Noise

QuestText _____ is a short-term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal position in time. _____ is an electronic noise produced by thermal agitation of electron in conductor and semiconductor. _____ is measured on a circuit when it is correctly terminated but does not have any traffic. _____ is the amount of output signal voltage produce with 1 microbar (74 dB SPL) 1000Hz signal in microphones. _____ is the random and unpredictable electric signals from natural causes both internal and external to the system. _____ is the sound of the talker's voice in his own receiver. A -30 dBW is equivalent to: A combiner has two inputs +30 dBm and +30 dBm, what is the resultant output? A long-term variations in a waveform. A low ratio of the ac to the dc load impedance of a diode detector results in A noise in radio system was measured to read 58 dBm, what does this represent in dBm? Reference noise temperature. Reference temperature used in noise analysis. A unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise level Disruptions in a signal channel caused by power leaking from an adjacent channel. Common causes are poor frequency planning, insufficient filtering, use of incorrect power, or anomalies in propagation. Choice1 Jitter Thermal noise White noise Sensitivity Noise Choice2 Distortion Internal noise Galactic noise Directivity Interference Choice3 Latch External noise Impulse noise Distortion Attenuation Choice4 Amplified Flicker Atmospheric noise Dispersion Distortion Subj Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

Sidetone 0 dBm + 33 dBm Jitter Negative-peak clipping -32 290 K 290 K Noy Adjacent Channel Interference

Dualtone 0 dB + 30 dBm Attenuation Poor AF response 32 17* F 75 K Sone Cochannel Interference

Echotone 0 dBf + 60 dBm Defect Diagonal operation 148 30*C 250 K DB Propagation noise

Anti-tone 0 dBW + 36 dBm Orderwire Poor AGC operation 90 25*C 300 K Phone None of the above

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QuestText Choice1 The following measurements were taken in a circuit: Noise 25 dB with tone in 58 dbmC C-notch noise in 33 dbmC. What is the signal-to-noise ratio(S/N) of the circuit? In the frequency domain, overmodulation result inner Splatter frequencies besides the simple sum and difference ones of regular AM. These new frequencies are outside the regular AM spectrum and are called: Man-made noise is usually from ________. Transmission over power lines and by ground wave Most internal noise comes from Thermal agitation The highest noise factor will be produced by a frequency 10000 Hz of ____. The standard deviation of the variation in the transmission 1 dB loss of a circuit should not exceed A signal is AMplified 100 times in power. The dB gain is: 20dB A ten times power change in a transmission system is 10 dB equal At 17 degree C, the noise voltage generated by 5-kilohm 1.3 microvolts resistor operating over a bandwidth of 20 kHz is Atmospheric noise becomes less severe at frequencies Above 30 MHz Atmospheric noise is known as ______ noise. Static Background noise is the same as the following except Impulse noise Considered as the main source of internal noise. Thermal agitation dBa is decibels adjusted and has a reference of 10^-11.5 W Express 0.05 volt in dBV. -26 dBV Extra-terrestrial noise is observable at frequencies from 8 to 1.43 GHz Extra-terrestrial noise is observable at frequencies from 1 to 1.43 GHz ______. Choice2 91 dB 33 dB Choice3 1.1 dB Choice4 Subj Noise

Phase distortion

Noise

Amplitude distortion

Noise

Sky-wave Shot noise 500 Hz 2 db 19dB 100 dB 1.3 nV Below 30 MHz Cosmic White noise Device imperfection 10^-15 W +30 dBV 0 to 20 kHz 0 to 20 kHz

Space-wave Transit-time noise 1000 Hz 3 dB 15dB 100 dB 1.3 pV Above 3000 kHz Solar Thermal noise Temperature change 10^-12 W +26 dBV Above 2 GHz Above 2 GHz

Troposphere Skin effect 200 Hz 0.5 dB 25dB 1 dB 1.3 mV Below 3000 kHz Lunar Gaussian noise Flicker 10^-11 W -30 dBV 5 to 8 GHz 5 to 8 GHz

Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

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QuestText Extre-terrestrial noise is observable at frequencies from Find the noise temperature of a receiver with a noise figure of 2 dB Generally referred to as the primary cause of atmospheric noise. Given three amplifiers in cascade each with a noise filter of 3 dB and power gain of 10 dB. What is the noise figure? If the voltage change is equal to twice its original value, what is its corresponding change in dB? In a communications system, noise is most likely to affect the signal In a receiver with noise derived squelch, the presence of an audio causes the audio amplifier to be In order to reduce quantizing noise, one must Indicate the false statement. From the transmitter the signal deterioration because of noise is usually Indicate the false statement. In order to combat noise Choice1 8 to 1.43 GHz 169.6 K Lightning 3dB 6 dB In the channel Enabled Increase the number of standard amplification Predictable in character Choice2 5 to 8 GHz 144 K Rain effect 7dB 3 dB At the transmitter Disabled Choice3 Above 2 GHz 100.2 K El nio phenomenon 10dB 9 dB In the information source Nothing will happen Choice4 0 to 20 kHz 128.8 K Thunderstorm 6dB 10 dB At the destination None of the above Subj Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

The channel bandwidth maybe increased Indicate the noise whose source is in a category different Atmospheric noise from that of the other three Industrial noise frequency is between 15 to 160 MHz It is a high gain,low noise level, audio frequency amplifier Standing wave indicator and a square law calibrated vacuum tube voltmeter used to amplify and measure the output of a crystal and display the information Known as one-tenth of a neper. dNp Noise always affect the signal in a communications Channel

Send pulses whose sides Use an RF amplifier are more nearly vertical Unwanted energy Present in the transmitter Redundancy may be The transmitted power used may be increased Solar noise Galactic noise 0 to 10 MHz Power level indicator 20 GHz Voltmeter

Increase the number of Noise samples per second Due to any cause Noise The signaling rate may Noise be reduced Cosmic noise Noise 200 to 3000 MHz Pilot indicator Noise Noise

dB Transmitter

dBm Information source

dBp Destination

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QuestText systems at the Noise at the input to a receiver can be as high as several Noise caused by the thermal agitation of electrons in resistance. Noise caused by thermal agitation of electrons in resistance. Noise corrected to 0 TLP Noise from random acoustic or electric noise that has equal energy per cycle over a specified total frequency band. Noise from random acoustic or electric noise that has equal per cycle over a specified total frequency band. Noise is primarily a Choice1 Microvolts All of the above All of these DBrnCO All of the above Choice2 Millivolts Thermal noise Thermal noise DBWO Thermal noise Choice3 Volts Johnson's noise Johnson's noise DBrnC White noise Choice4 Kilovolts White noise White noise DBmO Gaussian noise Subj Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

All of the above High frequency spikes

Thermal noise

White noise

Gaussian noise Random frequency variation Noise figure Impulse noise

Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

Low frequency variation Random level shifts Equivalent noise resistance Shot noise Noise temperature Random noise

One of the following is not a useful quantity for comparing Input noise voltage the noise performance of receivers One of the following types of noise becomes of great Transit-time noise importance at high frequencies. It is the Quantization noise is caused by The approximation of the quantized signal Quantizing noise occurs Pulse-code modulation

Quantizing noise occurs in PCM Space noise generally covers a wide frequency spectrum, Between 20 to 120 MHz but the strongest interference occurs The value of resistor creating thermal noise is doubled. Unchanged The noise power generated is therefore

The synchronization Serial transmission Binary coding between encoder and errors techniques decoder Pulse-width modulation Time-division multiplex Frequency division multiplex PLM PDM PAM Below 8 MHz and 1.43 Between 8 MHz and Above 1.5 GHz GHz 1.43 GHz Halved Quadrupled Doubled

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QuestText Choice1 The equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is 25 K, 1.086 what is the noise figure? The modulation system inherently more resistant to noise. Frequency modulation The modulation system inherently most noise resistant is Pulse code modulation The most common unit of noise measurement in white noise testing. The most common unit of noise measurement in white noise voltage testing. The noise factor of an ideal AMplifier expressed in dB is ___. The noise generated by TDM carrier system is _______ that generated by analog carrier systems. The noise generated by TDM carrier systems is _____ that generated by analog carrier systems. The noise voltage accross the 300 ohm input resistance to a TV set with 6 MHz bandwidth and a temperature of 30C is The pre-emphasis circuit introduced in the FM transmitter provides extra noise immunity by What does the noise weighting curve shows? NPR NPR 0 Much less than Much less than 3.8 uV Choice2 1.86 Phase shift keying SS suppressed carrier DBm DBm 0.1 About the same About the same as 2.3 uV 0.1086 Choice3 10.86 Choice4 Subj Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

Pulse-position Single sideband modulation suppressed carrier Frequency modulation Pulse position modulation DBW DBk DBW 1 A little less than A little less than 5.5 uV DBrn 10 Greater than Greater than 6.4 uV

Where is the noise generated that primarily determines In the ionosphere the signal-to- noise ratio in a VHF (150 MHz) marine band receiver? Which causes quantization noise in PCM system? The approximation of the quantized Serial transmission error The synchronization

Amplifying the high audio frequency Boosting the low frequency The interfering effect of other Interfering effects of frequencies in a voice channel signals compared with a compared with a reference freq of 1 3-kHz tone kHz In the receiver front end In the receiver rear end

Preamplifying the whole audio band Noise signals measured with a 144 handset

Converting the phase modulation to FM Power levels of noise found in carrier systems In the atmosphere

Noise Noise

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Binary coding

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QuestText noise Which circuit contributes most to the noise in a receiver? The receiver circuit that get rids of FM of noise is the The receiver circuits that rids FM of noise is the The reference noise temperature. The signal in a channel is measured to be 23 dB while noise in the same channel is measured to be 9 dB. the signal ratio therefore is The signal received by an amplifier was measured to be 900 mV while the noise appearing in the same input terminals of the amplifier was measured to be 250 mV what is the S/N in dB? The signal to noise ratio that is required for a satisfactory television reception? The system with lowest noise figure in the microwave region is the Two resistors, 20 kilohms and 50 kilohms are at ambient temperature. Calculate for a bandwidth equal to 100 kHz, the therla noise voltage for the two resistors connected in parallel. What is a non-continuous noise of irregular pulses or spikes of short duration with high amplitudes? What is the dB loss of the circuit if the power ratio of output to input is 0.01 ? What is the equivalent output of a circuit in dBm if it has an output of 10 watts? What is the major cause of atmospheric noise or static noise? Mixer Limiter Limiter 290 K 14 dB IF amplifier Demodulator Modulator 70F 32 dB Choice1 Choice2 Choice3 between encoder and decoder Demodulator Modulator Demodulator 30C 23 dB Choice4 techniques AF amplifier Low-pass filter Low pass filter 25C 41 dB Subj

Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

11.13

0.55

7.13

Noise

40 dB MOSFET 4.78 uV

10 dB Dual-Gate MOSFET 47.8 uV

20 dB JFET 4278 uV

30 dB CMOSFET 0.4782 uV

Noise Noise Noise

Jitter 20 40 dBm Thunderstorm

Wander -20 20 dBm Meteor showers

Hits 40 30 dBm Airplanes

Singing -40 10 dBm Sunspots

Noise Noise Noise Noise

Noise
QuestText What is the major factor that makes coaxial cable less susceptible to noise than twisted pair cable? What is the minimum bandwidth requires to transmit a 56 kbits/s binary signal with no noise ? What is the reference frequency of CCITT psophometric noise measurement? What is the reference noise temperature? What is the reliable measurement for comparing amplifier noise characteristics? What is the signal-to-noise ratio for satisfactory telephone services? What is the signal-to-noise ratio if the signal voltage is +50 volts and the noise voltage is 1.0 volt? What particular circuit that rids FM of noise? What signal-to noise ration is required for satisfactory telephone service? What signal-to-noise ratio is required for satisfactory telephone services? What theorem sets a limit on the maximum capacity of a channel with a given noise level? When dealing with random noise calculations it must be remembered that When the power ratio of input to output is 1/100 the loss of the circuit in dB is Which lowest noise figure represents the lowest noise? Which medium is the least susceptible to noise Which noise figure represents the lowest noise? Choice1 Outer conductor 28 KHz 800 Hz 290 K Noise factor 50 dB 2500 Limiter 50 dB 50 dB Shannon-Hartley theorem Calculations are based on RMS values -20 1.6 dB Fiber-optic cable 1.6 dB Choice2 Diameter of cable 14 KHz 1500 Hz Choice3 Inner conductor 56 KHz 3400 Hz Choice4 Insulating material 112 KHz 1000 Hz 25C Signal-to-noise 60 dB 2500.2 Phase shifter 30 dB 10 dB Shannon theorem Subj Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise

30C 70F Thermal agitation noise Noise margin 30 dB 2499.5 HPF 10 dB 20 dB Nyquist theorem All calculations are based on peak to peak values -10 2.1 dB Twin lead 2.1 dB 40 dB 2500.5 LPF 20 dB 30 dB Hartley theorem

Calculations are based Calculations are based Noise on peak values on average values 200 2.7 dB Twisted pair 2.7 dB 3 3.4 dB Coax 3.4 dB Noise Noise Noise Noise

Noise
QuestText Which noise is produced by lighting discharges in thunderstorms? Which of the following is most affected by noise? Which of the following is not a source of noise? Which of the following is the most reliable measurement for comparing AMplifier noise characteristics ? Which of the following low noise transistors is commonly used at microwave frequencies? Which of the following reduces the quantization noise in a PCM system? Which standard is utilized in intermodulation noise rates on PCM audio channels? Which stands for dB relative level? Which two broad classifications of noise are the most difficult to treat ? You are measuring a voice channel at a -4 dB test point level, the meter reads -73 dBm (pure test tone) convert the reading into dBrnCO. You are measuring noise in a voice channel at 7 dB test point level. The meter reads -56 dBm (F1A weighted). What is the reading in dBrnC? You are measuring noise in a voice channel at a -4 dB test point level the meter reads -73 dBm convert the reading into dBrnCO. Choice1 Atmospheric noise ASK Another commmunication signal Shot noise MESFET Increase the number of quantizing levels in the system CCITT Rec. G.172 Choice2 White noise PSK Atmospheric effect Noise factor GASFET Choice3 Extraterrestial noise FSK Manufactured electrical system Signal-to-noise ratio MOSFET Choice4 Industrial noise Subj Noise

QAM Noise Thermal agitation in Noise electronic components Thermal agitation noise Noise JFET Decrease the number of quantizing levels in the system CCITT Rec. G.182 DBx Internally generated noise 16 Noise Noise

Increase the pulse width Using limiters at the receiver CCITT Rec. G.151 CCITT Rec. G.190 DBa Noise generated in the transmitter 18

Noise Noise Noise Noise

DBr DBrn Externally generated in the receiver Noise generated in the receiver 22 12

34

20

25

32

Noise

21

12

16

18

Noise