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Introduction:
Welcome back! Hope you all are good. Today we are going to learn an important topic, that is kinematics. The big question: what is kinematics? It is the study o speed, !elocity, time and acceleration. We"ll study these quantities in more detail in this tutorial.
Definition:
#kay so starting with speed and !elocity, speed is de ined as the distance tra!elled by an ob$ect in a gi!en time, or more simply as distance tra!elled per unit time. While on the other hand !elocity is displacement per unit time. %o then, what is the di erence between the two? The di erence is the same as that between distance and displacement& %peed is a scalar quantity while !elocity is a !ector. 'ow, what is scalar and what is !ector? Well, scalar quantities are those which ha!e a magnitude only, while !ector quantities ha!e both a direction and a magnitude. (ust to urther clear it out, consider a car going at a speed o )* m+s. We are not told whether the car is going northwards, down the hill or whate!er. %o what is )*m+s? It"s speed. , bit easier now?
$nifor% acceleration:
,cceleration is the rate o change o !elocity. %imple as that! ,cceleration - 23inal 4elocity 5 Initial 4elocity6 + Time !&# , car starts rom rest and tra!els in a straight path. It reaches a speed o )* m+s in 7 seconds. What is it"s acceleration, assuming that it accelerates uni ormly? I we know that the acceleration o an ob$ect is constant, we can ind its a!erage !elocity by a di erent ormula, which is as ollows: ,!erage 4elocity - 23inal 4elocity 8 Initial 4elocity6 + 0 ,lso i an ob$ect is tra!elling with constant acceleration, then these equations o motions are applicable. 9 9 9 9 0as - !0 5 u0 s - ut 8 :+0 at0 ! - u 8 at 0s - 2! 8 u6t
;ey: a - acceleration , s - displacement, ! - inal !elocity, u - initial !elocity, t - time These equations are !ery help ul in inding the unknown.
Non'unifor% acceleration:
This orm o acceleration changes with time. In such case, the equations o motions cannot be used.
(rap)s:
<!ery situation that can be considered can be represented graphically. It helps us in !arious calculations and is easy to interpret. In such graphs, time is always taken on the =5a=is while distance on the y5a=is.
Distance'Ti%e (rap)s:
#kay so here are the distance5time graphs o three ob$ects in motion. ,s we know the gradient o distance5time graph represents speed. #b$ect , is mo!ing with increasing speed a it"s gradient is increasing. #b$ect / is mo!ing with uni orm speed as it"s gradient is uni orm. ,nd similarly, as the gradient o > is decreasing, it"s mo!ing with a decreasing speed. 'othing too scienti ic, right? #kay so mo!ing on to the graph o a stationary ob$ect, it should be co!ering any distance, right? %o that e=plains it all! The graph o a stationary will look like this:
,s we can see, the ob$ect is stuck on the same distance. ?et"s say )* m, and it"s on )* m throughout. %o it"s stationary, not mo!ing, at rest!
Speed'Ti%e (rap)s:
%o here"s a speed5time graph or an ob$ect at rest:
%ince the slope is equal to @ero, there is no acceleration. ,nd secondly, the !elocity is @ero, so ob$ect is at rest. ,nd a speed time graph or an ob$ect mo!ing at constant !elocity:
%ince the slope is @ero, the acceleration is ob!iously @ero, right? ,nd as there is no acceleration, that is, change in !elocity, the !elocity is there ore constant. Aet it? #kay, and here"s a new concept: the area under a speed time graph gi!es the distance mo!ed by the ob$ect.
The shaded area in this case also gi!es the distance mo!ed by the ob$ect:
#kay so as we can that the slope o the graph is increasing, and we know that the slope in a !elocity time graph represents acceleration. There ore, the acceleration in this case is increasing. <asy, no? ,nd again, the shaded area in this case represents the distance tra!elled by the ob$ect. %o to sum up: 9 The gradient o a distance5time graph represents speed 9 The gradient o a speed5time graph represents acceleration 9 The area under a speed5time graph represents distance
Task: Okay so finally, your assignment is to google questions of kinematics and assess yourself to see if you have grabbed the basic concepts. ,nswers: D:: :* m+s D0: 1m+s0