APES- Unit #3 Study Guide Species Interactions and Community Ecology 1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive

species? No natural predators, competitors, or parasites 2: Define the following species interactions: * Competition: Both species are harmed - multiple organisms seek the same limited resources they need to survive: * Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivore: One species benefits and the other is harmed * Mutualism: Both species benefit 3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition? Food /Water/Space/Shelter/Mates/Sunlight 4: Define Competitive Exclusion: Results of interspecific one species completely excludes another species from using the resource 5: What must happen for species to co-exist? The species doesnt exclude others from the resources, so both can live. 6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species wouldnt fulfill its fundamental niche? The difference is that the species is only doing only part of the job 7: Give an example of resource partitioning: Species divide shared resources by specializing in different ways 8: How does character displacement help with competition? Animals would evolve and would need different resources 9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other: The predators would eat the prey. The predators will make the ecosystem stable because if theres a lot of prey it would lead to not enough resources. 10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population fitness? Natural Selection strengthens polulation fitness by making adaptions to the environment which makes them better and stronger. 11: Define the following: * Cryptic Coloration: animal blends with the background *Warning Coloration: a distinctive pattern of color of a poisonous organism. * Mimicry: when the animal is going through the same shade of the background (changing)

12: Define Parasitism: Relationship in which one organism depends on another for nourishment or other benefit 13: What is the idea of coevolution? Hosts and parasites become locked in many adaptations and evolve new responses to the other organism. 14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivore? The plant has adapted to having chemicals that animals doesnt like, physicals parts that can be an object for eating the plants. And other animals can protect the plant. 15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism: For example, bees need the honey from the plants. While doing that process the bees also, take the pollen and send to another flower to fertilize the flowers egg 16: Define the following: * Allelopathy: certain plants release harmful chemicals and it is a type of amensalism * Commensalism: relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other remains unaffected * Facilitation: Plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow and is type of commensalism because the plant is not affected to anything. 17: What is a community of organisms? Many species of animals living together and interacting 18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:

Tertiary Consumers Humans The top of the food chain detritivores (scavage dead bodies- rats)and Decomposers (breaks non living materials - fingi) Omnivores eats both plants and animals birds

Secondary Consumers- mostly eats the primary consumer and it is an carnivore

Primary Consumers- species that eats the autotrophs. Grasshoppers

Autotrophs make food by themselves plants

19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem? Energy is lost because of waste heat through respiration. 20: Explain why this statement is true: Human vegetarians ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eaters footprint. The following quote is true because vegetarian would just eat plants and while the meat-eater would eat the animal that eats plants or other animals. 21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? The food chain is a relationship of how energy is transferred up the trophic levels, and the food web is visual map the shows the relationship of feeding and energy flow. 22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed? When a keystone animal is removed it removes the stability of an ecosystem. The other species would die off because there population is too high for what resources they have. 23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important? Trophic cascade are species that are in the top levels of the trophic levels and they can indirectly affect the low trophic levels by stabilizing the intermediate trophic animal.

24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and resilience. Resistance is that this species dont change even if ther e are disturbance in their community. Resilience is when a species change when their community is disturb, but then change back to its original state 25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name several ways) Invasive species is when non-native organism spread widely and dominant in the community. We have manually removed, stressing by heat, sound, electricity, CO2, ultraviolet, the invasive species. 26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades? It had a negative effects and it needs billions of dollars and years to restore. 27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following: *Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile Soil *Temperate rainforests: soil is richer than the soil of tropical rainforests and is dark and damp *Tropical rainforests: Fertile Soil = susceptible to erosion and landslides *Tropical dry forest: Erosion-prone soil * Desert: Saline soils *Tundra: Permafrost: permanently Soil *Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and acidic soil 28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain. The higher you get the bigger the trees are. So plant becomes more bigger as the altitude goes up.