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Learning Objectives
Introduction
Pro uction !" natural flow #ee for !etter un erstan ing of $arious concepts which efine well performance% Pressure loss occurs in&
the reser$oir the !ottom hole completion the tu!ing or casing the wellhea the flowline the flowline choke pressure losses in the separator an e'port pipeline to storage
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Introduction
Pro uction is generall" limite !" the pressure in the reser$oir an ifficult to o something a!out it% ( ma)or task is to optimise the esign to ma'imise oil an gas reco$er"%
Production Performance Pro uction performance in$ol$es matching up the following three aspects&
Inflow performance of formation flui flow from formation to the well!ore% Vertical lift performance as the flui s flow up the tu!ing to surface% Choke or !ean performance as the flui s flow through the restriction at surface%
The a!ilit" to etermine the pro ucti$it" of a reser$oir an the optimum strateg" to ma'imise the reco$er" relies on an un erstan ing of the flow characteristics of the reser$oir an the flui it contains% The interaction !etween the flui (an its properties) an the rock (an its properties) Comparison with flow through pipes%
The nature of the flui flow Time taken for the pressure change in the reser$oir Flui to migrate from one location to another For an" pressure changes in the reser$oir* it might take a"s* e$en "ears to manifest themsel$es in other parts of the reser$oir% Therefore flow regime woul not !e stea " state +arc",s law coul not !e applie Time epen ent $aria!les shoul !e e'amine
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)o )o ma*
This e.uation has !een foun to !e a goo representation of man" reser$oirs an is wi el" use in the pre iction of IPR cur$es for /0phase flow% (lso* it appears to work for water cuts of up to 123%
P P $.. $.. 2 )o = )o ma* 1 .-2, wf + .-$, wf +2 = 25. 1 .-2, + .-$, + = 211 b2d 24.. 24.. P P r r
&ogel's ()uation% (*am0le% 4ontIf ot!er values of Pwf are c!osen% sufficient )o's can be generated to 0lot t!e curve% e-g-3 Pwf $.. 12.. 16.. 2... )o 211 1#5 12$ 6/
Pwf IPR
3... 25.. 2... 15.. 1... 5.. . . 1..
qo
2..
3..
1.
&ogel below Pb
)b
)ma*
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o = 2%97 cp
8%27 42 6 ko h( Pr Pwfs ) qo = re 6 o B o (ln ) rw 5 Fin & i) . ! ii ) . ma' * assuming Vogel IPR !elow P! iii) . o for Pwf of & a% /122 psia !% 4222 psia
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(*am0le12% 5olution
i) There is no gi$en PI a!o$e the !u!!le point* therefore ra ial inflow e.uation is use & 8%27 42 6 k o h( Pr Pwfs ) qo = = r 6 o B o (ln e ) rw 5 8%27 42 6 62 92 (6222 /222) = /242 !< /222 6 2%97 4%/ (ln + 2) 2%5 5 ii) using Vogel !e"on P! Pwf Pwf / qo = qo ma' 4 2%/( ) 2%7( ) Pr Pr
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(*am0le12% 5olution
8e membering t!at t!e PI is t!e slo0e of t!e IP8% if &ogel9 s e)uation is differenti ated it gives t!e PI .-2 1-6Pwf .-2 1-6Pwf d)o 1 d)o = )o ma* = )o ma* + 2 2 dPwf dP P P r r Pr Pr wf and at Pwf = Pb PI = )o ma* , &ogel + = PI .-2 1-6Pb 1 -$ 1 d)o = )o ma* + = ) o ma* 2 dPwf P P P b b b
Pb 1 -$
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(*am0le12% 5olution
)o ma*,vogel + = PI )ma*, total + Pb 2... = 2-.1 = 2233 b2d 1-$ 1-$ = )b + )ma*,vogel + = 2.1. + 2233 = 4243 b2d
= 25..0si% i-e- > Pb % iii+ a- P wf = 2-.1 ,3... 25..+ = 1..5 b2d ) = PI,Pr P wf + b- P wf = 1...0si% i-e- < P b 1... 1... 2 )o,&ogel+ = )ma*, &ogel + 1 .-2, + .-$, + = 1563 b2d 2... 2... )o,total+ = )b + )o,&ogel+ = 2.1. + 1563 = 35#3 b2d
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<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<< Problem 1 2 ;sing t!e following data% find )b % )ma*,total+ % and ) for Pwf = 25.. 0siPr = 42.. 0si Pb = 3... 0si PI = 2 b2d20si Plot t!e IP8
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To take into account the effect of the thickness of pro ucing inter$al an comparison of $arious wells* the Specific Pro ucti$it" In e' is efine as&
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PI is constant if % 6 and ? remain constant- Plot of Pw versus )s s!ould be a straig!t line of slo0e @12A% wit! an interce0t on t!e ordinate a*is of Pe PI for 5emi15tead7 5tate Incom0ressible Flow
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!e 0roductivit7 inde* is a measure of t!e oil well 0otential or abilit7 to 0roduce and is a commonl7 measured well 0ro0ert7PI is e*0ressed eit!er in stocD tanD barrel 0er da7 0er 0si or in stocD tanD cubic metres 0er da7 0er DPa21
Practical determination of PI
The static pressure (Pwi) is measure !"&
prior to open a new well (after clean up) after sufficient shut in perio (e'isting wells)
In !oth cases a su!surface pressure gauge is run into the well The flowing !ottom hole pressure (Pwf) is recor e
after the well has flowe at a sta!ilise rate for a sufficient perio (new wells) prior to shut in for the e'isting wells
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PI
Flow rate
>rawdown
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(*am0le 1
F well !as a s!ut in bottom !ole 0ressure of 23.. 0sia and 0roduces oil at 215 barrels2da7 under a draw down of 5.. 0si!e well 0roduces from a formation of 36 feet net 0roductive t!icDness- B!at is 0roductivit7 inde*% and s0ecific 0roductivit7 inde*G 50ecific 0roductivit7 inde* Productivit7 Inde* is a function of 0roductive t!icDness ,in fact% t!e lengt! of 0erforation interval+- In order to com0are t!e wells wit! eac! ot!er% t!e s0ecific 0roductivit7 inde* ,PI+s is defined as3
ubing Performance
The pressure loss in the tu!ing can !e a significant proportion of the total pressure loss% -owe$er its calculation is complicate !" the num!er of phases which ma" e'ist in the tu!ing% It is possi!le to eri$e a mathematical e'pression which escri!es flui flow in a pipe !" appl"ing the principle of conser$ation of energ"% The principle of the conser$ation of energ" e.uates the energ" of flui entering in an e'iting from a control $olume%
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!e 0rinci0le of t!e conservation of energ7 e)uates t!e energ7 of fluid entering and e*iting from a control volume-
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Fs t!e li)uid moves u0 t!e tubing% t!e 0ressure dro0s and gas bubbles begin to form- !is flow regime w!ere gas bubbles are dis0ersed in a continuous li)uid medium is Dnown as bubble flowFs t!e fluid moves furt!er u0 t!e tubing% t!e gas bubbles grow and become more numerous- !e larger bubbles sli0 u0ward at a !ig!er velocit7 t!an t!e smaller ones% because of t!e buo7anc7 effect-
"ist Flow Fnnular Flow 5lug or Plug Flow 6ubble Flow 5ingle P!ase Li)uid Flow
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Flow 8egimes in &ertical 21P!ase Flow% 4ontF stage is reac!ed w!ere t!ese large bubbles e*tend across almost t!e entire diameter of t!e tubing- Fs a result% slugs of oil containing small bubbles are se0arated from eac! ot!er b7 gas 0ocDets t!at occu07 t!e entire tubing cross section e*ce0t for a film of oil moving relativel7 slowl7 along t!e tubing wall- !is is 5lug or Plug Flow5till !ig!er in t!e tubing% t!e gas 0ocDets ma7 !ave grown and e*0anded to suc! as e*tent t!at t!e7 are able to breaD t!roug! t!e more viscous oil slug- Jas forms a continuous 0!ase near t!e centre of t!e tubing carr7ing dro0lets of t!e oil u0 wit! it- Flong t!e walls of t!e tubing t!ere is an u0ward moving oil film- !is is Fnnular Flow-
"ist Flow Fnnular Flow 5lug or Plug Flow 6ubble Flow 5ingle P!ase Li)uid Flow
2/
Flow 8egimes in &ertical 21P!ase Flow% 4ont4ontinued decrease in 0ressure wit! resultant increase in gas volume results in a t!inner and t!inner oil film% until finall7 t!e film disa00ears and t!e flow regime becomes a continuous gas 0!ase in w!ic! oil dro0lets are carried along wit! t!e gas% i-e-% "ist Flow=ot all t!ese flow regimes will occur simultaneousl7 in a single tubing string% but fre)uentl7 2 or 0ossibl7 3 ma7 be 0resentIn addition to flow regimes% t!e viscosit7 of oil and gas and t!eir variation wit! 0ressure and tem0erature% P& c!aracteristics% flowing bottom !ole 0ressure ,6EP+% and tubing !ead 0ressure , EP+ affect t!e 0ressure gradient-
Flow 8egimes in &ertical 21P!ase Flow% 4ont!ese flow 0atterns !ave been observed b7 a number of investigators w!o !ave conducted e*0eriments wit! air1water mi*tures in visual flow columns!e conventional manner of de0icting t!e e*0erimental data from t!ese observations is to correlate t!e li)uid and gas velocit7 0arameters against t!e 0!7sical descri0tion of t!e flow 0attern observed5uc! 0resentations of data are referred to as flow 0attern ma0s- !e ma0 is a log1log 0lot of t!e su0erficial velocities of t!e gas and li)uid 0!ases-
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Li)uid1Li)uid Flow
The case of li.ui 0li.ui flow in pro uction wells ma" occur in low ;=R wells which pro uce water% Since !oth phases are onl" slightl" compressi!le or incompressi!le* it woul !e e'pecte that the ph"sical nature of the flow of an oil0water mi'ture to surface woul not !e as ramaticall" ifferent from single phase li.ui flow as the oil0gas s"stem% If oil an water enter the well!ore from the reser$oir an flow up the tu!ing to surface* the ph"sical istri!ution of the phases will epen upon their relati$e $olumetric properties* ie* one phase will !e continuous an the other isperse %
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Li)uid1Li)uid Flow
>nlike the gas there will !e little relati$e $olumetric e'pansion !etween the two phases% Thus* the ph"sical istri!ution will !e more epen ent on the ?=R an the flow $elocit"%
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67 s!ifting t!e curves downwards% !e found t!at% for a constant JL8% flowrate and tubing siHe% t!e curves overla00ed !en% a single curve could be utilised to re0resent flow in t!e tubing under assumed conditions!e im0act was in effect to e*tend t!e de0t! of t!e well b7 a lengt! w!ic!% would dissi0ate t!e tubing !ead 0ressure-
Jradient 4urves
Jilbert was t!en able to collect all t!e curves for a constant tubing siHe and flowrate on one gra0!% resulting in a series of gradient curves w!ic! would accommodate a variet7 of JL8sEe t!en 0re0ared a series of gradient curves at constant li)uid 0roduction rate and tubing siHe3#
Jradient 4urves
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F c!oDe w!ic! consists of a mac!ined !ousing into w!ic! t!e orifice ca0abilit7 or LbeanL is installedF LbeanL w!ic! consists of a s!ort lengt! 116L% of t!icD walled tube wit! a smoot!% mac!ined bore of s0ecified siHe-
3/
In t!is design% t!e orifice consists of a valve seat into w!ic! a valve stem can be inserted and retracted% t!us adjusting t!e orifice siHe!e movement of t!e valve stem can eit!er be manual or automatic using an !7draulic or electro!7draulic controller-
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4!oDes normall7 o0erate in multi0!ase s7stems- 5ingle 0!ase can occur in dr7 gas wells-
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Critical flow !eha$iour is onl" e'hi!ite !" highl" compressi!le flui such as gases an gas<li.ui mi'tures% For gas* which is a highl" compressi!le flui * the critical ownstream pressure Pc is achie$e when $elocit" through the $ena contracta e.uals the sonic $elocit" this means that a istur!ance in pressure or flow ownstream of the choke must tra$el at greater than the spee of soun to influence upstream flow con itions% In general* critical flow con itions will e'ist when Rc@A2%1
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F number of researc!ers !ave 0ublis!ed studies on multi0!ase flow t!roug! c!oDes5ome of t!e studies relate to correlation of field measurementsP E K tubing !ead flowing 0ressure in 0sia 4d K constant 8 Kgas li)uid ratio ,"54F2bbl+ C Koil flowrate ,5 62d+ 5 Kbean siHe in 1264L Jilbert ,435 is correct+
Fc!ong ,8 in 54F2bbl+
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"et!od 1 1 8eservoir and tubing 0ressure loss convergence in 0redicting bottom!ole flowing 0ressure
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