Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE&!i ANTENNA
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES in - - -
I I
I
I
I I
I
I I I
Donald E. B a r r i c k Grant Number NsG-213-61
OTS PRICE
XEROX
-< , ,9- f $2
//
/
~
REPORT 1388- 13
Sponsor
National Aeronautics & Space Administration 1520 H Street, N. W. Washington 25, D.C.
G r a n t Number
NsG-213-61
Investigation of
,Theoretical a n d Experimental Analysis of t h e Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiative P r o p e r t i e s of T e r r a i n , with Emphasis on Lunar-Like Surfaces
Subject of Report
Submitted by
Date
1 5 J a n u a r y 1964
1388- 13
ABSTRACT
2 3/03
Theoretically, the scattering c r o s s - s e c t i o n p e r unit a r e a of a n a r b i t r a r y s u r f a c e can be determined by m e a s u r e m e n t of the power r e c e i v e d , as long a s a n integration of the incident power density o v e r the s u r f a c e illuminated can be p e r f o r m e d . The c l a s s of s u r f a c e s cons i d e r e d in this r e p o r t have a n a v e r a g e height which is p l a n a r , and the antennas a r e highly directional and equidistantly placed at various incidence and s c a t t e r i n g angles above the s u r f a c e . The integration i s p e r f o r m e d f o r various values of incidence and s c a t t e r i n g using the digital c o m p u t e r , and tables of this n o r m a l i z e d i n t e g r a l a r e presented. T h e s e tables may then be u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the a p p r o x i m a t e bistatic s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s section f o r such a s u r f a c e f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s of the s c a t t e r e d power.
& = 9 -
1388-1 3
ii
CONTENTS
Page
I,
1 1 .
e,,
+2
IV.
13
1388.1 3
iii
P a g e 1 of 13
I.
One useful p a r a m e t e r i n the scattering of waves by extended s u r f a c e 6 is the scattering c r o s s section. T h i s scattering c r o s s section, o r , m o r e conveniently, the s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s section p e r unit area of s u r f a c e , u0(i, s ) , i s a function of the angles of incidence (i) and scattering ( s ) f r o m any particular element of s u r f a c e area. T h e r e f o r e , whenever t h e transmitting and receiving antennas a r e relatively n e a r the s u r f a c e and since the angles of incidence and s c a t t e r i n g will differ f o r the different elements of area making up t h e s u r f a c e , t h i s scattering c r o s s section, uo(i, s ) , i s a function of t h e position of the surface. In t h i s r e p o r t , the b a s i s for normalizing bistatic s u r f a c e r e t u r n m e a s u r e m e n t s made with pencil b e a m antennas is presented. A s e t of t a b l e s is provided t o i n t e r p r e t a m e a s u r e d power r a t i o (power r e t u r n e d f r o m surface/power r e t u r n e d f r o m a s t a n d a r d t a r g e t with a known scattering c r o s s section) as a r a d a r c r o s s section p e r unit area.
. Consider a s u r f a c e which may o r may not contain s o m e degree of roughness. In Fig. 1 the mean height of the s u r f a c e is considered t o be constant, i.e., a plane through which the x-z plane of the . 4 r coordinate s y s t e m is shown. The origin of the s y s t e m i s chosen equidistant f r o m both antennas a t a distance L. The antennas a r e aligned with t h e i r a x e s pointing towards the origin. The x-y plane is chosen coincident with the plane containing the incident wave and t h e n o r m a l t o the surface.
*Note that t h i s does not r e s t r i c t the definition of scattering c r o s s section t o be applicable only to the c a s e of a mean planar surface. However, for the s a k e of clarity, and since the planar s u r f a c e i s the c a s e t o be t r e a t e d l a t e r i n the r e p o r t , development of t h e scattering c r o s s section will be done with r e f e r e n c e to t h i s figure.
1388- 1 3
Tr'ansmi t ter
Receiver
1 1 I
/''dA
Fig. 1. Geometry of s c a t t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t .
I I 1
T h e power density of the incident wave at a distance rl f r o m the transmitting antenna is given by the e x p r e s s i o n
4~r rL
1
PT is the total power emitted by t h e t r a n s m i t t e r , f T ( + l ) i s the normalized "power gain function" of the antenna,' and GMT i s the maximum gain of the antenna. Note that the antenna considered h e r e h a s a gain function rotationally s y m m e t r i c a l about the antenna axis.
1 1 I 1
T h i s i s often not exactly the c a s e with actual antennas, but a n a v e r a g e may be taken at various rotated positions for each conical s o that a n a v e r a g e f ( + ) m a y be computed for the antenna. angle
+,
1 1 1
1388- 1 3
The scattering c r o s s section p e r unit a r e a , uo, may be defined by the following relation, where dSs is the power density of the s c a t t e r e d wave a t a distance rz f r o m the scattering s u r f a c e element
dA:
uo(i, s ) = 4~
ri
si
dS,
dA
Therefore,
The relationship between t h e s c a t t e r e d power density, dSs, a t the r e c e i v e r and the i n c r e m e n t of power received by t h e antenna, dPR, due t o scattering by the given i n c r e m e s t sf scrfzce a r e a dA i s given by d P R = AR dSs,where AR i s the a p e r t u r e or receiving c r o s s section of t h e antenna. Since
w h e r e fR(+, ) and CMR have the s a m e significance f o r the receiving antenna a s the corresponding quantities had for t h e transmitting antenna, the equation giving the i n c r e m e n t of power received, s c a t t e r e d f r o m the increment of s u r f a c e a r e a dA, i s
SURF.
ILLUMINATED
1388-1 3
Since it i s based on the definition of cro(i, s), t h i s e x p r e s s i o n i s valid f o r a s u r f a c e having any a r b i t r a r y shape. It i s , in f a c t , a n i n t e g r a l equation relating received power a n d s u r f a c e scattering p r o p e r t i e s . In principle, by m e a s u r i n g the t r a n s m i t t e d and r e c e i v e d power f o r all antenna positions, one can solve this i n t e g r a l equation and d e t e r m i n e the s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s section, u o ( i , s). P r a c t i c a l l y , however, solution of t h i s equation i s i m p r a c t i c a l , if not impossible, unless c e r t a i n r e s t r i c t i o n s and a s s u m p tions a r e permitted. In the following section, the c a s e mentioned previously of the mean planar s u r f a c e will b e t r e a t e d , and the r e s t r i c t i o n s and assumptions applicable will be developed.
1 1
I I
11.
In certain scattering p r o b l e m s , the effective a r e a illuminated can have a n average s u r f a c e height which is p l a n a r , a s shown i n Fig. 1. P o l a r coordinates p and a a r e used t o d e s c r i b e the mean planar surface u s e d a s a r e f e r e n c e . The f i r s t approximation made is that i f the surface i s rough, the root-mean s q u a r e height of a point on the surface above the r e f e r e n c e plane i s much l e s s than the distance f r o m the origin t o the antenna. In t h i s c a s e , integration can be c a r r i e d out over the plane r e f e r e n c e s u r f a c e instead of the a c t u a l rough surface, since p and a will not be appreciably different f o r a point on the reference s u r f a c e and the corresponding point above o r below it on the a c t u a l s u r f a c e , in the illuminated a r e a .
Since the antennas a r e highly directional, fT(t/JI ) and fR(t/J2 ) fall off rapidly, and, in m o s t c a s e s , have t h e i r half-power points only one o r two degrees on either side of the antenna axis. Thus, only a relatively small a r e a around the coordinate origin i s illuminated, and, in t h i s a r e a , the angles of incidence do not change appreciably between any two increments of a r e a . T h e r e f o r e , t h e second approximation m a d e is that the scattering c r o s s section, u o ( i , s ) , i s effectively constant over the illuminated a r e a and may be removed f r o m under t h e i n t e g r a l sign. In t h i s c a s e , u o ( i , s ) :? ~ ~ , 8( , , 4, 9 ), ~
\ 2
I I I I 1
I I 1
1 1
4
I
1388- 1 3
1 I I
At t h i s point r l , r 2 , f T ( $ l ) and fR(42 } will be e x p r e s s e d i n terms of Q a n d a . The steps will b e l i s t e d briefly a n d t h e reasoning will follow. F r o m the f i g u r e , cos p 1 =
- s i n I1 c o s a
+2
c o s p 2 = s i n 0, cos
t s i n 0,
cos a sin a
sin
+2
= s i n O 2 cos (+*
-a)
~ sin p 8, c o s a
~ c po s p 2
.*.
r :
=L' t o 2 - 2 ~ p cospl
= L' t
p2 t 2
.'.
r z = L'
2
t pi!
= L2 t p 2
- 2Lp
-2
sin
e,
cos(+2 - a )
The antenna gain patterns may be determined by experiment a n d Then n o r m a l i z e d t o give plots of fT(+l) and fR($2 ) v e r s u s +l and $z approximate mathematical curves may be fitted t o t h e s e points. A f a i r l y satisfactory function i n the case of many pencil beam antennas is
'1
Law of Cosines
w h e r e A and B a r e l a r g e positive constants. With t h e antennas considered h e r e , it was found that A = B 2 1100. However, A a n d B c a n v a r y f r o m t h i s considerably without appreciably affecting t h e value of the i n t e g r a l . Since fT(+l ) and fR($z ) a r e significant only at small angles (they fall off 3 db at $ = 2 O in t h i s c a s e ) , i n , sin $ , . t h i s range, +1 2 sin +1 and +2 "
1388-1 3
sin $,
rl
sin p
L a w of Sines
*.
+l
2 sin
P sin [cos
rl
-1
(-sin
el
cos a ) 1
p L'
(1
t p
- sin'
'
e,
cosLa )
$1
t Z L ~ sin
e,
cos a
(1
sin'
cosz
(4, -a))
L , t
pz
-2
p
~ sin p
e,
cos (+,
- a)
. *.
f,($,)
--A
E
(1- s i n L
L, tp'
p
cos'a) t 2 ~ sin p e, c o s a
fR($
% %
- -B
2
8, cos' (4, - a ) ) ~ ~ t p z - zs i~ ne pz c o s ( + 2 - a )
' (1 - sin'
1388- 13
2 1 T
L-
A 2
- -B 2
'
'
..
0
2 1 T
dp d a
0
M
- -A 2
~
S ~
[ I + x2 t 2 x sin
el
cos a ] [ I t x2
- 2x sin 0,
dx da c o s (+'-a)]
, , I $) ~ w e r e computed at At t h i s point, values of the i n t e g r a l I ( % , 8 v a r i o u s scattering angles e l , B 2 , and + z using the 7090 Digital Computer a n d SCRATRAN programming. The upper limit on the integral i n x was s e t at 0.15 instead of infinity, since, at t h i s value, and with angles 8, and + 2 a r e always g r e a t e r than 5O, making t h e a n d 8 2 l e s s than 60, magnitude of t h e integrand negligible. At angles 8, and 0, of 80, a slight e r r o r , exceeding no m o r e than 870, i s p r e s e n t due t o t h i s i n t e g r a l limit on x.
The values of t h e integral 1(01 , e 2 , +z ) a r e tabulated i n t h e next section and t h e i r u s e is discussed i n Section IV,
1388-1 3
N
c \ I
9
r(
m
ffi
I
N
I
CI a0 9
d
I '
r
hl
d
IC
4 U
m
N
rn'
m;
IN i d
! Q
. , . a
0
0
0
M
C J
i
d
0 h
0
0 1
0
OI
0
0
IC
8
0
8 0
0
I
I
3
0
0 0
h
c
0
rl
0 0 0
m W
W
3
W
mi
m
0
0
n
0
9
r-
a a
0
rn
0
N
1
1
0:
0 0
* i3 '4
I
0 '
I
0)
r l
mi
VI/
9
4
9
.j
U 0
0
.
m
0
f
I:
0 0 0
0
J
i
0 0;
0;
O~
'I
I
f-
In
.+
h l
0 1
oc.
0
U
1
m
3
0
VI
1 I
Q
rr)
0
0
23
* 9 * m
n
3 3 3
m
4 1
4 1 d l
OI
i +' &' N 1 9
rl
. .
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
. .
0
m m
0
0
VI
9 VI
;?;
OI
n
9
9
D
Q8
m
OI
Q Kl
6
N 9
0 0
0
. .
0 0
0
Kl
.n
3 3
3
OI
* 0
6
9 0
0
Kl
0 0 0
0 9
0 0
0 1
0 1
*!
OI
Oi
0
W
m m
m
P -
n
0 4-
5
0 0 0
N f-
m m
E
m
9 0 0 0
9'
2 ;~ 1
0 1
t
3
n
d
J OI
Q,
0,
0 0
I
.n
3
.+ m
0
0 0
rrl -3
2 1 U'
rn;
0
0
3
3
.I
9 0
9
.I 0
m
J
0 8 O! 0'
0
W
OI
n
0
? N 3 0
m
d
3
9 Y N 9 0
OL
0)
I . 1
N N
?
U
+ .m
Q N 9 0
U
N
I :&n
N'
0
0
9 9
(3
0
0)
n
0
N
d d
0
d
0
4
m
0
3 1
8
0 0
0 0 0
II::
9 1
0 1
q 3 3
?I
gl
I
11
0
0 m/
Oi
81
I
0~
x) 3 1
a 8 m
rl rl
n n c
4
rl
t
rt
d
. t
m
rl
j
3
c
0
0 0
q 3 3
3
3
0 0
0
3 1
la
c3
D
rl
n . r
JI
. t
m
J
. n
Kl
3
9
3 3
L
* 0
0 0
t
3
9 3 3 3
J U
0 9
0
s
3
c
3
3
c
I C
0
" )
3
c)
0 0
0
0
3 3
3
. .
3
3 9 3 3
9 0
9
3
3
9 0
3
0
3
I
0 0
. . .
n
-4
9
4
9
rl
9
d
9
4
0
W
U
3
9
N 0
0
0
0 0 0 0
11
0 0 0
3
3
U 3
9
n
0 3 q 3 3
. t
N 0
n t
3
TI
U rcI
t
0
t n t
3
9
Kl
U
.j
3 3 3
0 0 0
.
I
0
3
$
3 U
I I
3
JJ
0
Lu
3
U
. .
3 3
0 0
3 3
I
0 0 0
3
JJ
W
Y
r3
3
3 U
I
3
3
3
3
3
0
u
v
3
3
I
UJ
3
0
M
0
0
rl
a ,
.+
1388- 13
f-
u-l
OD
s)
rn
m
"
a n
N
n
3
I 1
w n r - m
t
0
* I n
0
IC
" ; * '
L7
3
0
J
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
3
0
9 4 9 -4
Ln
0
0
I n
'm
Ln
01
d.
0
3
ig
lo
I0 *
s)
9
F
-7
a
v
v
r)
I-(
N
LI
a
c
0 0
I d
d
3 3
3 l
J '0
0 1
n
0
s)
> >
9
2 1
*I
5 3
3 3 3
C 0'
I
dl
9 0 . t
I
c
. t 01 U
-0
z
4
c
0
0
7 .
9
q
3
3
a
9 6
N l
0
3
z
?
crr m
3 7 CI
0 0
. 3
d 4
u 3 n
f?
0 0
3 3 3
U'
3
U
0 3
I
*I
3
3
,
1'
si
' I
; I
31
!
' .
c3
I=
.
I
91
J
'!
1 0 1
i-1
1388-1 3
>I
dl
9
c - l
d c ' N - r
L^,
a '3
0
0
0 0
c c '
-4
. .
3 2
' c
* .
c \ .
- 4 0
-3 \t
2
u
.. .
2
0
r-7
n
3
5
J
. h
n
-
3 . n
4 .
T .
o
0
c>
. .
c
r3
c-'
0
4
0 3 4
0
-7 Q
rN 4. 0
3
0
m
IC
r-
rQ
9
4-
P CI 0
r
l
3
. f
0
0
0 0
0
0
0'
3
IS
1 7 .
. I ?
3
d
r-
c
3
1-l
i , '2 !
a
0
-3 Q
c c
n
0
0
cc
0 0 0
7
3
N IC l
3
3
1 3
a
t
L ?
Q
7
-4 P
*
3
. t
=% 3
I
* 3
l
3
0
3
3 3
*I
3
. f
c+
3
5;' 3
3
I;
l ' u
+ \
3 7
1 9
I
3 3
3
I
0
U
3
l i
3 1
0
1 0
3 1
I N
ni
10
1388-13
n
3
r-
IC
. r
I n
h '
4
0
\
U
d 4 ,
0
0
C' 3
0 P
3
3
0
0
I
I 9
"1 E
&
0
n
. . C 0 0
0
' I \
.9
*
n
m
d
0
3
I I
.
0
b
'3
0
IC Q
c
C
3
2
I.
.,
,
9
9 X
3 3
0
t , n
0
. 4
; 3
N
h
d *
3 3
0 0
n
9
h N
-.
h 9
n
0
Q 3
ac
@
" 7
0 0
0
2
0
h d
3
J-l
u
9
3 3 3
cr
4
4
+I
m
d
m
N
d
0
0 3
3 3
U
d
2
1L d W
0
n n
c>
h
c
4
d
U . t 3
' ;1
. c
3 1
0
0
4
0 C
r.
3
0
3
X
4
0
3
n
4
0 0
F *
h
4 0 0
n
c)
4
O1
0 1
i
3
U
PJ
3 3
id/ I d
I
I:
N 9 1
3
I
dl
4
7
0
. .
0 1
%
0
Ni
1388-13
11
1388-13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T -
I
I I
IV.
DETERMINATION O F SCATTERING CROSS SECTION FROM THE TABLES F r o m t h e t a b l e s i n Section II1,the values of s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s section f o r various angles of incidence and s c a t t e r i n g can b e determined readily. Even in c a s e s w h e r e t h e pencil b e a m antennas u s e d have somewhat different normalized gain functions, f(+), t h e s e t a b l e s will still b e f a i r l y a c c u r a t e due t o t h e extremely n a r r o w concentration of b e a m power. The scattering cross section can b e determined by m e a s u r i n g t r a n s m i t t e d and r e c e i v e d power with t h e following formula:
I 8
1
I
R I I
However, t h e m o r e common and convenient p r o c e d u r e is t o c o m p a r e the received power t o that r e c e i v e d f r o m a s t a n d a r d t a r g e t having a known s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s section, us, where us r e p r e s e n t s a n a c t u a l c r o s s sectional area and i s not dimensionless. In this c a s e , the relationship between power t r a n s m i t t e d and r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d t a r g e t is
I
I 1 R R
w h e r e t h e t a r g e t is located a n equal distance, L, f r o m both t r a n s m i t t e r a n d r e c e i v e r . Multiplying t h e original e x p r e s s i o n of u 0 ( e 1 , 8, , + 2 ) by t h i s equation, one a r r i v e s at the relationship
8
I 1 1
Thus, the s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s section may e a s i l y be d e t e r m i n e d using t h e s e t a b l e s i n conjunction with the easily m e a s u r a b l e p a r a m e t e r s PRI PRS, and us. The t a b l e s a r e a c c u r a t e t o within about 5% and can even be used with pencil beam antennas with a gain function which v a r i e s somewhat f r o m t h e mathematical model used h e r e , s i n c e , i n most c a s e s , a high d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y in t h e determination of uo i s neither p r a c t i c a l o r attainable.
1388- 1 3
13