Microchannels PDF

University of Illinois
Modeling Heat Transfer and Pressure
Drop for Liquid-Vapor Flows in the
Elongated-Bubble Flow Regie
Anthony M. Jacobi
Richard W. Kritzer Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Co-Director ACRC
ni!ersity of "llinois at rbana-Cha#$aign
%%
Motivation A vapor-compression system
&&
Motivation Heat exchangers
''
Motivation Integrated as the IMCC
((
Motivation Personal cooling systems
))
Outline
*tate#ent of goals
*u##ary of a heat transfer #odel
+ac,ground for #odeling
-ocus on the $hysical #odel
Re!ie. so#e !alidation
Pressure dro$ #odeling
/o. is t.o-$hase $ressure-dro$ #odeling a$$roached0
A directly #echanistic #odel is su$erior
1here are $roble#s .ith our #echanistic #odels.
*o#e ideas for #odeling2rather loose ideas that you #ight shoot do.n.
-ield and /rn3a, %4456 ACRC 1R-%57
55
tatement o! goals
*ha#elessly $ro#ote the heat transfer #odel0
1he a$$arent success of the #odel #ight say so#ething about $hysics.
Present a loose o!er!ie. of $ressure-dro$ #odels.
1heir a$$arent success #ight not say so#ething about $hysics
"dentify $roble#s in our #echanistic descri$tions
1here a$$ear to be ob!ious .ea,ness in our descri$tions of the flo.s
Pro$ose so#e ideas that #ight i#$ro!e our #odels.
+ac,.ard boundary layers and surface tension
Relate bac, to a$$lication
1o sho. that e!erything " $resented #ight be #eaningless
88
"lo# regime o$servations
9bser!ations of flo. regi#es in #icrochannel flo.s :#odified fro# ;u et al. :%44(< = elongated bubble flo. and annular flo.
do#inate.
>>
A t#o-%one model o! heat trans!er
to elongated-$u$$le !lo# &'aco$i and (home )**)+
?P
?
@
?
?
D
"nitial bubble gro.th $er PlessetBs theory gi!es the ti#e reAuired to generate a
C$airD6 .ith 1eff $rescribed. With this $eriod ,no.n6 initial conditions on the
$air geo#etry are deter#ined for a ,no.n #ass fluE. An energy balance is
a$$lied to the $air6 and heat transfer is #odeled as thin-fil# e!a$oration through
oF
7474
1he follo.ing non-linear algebraic eAuation set holds at any instant
Pair geo#etry
@oid fraction definition
Mass fluE definition
;uality definition
7777

%
< :
<< : < : :
R
t L t L qD
dt
dL
V
L V V
Conser!ation of energy yields cou$led 9DEBs for $air geo#etry
With $air geo#etry ,no.n at all ti#es :locations<6 a thin-fil#
e!a$oration #odel is used to calculate heat transfer coefficient.
7
< : '
< :
< F :
,
_

t U
t qL
k t s h
L
p
o L

7%7%
*
,***
-****
-,***
)****
.**** /**** -)**** -0**** )*****
A :WG#
%
<
1
eff
H&4
o
C
1
eff
H&8
o
C
1
eff
H'(
o
C
h

:
W
G
#
%
K
<
q :WG#%<
7&7&
*
,***
-****
-,***
)****
-,* )** ),* 1** 1,* .** .,*
# :,gG#
%
s<
1H&4
o
C
1H&8
o
C
1H'(
o
C
h

:
W
G
#
%
K
<
G :,gG#%s<
7'7'
*
,***
-****
-,***
)****
* ,**** -***** -,**** )*****
Current Model
2ata o! 3ao et al4 &)***+
A :WG#
%
<
A si#$le thin-fil# heat
transfer #odel $redicts
the obser!ed trends. "t is
unnecessary--$robably
.rong--to eEtra$olate
con!entional-scale data
inter$retations to the
#esoscale. 1he success
of this #odel suggests
nucleate boiling #ight
not do#inate.
h

:
W
G
#
%
K
<
q
:WG#%<
7(7(
A three-%one model o! heat trans!er
to elongated-$u$$le !lo# &(home et al. )**.+
7)7)
"nitial conditions
Pair length and !elocity e!ol!e
Do.n the tube2
7
p
v l
G x x
L
f
1
+
1
]
7575
1.o or three zones0
Moti!ated by Moriya#a and "noue :7>>)<I
1he constant Co is left as a free $ara#eter
7878
1.o or three zones0
Mini#u# fil# thic,ness6 min6 left as ad3ustable $ara#eter
7>7>
1.o or three zones0
6 dry film v
t t >
"f
6 dry film v
t t <
film v
t t
film filmdry
t t
dry v filmdry
t t t
1hen
%4%4
1he te#$orally a!eraged6 local heat transfer coefficient
7
f
q
n
n
sat
q
crit
p
f q
p

1
_

1
' )
1
,

]

+ut closure reAuires
%7%7
Modeling of the $hysics is o!erly si#$lified6 neglecting
co#$leEities in flo. regi#e6 ad!ection in the fil#6 and realities
of instability6 etc. 1he #odel has se!eral ad3ustable $ara#eters
that si#$lify 6 o and min.
%%%%
to elongated-$u$$le !lo# &2upont et al. )**.+
9,ay2but the #odel does a
reasonable 3ob.
With source-s$ecific
$ara#eters6 >4J of the
data $redicted .ithin
&4JF .ith general
$ara#eters 54J $redicted
.ithin &4J.
7(>7 #easure#ents fro# (
labs :none .ere ours<
%&%&
Predicting !rictional pressure drop
*ee $a$er for #ore eEtensi!e re!ie.
Modeling has not undergone the sa#e le!el of !alidation
?ee and Muda.ar6 %44(
R7&'a flo.ing through a co$$er bloc,
Channels %&7 715 ,
31.6 93.8 /2
0.001 0.25 ; 0.43
127 654 /2
%'%'
/o#ogeneous flo. #odels
:?ee and Muda.ar6 %44(<
%(%(
%)%)
%5%5
*e$arated-flo. #odels
%8%8
%>%>
&4&4
Modifying an e#$irical a$$roach
:e.g.6 ?ee and Muda.ar6 %44(<
??
?1
&7&7
Ke. se$arated-flo. #odel
&%&%
Pre!er a more directly mechanistic
model5
What does this #ean and ho. .ill it generalize0
"t is easier to understand6 and therefore $erha$s #ore useful if .e see forces directly2shear6 surface
tension2 "n that .ay6 fro# a #ore direct #echanistic #odel6 .e ho$e .e obtain an ability to generalize
and control.
4.4'5 4.)4
%
%.7)Re
7
7
fo fo
f
We
X X
+ +
&&&&
Lari#ella and co-.or,ers6 %44(
R7&'a flo.ing through a co$$er tube
/ydraulic dia#eter 4.(='.>7 ##6 roughness not gi!en
Mass fluE 7(4 = 5(4 ,gG#%s
Condensation
Mentire Auality rangeB
&'&'
Overvie# o! pressure drop predictions
A #ore directly #echanistic a$$roach
:e.g.6 Lari#ella and co-.or,ers6 %44%6 %44(<
&(&(

?a#inar or 2
&)&)
&5&5
:e.g.6 Lari#ella and co-.or,ers<
&8&8
&>&>
Pre!er a more directly mechanistic
model5
What does this #ean and ho. .ill it
generalize0
'4'4
Pressure 2rop
"s this $athological $hysics0
R
y
E
'7'7
Pressure 2rop
What is a bac,.ard boundary layer0
1he Cfor.ardD boundary layer is con!entional
1he Cbac,.ard boundary layer has unusual boundary conditions
4
v
x y

+

%
%

v
x y y

+

:46 < : 6 4< 4 : 6 < : 6 4< 4 y U x x U v x
:46 < 4 : 6 4< : 6 < 4 : 6 4< 4 y x U x v x
'%'%
Pressure 2rop
What is a bac,.ard boundary layer0
1he Cfor.ardD boundary layer is con!entional
1he Cbac,.ard boundary layer has unusual boundary
conditions
y
E
y
E
'&'&
Pressure 2rop
A $ro$osal.
6
: <
s ! rf X"# X"# X"# X"# C$
C C C$
% % a d V d V V V d&
t

+ +

r r r r r r r
x
y
N
O
''''
Pressure 2rop
A $ro$osal.
:say >> , )
46 C*H@
4
:cos cos <
: < : <
c f ! shear
p
l l v v c p l l v v c
p& ' %
dU
d
L L & U L L &
dt dt

+
1 + +
]
6 6
: <
sx !x rf x X X X X C$
C C C$
% % a d V d V V V d&
t

+ +

'('(
Pressure 2rop
A $ro$osal.
& &
7
4
p
v
v
L
L
v v p l l p
shear
L
U U
% C ' dx dx
x x

1
1
+
1
]

&G %
'
8
: <
%
p
v v l l v l l l
p p p
p
l v
p l v
p p
U
p
L L
L DL DL
dU
L L
U
d( L L
1
+ + +
]
_
+

,
:
1hen
')')
Pressure 2rop
*urface tensionI
*hearI
Lro.th and acceleration of the tri$letI
8
p p
DL DL

&G %
'
: <
p p
v v l l v l l l
p
U L
L L
DL D

1
+
]
%
p
l v
p l v
p p
dU
L L
U yk
d( L L

_
+

,
:cos <
'5'5
Pressure 2rop
Will it .or,0
7G %
: <
' 8
7)
4 7
p
l v v l l v l l l
l p p l p
p
l v
l v
l p p
U
L L
L U L
dU
L L D
d( L L
C C
1
+ + +
]
_
+

,
'8'8
Outline
*tate#ent of goals
*u##ary of a heat transfer #odel
+ac,ground for #odeling
-ocus on the $hysical #odel
Re!ie. so#e !alidation
Pressure dro$ #odeling
/o. is t.o-$hase $ressure-dro$ #odeling a$$roached0
A directly #echanistic #odel is su$erior
1here are $roble#s .ith our #echanistic #odels.
*o#e ideas for #odeling2rather loose ideas that you #ight shoot do.n.
-ield and /rn3a,6 %445 ACRC 1R-%)7.
'>'>
"ield and Hrn6a78 )**98 AC:C (:-)0-
(4(4
(7(7
(%(%
(&(&
('('
((((
()()
(5(5
(8(8
(>(>
)4)4
Mechanistic CAd3ustedD *.-.

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