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Primary energy:
! petroleum ! natural gas ! coal ! biomass
Secondary energy:
! electricity ! hydrogen ! pumped hydroelectric
converted/stored energy
By convention
! BTU for fuels and thermal energy ! kWh for electrical energy
Petroleum:
! $100/bbl ! 5.8 MMBTU/bbl ! $16/MMBTU
Electricity:
! $25/MWh ! $0.025/kWh (wholesale) ! $0.10/kWh (retail) ! 1 kWh = 3412 BTU ! $7.35/MMBTU (wholesale) ! $29.30/MMBTU (retail)
Natural Gas:
! $2.50/MMBTU
While electricity is expensive per BTU, the relatively high efficiency of electrical devices usually compensates for the cost
Source: Bloomberg, 2/14/2012
Michael E. Webber
Residential
Transportation
Commercial
Industrial
Imports 52
Residential 1,424
Commercial 1,319
Industrial 976
Michael E. Webber
Consumption Has Leveled For Industry, But Has Been Growing For Residential/Commercial
19512011 U.S. Electricity Sales by Sector
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin
Michael E. Webber
Residential Commercial
1.0
Industrial
0.5
0 1951
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
Transportation 2011
Year
Webber Energy Group
8
Residential 39%
Freezers Clothes Washers Other Uses 0 100 200 Billion Kilowatthours 300
Michael E. Webber
400
Michael E. Webber
Cooking Dishwashers
Demand for Electricity has Diurnal and Seasonal Variation: Factor of 3 Overall
A Typical Energy Supply Curve Uses Coal and Nuclear for Baseload and Natural Gas for Peak
11
Sources that are easy to turn on/off are used for peaking
! Hydroelectric, natural gas combustion turbines
1,100
Summer Capacity
825
550
275
0 1986
Michael E. Webber
1991
1996 Year
2001
2006
2011
Natural Gas Power Plants Comprise the Majority of U.S. Peak Capacity
2011 U.S. Electric Summer Capacity by Source
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin
500
Michael E. Webber
300
200
100
Natural Gas
Coal
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Solar