Enthalpy

Enthalpy of a system is defined as the mass of the system - m - multiplied by the specific enthalpy - h - of the system and can be expressed as: H=mh where H = enthalpy (kJ) m = mass (kg) h = specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) (1)

Specific Enthalpy
Specific enthalpy is a property of the fluid and can be expressed as: h=u+pv where u = internal energy (kJ/kg) p = absolute pressure (N/m2) v = specific volume (m3/kg) Part of the water vapor - steam - properties can be expressed in a table as: p (bar) ts o ( C) uf vf vg (kJ/kg (m 3/kg) (m 3/kg) ) 0.001000 206.1 0 2 0.001000 129.2 29 1 . . . 419 ug hf hg sf sg (kJ/kg (kJ/kg (kJ/kg (kJ/kg.K (kJ/kg.K ) ) ) ) ) 2,375 0.0006 2,501 0 2,385 29 . . 2,514 0.106 . . 9.155 8.974 . 7.355 . 4.552 4.430 (2)

0.00611 0.01 2 1) 0,010 7.0

. . 1.01325 100.0 0.001044 1.673 2) . 220 221.2 3)

2,507 419

2,676 1.307

373.7 0.00269 374.1 0.00317 5

. . . . . . 0.0036 1,949 2,097 2,008 2,178 4.289 8 0.0031 2,014 2,014 2,084 2,084 4.430 7

s is the steam entropy

suffix - f - referrer to saturated liquid suffix - g - referrer to saturated vapor - steam

Internal energy - u - can be calculated from (2) and is often omitted in tables. vf change very little and is also often omitted.

1) 2)

referrer to absolute vacuum. referrer to water boiling at standard atmosphere. 3) referrer to water critical point. For pressures above the critical point there is no definite transition from liquid to vapor.

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water

Specific enthalpy of saturated water - hf - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on the pressure. For saturated water at standard atmosphere - 2) -the specific enthalpy - hf - is 419 kJ/kg. At standard atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at 100 oC (212 o F). The specific enthalpy of water (in SI units) can be calculated from: hf = cw (tf - t0) where hf = enthalpy of water (kJ/kg) cw = specific heat of water = 4.19 (kJ/kg.oC) tf = saturation temperature (oC) t0 = refer temperature = 0 (oC) (3)

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Steam

Specific enthalpy of saturated steam - hg - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on the pressure. For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - 2) - the specific enthalpy - hg - is 2676 kJ/kg. The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from: he = hg - hf where he = specific evaporation enthalpy (kJ/kg) (4)

Specific evaporation enthalpy for water at standard atmosphere is: he = (2676 kJ/kg) - (419 kJ/kg) = 2257 (kJ/kg)

Specific Enthalpy of Superheated Steam

The specific enthalpy of superheated steam can be calculated from: hs = hg + cps (ts - tf) where hs = enthalpy of superheated steam (kJ/kg) cps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC) tf = saturation temperature (oC) ts = superheated steam temperature (oC) cps = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC) at standard atmosphere. Be aware that cps varies with temperature. (5)

Common Units for Specific Enthalpy

1 kJ/kg = 1,000 J/kg 1 erg/g = 1E-4 J/kg 1 Btu/lbm = 2,326 J/kg 1 cal/g = 4,184 J/kg