Gas Ammonia NH3

Reagents Ammonium chloride Calcium hydroxide

Method Gently heat a mixture of ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide in water.

Collection Upward displacement of air in a hood. Upward displacement of air in a hood.

Reaction Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + CaCO3 CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O

Carbon Dioxide CO2

Calcium carbonate (marble chips) 5M Hydrochloric acid Potassium permanganate Conc. Hydrochloric acid Zinc (granulated) 5M Hydrochloric acid

Add 5 M hydrochloric acid to 5 - 10 g marble chips.

Chlorine Cl2

Add concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise onto a small amount of potassium permanganate crystals (in flask). Add 5 M hydrochloric acid to 5 - 10 g granulated zinc pieces.

Upward displacement of air in a hood. Collect over water.

6HCl + 2KMnO4 + 2H+ 3Cl2 + 2MnO2 + 4H2O + 2K+ 2HCl + Zn H2 + ZnCl2

Hydrogen H2

Hydrogen Sodium chloride Chloride Conc. Sulfuric HCl acid Methane CH4 Nitrogen N2 Sodium acetate (anhydrous) Soda lime Ammonia Calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder)

Slowly add concentrated sulfuric acid to solid sodium chloride. Mix 1 part sodium acetate with 3 parts soda lime. Heat in a dry pyrex test tube or flask. Shake 20 g calcium hypochlorite into 100 mL water for several minutes, then filter. Add 10 mL conc. ammonia and heat mixture. Use extreme caution! Chloramine and explosive nitrogen trichloride may be produced. Invert a bell jar over lighted phosphorus. Oxygen and phosphorus combine to form phosphorus pentoxide, which is absorbed by the water over which the bell jar stands (may be violent reaction), producing phosphoric acid and leaving the nitrogen behind.

Displacement of air in a hood. Collect over water. Displacement of air.

2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3 2NH3 + 3CaOCl2 N2 + 3H2O + 3CaCl2

Nitrogen N2

Air Lighted Phosphorus (or heated Fe or Cu)

Removal of oxygen.

5 O2 + 4 P P4O10

Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 Nitrogen Monoxide NO Nitrous Oxide N2O Oxygen O2

Copper (turnings) 10 M Nitric acid Copper (turnings) 5 M Nitric acid Sodium nitrate Ammonium sulfate 6% Hydrogen peroxide Manganese dioxide (catalyst) Potassium permanganate Sodium sulfite (or sodium bisulfite) 2M Hydrochloric acid

Add concentrated nitric acid to 5 - 10 g copper.

Upward displacement of air in a hood. Collect over water.

Cu + 4HNO3 2NO2 + Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O 3Cu + 8HNO3 2NO + 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

Add 5 M nitric acid to 5 - 10 g copper.

Mix 10 g powdered sodium nitrate and 9 g ammonium sulfate. Heat well. Add hydrogen peroxide to about 5 g of MnO2.

Displacement of air. Collect over water.

Oxygen O2 Sulfur Dioxide SO2

Heat solid KMnO4.

Collect over water. Upward displacement of air in a hood.

2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 Na2SO3 + 2HCl SO2 + H2O + 2NaCl

Add dilute hydrochloric acid to 5 - 10 g sodium sulfite (or bisulfite).

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