The Age of Modernism

Francisco Pesante HUM-102

The Freudian Revolution

The Freudian Revolution

Freud and the Psyche Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Vienna, Austria. Founder of the psychoanalysis. First to map human psyche
Id: seat of human instincts. Ego: administrator of the Id. Mediates between potentially destructive desires and social necessities. Superego: moral monitor or conscience.
3

The Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud Pioneered in a therapeutic method. Based on: Dream analysis Free association (spontaneous verbalization of thoughts). Most psychic disorders were results of sexual traumas stemming from the childs unconscious attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy of the parent of the same sex (Oedipus complex). Revisionist had debated and questioned the theoretical and methodological notions of the psychoanalysis.
4

The Freudian Revolution

Freuds Followers Alfred Adler (1870-1937).
Pioneered the field of individual psychology. Coined the term inferiority complex (egos failure to achieve its operational goals in every day life).

The Freudian Revolution

Freuds Followers Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961).
Collective unconscious: personal, unconscious life of the individual rested on a deeper and more universal layer of the human psyche. Archetypes: reflect the deep psychic need of humankind as species (inherited contents of the human kind).

The Freudian Revolution

Freuds Followers Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). What is an archetype?

The Freudian Revolution

Freuds Followers Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). What is an archetype?
An inherited idea or mode of thought in the psychology of C. G. Jung that is derived from the experience of the race and is present in the unconscious of the individual.

Source: Archetype. (2012) Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from: www.m-w.com

8

The Freudian Revolution

The Nightmare Reality of Kafka Franz Kafka (1883-1924). Novelist who deals with the grotesque, the nightmarish worlds, and a main character insecurities and vulnerabilities who became victim of the unknown.

The Freudian Revolution

Expressionism Examine inner conflicts and repressed desires of their characters. Edvard Munch (1893), The Scream.

10

The Freudian Revolution

The Dada Movement Broke with tradition and challenge the very nature of art. Founded in Switzerland (1916) a group of painters and poets who witnessed the horrors of War, spread the gospel of irrationality. Product of chance, accident, or outrageous behavior.
11

The Freudian Revolution

The Dada Movement Marcel Duchamp (18871968).
LHOOQ, 1919

12

The Freudian Revolution

The Dada Movement Marcel Duchamp (18871968).
Fountain, 1917

13

The Freudian Revolution

Dada and Surrealist Film
Luis Buuel, Un perro andaluz http://www.historiapesante.info/2013/03/bunuel-y-su-perroandaluz.html

14

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

20th Century: the bloodiest in world history. The disasters were perpetrated on human being by human beings. The Great War (1914) and the World War II (1939), were the first total wars in European history. It involved other nations and killed large numbers of civilians.
All methods of destruction were utilized in the name of conquest.
16

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Great War (1914) Weapons of advanced technology were impersonal and more devastating that previous wars:
Machine gun (cause 80% of the casualties) Heavy artillery Hand grenades Poison gas Flame thrower Armored tanks Submarines Dirigibles (airships) Airplanes

17

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Great War (1914) Cost of four years of war was approximately $350 billion and 8 million (out of 70 million) soldiers died. For World War II the cost tripled and casualties among the allied forces rose over 18 million people.

18

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Nationalism and industrialism facilitated the military competition for colonies through the world (see Chapter 30). Austria-Hungary and Germany.
The murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary June 1914), led to the declaration of war on Serbia (an opportunity to territorial expansion). Together with the Ottoman Empire (Central Power) they face the opposition of the Allied forces (Serbia, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Russia).
19

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Si vis pace, para bellum (if you want peace, prepare for war). First Battle of Marne (September 1914).
Trenches that stretched 500 miles from the English Channel to Swiss border.

After the German submarines sink unarmed passenger ships in 1917, Woodrow Wilson opted to support the Allies. In November 1918 the fighting ended with an armistice
20

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

21

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Russian Revolution Russia, the least and last industrialized European power, entered the Great War under the leadership of Tzar Nicholas II (1868-1918).
Great death toll (approx. 1 million) and soldier desertions Government corruption Necessary agrarian economy reformation Food and fuel shortages

Triumph of the 1917 Revolution force the Tzar to abdicate.

22

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Russian Revolution Bolsheviks under Vladimir Ilych Lenin (1870-1924) take over
Dictatorship of the proletariat State as the organ of class domination First phase of communism: socialism
Private property became common (whole society) property, as well as the common means of production and distribution.

Second phase: the state would disappear Constituent Assembly was dissolved and substituted by a Politburo Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R., 1922)
23

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Great Depression and the American Scene After the Great War Europe was devastated (loss of industrial production, great unemployment) U.S. became a great creditor.
Great Depression 1929.

Social realism:
John Steinbeck (1939) The Grapes of Wrath. The story recounts the odyssey of the Joad family of Oklahoma and their migration to California in search for a living. There they face starvation, injustice and evil.
24

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Great Depression and the American Scene Documentary photography: U.S. federal government agencies provided programs for the photographical documentation of the economic and social conditions of the Great Depression. Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) was one of the photographers who documented the migration from the Midwestern Dust Bowl to California
25

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

The Great Depression and the American Scene Documentary photography: Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)

26

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Totalitarianism and World War II
Germanys peace term Mounting debt and unemployment Adolf Hitler (1933), Germanys chancellor Propaganda & Scapegoats: Jews Marxists Bourgeois liberals Social deviates

27

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Totalitarianism and World War II Political and economic reforms to rebuild the German empire (Third Reich) Growth of nationalism and militarism Failure of the peace settlement Invasion of Poland (1939) Outbreak of Second World War Axis Power: Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, and Hungary (joined later by Japan, Italy and Spain) Allied Forces: France & Britain (1941, United States and USSR)
28

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Totalitarianism and World War II Events: France fall (1940) Pearl Harbor (1941) Battle of Stalingrad (1942) D-Day (1945) Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

29

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Lee Miller: First female wartime photojournalist. Helped witness the horror of German concentration camps
Lee Miller, Buchenwald concentration camp, 1945 ( Kerry Negahban, Reproduction Rights Negotiator , Lee Miller Archives, Roland Penrose Estate & The Penrose Collection, Farley Farm House , Muddles Green , Chiddingly , East Sussex)

30

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Lee Miller: First female wartime photojournalist. Helped witness the horror of German concentration camps
Lee Miller. Buchenwald Concentration Camp (1945)

31

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Robert Capa: notable pictures of wartime horror.

32

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Art

Henri Cartier-Bresson: social realist photographs.

33

References: Fiero, G. K. (2011). The humanistic tradition, Book 5 & 6: The European renaissance, the Reformation, and the global encounter (6th. Ed). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Sherman, D & Salisbury, J. (2008). Civilizaciones de occidente. Vol II desde 1600. Mxico: McGraw Hill.

34