Section B - Structure

1a. Psychosocial factors play an important role in a students learning environment in school. Explain the meaning of psychosocial factors. Individual differences Feeling of togetherness Tolerance Acceptance Warm and secure environment

1b. elaborate the examples two ways by which teachers can help to create a classroom environment which is conducive for learning from the psychosocial perspective Environment must facilitate the learning Receptive atmosphere

2. children in the preschool stage often play social games. These social games can be classified into different categories. Elaborate on any one of the categories. Cooperative play: Galah Panjang Play in groups, work together to achieve the goal to win Cooperate to produce a product

2b. explain the examples two ways in which social games can help in the development of children Provide chances for kids to interact with each other Communicate better Respect, tolerate

3a. explain the meaning of learning styles How students learn / approaches to learn Different ways of learners concentrate, process, and retain what they learn

3b. discuss with examples two ways in which teachers can help to improve the teaching and learning process if they are aware of their students learning styles Use appropriate teaching methods in line with students learning styles

Why? In order to maximize students learning E.g: if students are visual learners teachers should use more pictures and visual images

4a. between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Intrinsic : own satisfaction e.g use dictionary to find new words because he wants it himself Extrinsic : gets external rewards e.g learn new words to get new vocabulary because teacher promises rewards for those who can give new words

4b. the use of rewards to motivate students can only be effective if certain conditions are adhered to. explain three of these conditions. Teacher must set clear expectations for students (clear goals and objectives of the day) Students also must be clear of the goal and objectives How they will be rewarded should be clear, too

Section C essay 1. According to constructivist, learning can only occur if knowledge is actively constructed by the learner. Discuss to what extent constructivism is relevant in the teaching and learning of your subject major. (role of teacher, students, constructivism principles) Example of activity role play - describe the role of teacher, students in a role play activity Throw in principles and relate it to the activity Teacher only gives guidance, but majority of the conducting of activity are done by students Students throw out their own ideas on how they want to act, and what they want to see teacher monitors the discussion Give strengths and weakness of applying constructivism in strong and weak classroom Suitability of the classroom size

2. Cooperative learning which is based on the social model of teaching emphasizes the need for students to solve a task together so as to achieve a common goal. Discuss the extent to which cooperative learning is an effective teaching method in the msian classroom. Give benefits AND downsides of using cooperative approach in TnL relate back to NPE Encourage respect and moral values in students Provide basic tolerance in students Live harmoniously, a sense of interdependence, accountability and responsibility, enhance motivation Not good: class size, teacher dont have time to prepare materials, education is exam oriented dont need much arguments, only need lots of facts

3. you are sent to a school in the interior with only water supply from the rain water. Electricity is from a generator which is switched on for 4 hours only at night. To get to your school from the nearest town you would need to walk for a day through the jungle because the school is inaccessible by road or river. The school is an old wooden building. There are only 11 houses in the village. Many of your students have to walk an hour to school. Your classroom is in a poor physical state. There are about 25 students in your classroom. Most of them come from poor families and the students have to work after school. Many students are not motivated to learn. Given the scenario above discuss how you can create a conducive learning environment in your classroom that can motivate the students to learn. Provide rationales for your argument. Your rationales should be related to relevant motivation theories. Use recycled materials, use nature products Decorate class, make it comfortable Positive reinforcements to students Teacher as role-model Display students work Relate in the models too (briefly)

__________________________________________________________________________________ Essay 1. Understanding learning theories enables the teacher to observe various ways students learn. a) discuss 5 benefits of using the social learning theory to facilitate effective teaching and learning. Students learn to work well with each other Students can exchange information with each other learn more with peers Student-centred learning, more chances to express self Students model after each other More fun

b) elaborate 4 implications of Skinners behaviorist theory in the classroom. Practice of reward and punishment system in class - use reinforcement schedule Teacher-centred learning - information from teacher so students are passive learners Students are mostly extrinsicly motivated through promised reward

2. Teaching models focus on the learning environment to guide the planning of the curriculum, course, and preparation of teaching and learning materials. Based on your understanding of teaching models, a) describe 5 expository methods that teachers can apply in the classroom. b) explain 5 pupil-centered strategies that can be used by teachers to enhance pupils mastery of knowledge

Cooperative learning Discussion Field work project

3. A teacher tries to produce a conducive learning situation to avoid the occurrence of various conflicts and stressful situations in the classroom. a) suggest 5 strategies for classroom managements to generate a conducive learning environment Comfortable classroom seating arrangements, decorations Facilities marker pens, reading corner, LCD Receptive environment students and teachers are receptive of each others opinion Positive climate

b) suggest 5 ways to foster cooperation among your pupils Practice more group activities in classroom Make sure students take turns in working with different people in the classroom, have rotation groups

__________________________________________________________________________________ - importance of play (how it is related to learning) - how does play help to develop children according to NPE - define learning - advance organisers in the learning - direct experiences / hands on learning (activity and benefits) - social learning theory - teaching approach (behavioural) - student centered teaching method - mastery learning (importance and effectiveness)