

F = (180 N/m)(6 m) = 540 N

F acts 1/3(6 m) = 2 m from C.

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 2 (Cont.)
Equilibrium equations: +

Fx = 0;
Fy = 0;

Nc = 0 Nc = 0
Vc 540 N = 0 Vc = 540 N

+ Mc = 0;

Mc 504 N (2 m) = 0 Mc = 1080 Nm

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 2 (Cont.)
Equilibrium equations: Negative sign of Mc means it acts in the opposite direction to that shown below

Fx = 0; Nc= ok Fy = 0; Vc= ok
Mc = 0; Mc= ok

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 3 Determine resultant internal loadings acting on cross section at B of pipe.

Mass of pipe = 2 kg/m, subjected to vertical force of 50 N and couple moment of 70 Nm at end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 3 (Cont.) Support Reactions: Consider segment AB, which does not involve support reactions at C.

Free-Body Diagram: Need to find weight of each segment.

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 3 (Cont.) WBD = (2 kg/m)(0.5 m)(9.81 N/kg) = 9.81 N WAD = (2 kg/m)(1.25 m)(9.81 N/kg) = 24.525 N

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 3 (Cont.) Equilibrium equations: Fx = 0; (FB)x = 0 (FB)y = 0

Fy = 0;
Fz = 0;

(FB)z 9.81 N 24.525 N 50 N = 0 (FB)z = 84.3 N

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 3 (Cont.) Equilibrium Equations: (MB)x = 0; (MB)x + 70 Nm 50 N (0.5 m) 24.525 N (0.5 m) 9.81 N (0.25m) = 0 (MB)x = 30.3 Nm (MB)y = 0; (MB)y + 24.525 N (0.625m) + 50 N (1.25 m) = 0 (MB)y = 77.8 Nm (MB)z = 0;
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(Mc)z = 0
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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

EXAMPLE 3 (Cont.) Equilibrium Equations: NB = (FB)y = 0 VB = (0)2 + (84.3)2 = 84.3 N TB = (MB)y = 77.8 Nm MB = (30.3)2 + (0)2 = 30.3 Nm
The direction of each moment is determined using the right-hand rule: positive moments (thumb) directed along positive coordinate axis

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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2a. Introduction: Equilibrium

CHAPTER REVIEW Internal loadings consist of 1. Normal force, N 2. Shear force, V 3. Bending moments, M 4. Torsional moments, T Get the resultants using 1. method of sections 2. Equations of equilibrium

Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb

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