Science Chapter 9 "Earth's Changing Surface" Study Sheet

1. 2. The Crust is Earth's thinnest layer.

Name Test Date

What are the 3 ways scientists learn about Earth's mantle and core? Study mantle material that is pushed up through cracks in crust Measuring vibrations from earthquakes Lab. experiments

3. 4. 5. 6.

The top part of the mantle and the crust above it make up Earth's

lithosphere

A(n) earthquake is the force people feel when two of Earth's plates jerk into a new position. A volcano can be a constructive force of nature. granite, basalt, pumice

Give at least 3 examples of igneous rocks.

7.

Name the 3 layers of soil. topsoil subsoil bedrock

8.

When some areas of shoreline erode more quickly than others harbors and inlets may form.

9.

Tell 2 things farmers can do to prevent wind erosion of soil. Plant natural barriers such as trees around fields Grow crops with less plowing

10.

The placing of materials in a new location is

deposition

11.

List 5 properties of minerals. hardness, smell or odor

Magnetism, streak, luster, shape, texture

12.

When you rub a mineral on a rough, hard, white surface you can determine its streak . newer/ younger than fossils

13. 14.

Fossils found in upper rock layers are considered to be found in lower layers. You can identify igneous rock by the crystals in it.

Essays: 15. Explain 2 ways that the movement of Earth's plates changes the surface of Earth.

Two plates may collide with each other. When the plates collide, crust folds, tilts, and lifts to form mountains. Two plates may also pull apart from one another. Where these plates spread apart a rift valley will form. 16. Weathering is a destructive force on Earth's surface. Compare and contrast mechanical Weathering and chemical weathering.

Both types of weathering break rock into smaller pieces called sediment. Mechanical weathering is the breaking down of rock by gravity, ice, plant roots, or other forces. Chemical weathering is the changing of materials in a rock by chemical processes. 17. Rocks are constantly being formed and destroyed. Describe the rock cycle, including descriptions of how one type of rock can change to another type of rock.

The rock cycle is a slow process during which rocks change from one type to another. Some rocks may change in thousands of years while others may take millions of years to change. An igneous rock forms after a volcanic eruption. After thousands of years of being exposed to high temperatures and being squeezed, the igneous rock turns into metamorphic rock. Gradually, the metamorphic rock weathers into tiny bits of sediment. These pieces of sediment eventually form sedimentary rock after many layers of sediment are pressed together.

weathering weathering

heat heat

heat and pressure heat and pressure

Igneous

Metamorphic

Sedimentary

Igneous
weathering heat heat

at and essure

Metamorphic
weathering

Sedimentary

heat and pressure