LEVEL 2 CLASS N 1: Comparatives and Superlatives Remember: When describe people, places or things we use ADJECTIVES Ex: Tall,

Fast, Small, Big, Short, Slow Comparing When we are comparing we use the comparative form of the adjectives Subj + verb to be + adj + than + complement Alvaro is taller than Diego. Llanquihue lake is bigger than Villarrica lake. My glasses are more beautiful than yours.

Rules: 1 short adjectives (one or two syllabus): You add ER at the end of the adjective. Ex: Small, smaller old, older new, newer 2 Adjectives ending in Y: You remove the Y and add IER. Ex: Dirty, dirtier noisy, noisier heavy, heavier 3 long adjectives (three or more syllabus): You have to write MORE before the adjective. Ex: Beautiful, more beautiful intelligent, more intelligent Expensive, more expensive 4 adjectives with a Consonant-Vowel-Consonant pattern: You double the last consonant of the adjective and add ER. Ex: Sad, sadder hot, hotter big, bigger Irregular adjectives: There is no comparative form for these adjectives, so you have to remember them. Adjective Good Bad Far Comparative Form Better Worse Further

Activity Write the comparative form of the adjective

1. Apples are 2. Elephants are 3. Gold is 4. Bikes are 5. I am 6. My friend is 7. Sandy is 8. My father is

than chips. (healthy) (big) than bears. than silver. (expensive) than cars. (slow) at English than my brother .(good) than me. (tall) than Tamara. (thin) than Tom's father. (strong) are than "The Book of the

9. "Harry Potter "books Jungle". (interesting) 10. The tiger is 11. The weather is 12. The girls are 13. Berta is 14.French is

than a fox .(heavy) than yesterday . (hot) than the boys. (happy) than Debby.(beautiful) than English. (difficult) than Tina.(old)

15. Tina is 5 years old. Sandra is 10 years old. Sandra is 16. Russia is 17. I am 18. Love is 19. His car is than France. (large) at maths than my best friend (bad) than money.(important) than mine. (cheap)

20. The first movie is it. (boring)

than the second. I don't recommend

Superlatives (the top one): When talking about the top one, use the superlative form of the adj. Subj + verb to be + the + adj + complement Alvaro is the tallest student in this class. Lake General Carrera is the biggest lake in Chile. These are the most beautiful glasses they had in the store

Rules: 1 short adjectives (one or two syllabus): You add EST at the end of the adjective. Ex: Small, smallest old, oldest new, newest 2 Adjectives ending in Y: You remove the Y and add IEST. Ex: Dirty, dirtiest noisy, noisiest heavy, heaviest 3 long adjectives (three or more syllabus): You have to write MOST before the adjective. Ex: Beautiful, most beautiful intelligent, most intelligent Expensive, most expensive 4 adjectives with a Consonant-Vowel-Consonant pattern: You double the last consonant of the adjective and add EST. Ex: Sad, saddest hot, hottest big, biggest Irregular adjectives: There is no superlative form for these adjectives, so you have to remember them. Adjective Good Bad Far Superlative Form The Best The Worst The Furthest

Activity

Write the superlative form of the adjective

1. Peter is 2. The Grand Canyon is 3. But 4. John Wayne was 5. Marie is 6. I am 7. He is 8. He is 9. This dog is 10. You are

(intelligent) pupil of the school. (long) canyon in the world.

(deep) is Hell's Canyon. (famous) cowboy in Hollywood. (tall) in the town. (good) pupil in the class. (bad) pupil in the school. (fast) boy in the world. (nice) in the country. (funny) boy in the world.

Asas We use asas to compare things that are equal. Subj + verb to be + as + adj + as + complement

Jennifer is as tall as Tony. This house is as old as that house. Spring is as warm as fall.

We use not asas to say that two things are not equals. Subj + verb to be + not + as + adj + as + complement Jennifer is not (isnt) as tall as Tony. This house is not (isnt) as old as that house. Spring is not (isnt) as warm as fall.

Activity Write as as comparative sentences

1) The blue car is ____________ the red car. (fast) 2) Peter is ____________ Fred. (not/tall) 3) The violin is ____________ the cello. (not/low) 4) This copy is ____________ the other one. (bad) 5) Oliver is ____________ Peter. (optimistic) 6) Today it's ____________ yesterday. (not/windy) 7) The tomato soup was____________ the mushroom soup. (delicious) 8) Grapefruit juice is ________________ lemonade. (not/sweet) 9) Nick is ________________ Kevin. (brave) 10) Silver is ____________ gold. (not/heavy)

Practice Comparative Adjectives http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectivesadverbs/adjectives/exercises http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson12/05.html Comparative v/s superlative http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectivesadverbs/adjectives/compare-exercises?1 http://www.learnenglish.de/Games/Adjectives/CompSup.htm

As as http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectivesadverbs/adjectives/exercises?02 http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/adjectives_adverbs/adjectives_comparison_as_as.htm

CLASS N2: Past of verb to be & prepositions of location

Remember Past of the verb to be Affirmative: I He She It You They We

WAS

WERE

Subj. + was / were + complement Examples: The laptop was here! The keys were in my pocket!

Negative: I He She It You They We

WAS NOT WASNT

WERE NOT WERENT

Subj. + was / were + Not + complement Examples: The pencil wasnt in my handbag The keys werent on the desk.

Questions: I He She It You They We

WAS

WERE

Closed questions

Was / were + Subj. + complement? Examples: Was the pencil on your desk? Were the keys in your bag?

Open questions WH + was / were + Subj. + complement? Examples: Where were the keys? Where was the pencil?

Activity PAST SIMPLE VERB TO BE. Complete with was/ wasnt/ were/ werent

1. I ________ in Canberra last spring and this year I__________ in Rome. 2. We _________ at school last Saturday and this Sunday we ___________ at home. 3. Tina ______ at home yesterday, she ________ at work. 4. You ________ very busy on Friday, _________ you busy today? 5. Jessica and Kimberly _________ late for school yesterday, in fact, they _________ always late. 6. We _______ students in 1990, now we ________ teachers. 7. He _________ in a hurry because there __________ a lot of traffic. 8. Last night you ________ angry because your girlfriend __________ at home. 9. My father ___________ at work yesterday because he ___________ on vacation. 10. Trixi and Felix ______my cats, they died 5 years ago. 11. Susan and Betty __________ good friends when they ____________ at school. 12. They _________ good at sports but they ________ good at maths 2 years ago.

13. They like traveling, they ______ in London this week? 14.It ___________ Sunday today, yesterday it _________ Saturday. 15. I ___________ at home, I ___________ at the gym with some friends. 16. We _______ with friends yesterday, we ________ alone

Practice http://www.language-worksheets.com/was-were-elementary.html http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-1/exercise-english701.php http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/was_not_were_not.htm

Prepositions of locations

Place

Time

Means of transport Walkable

ON
Surfaces Streets Days of the week Dates

Place

Tiime months, years

Means of transport non-walkable

IN
Closed places, city, country

Place

Time

AT
General location institutions open places Address Night Dawn Time

Activity Write the correct preposition IN/ON/AT

1. I get up ___ 6:00. 2. I saw the interview ___ television. 3. I don't work ___ the summer. 4. She lives ___ Main street. 5. He always visits ___ night. 6. I finish school at 4:00 ___ the afternoon. 7. I saw him ___ Sunday. 8. He put the apple ___ the table. 9. He lives ___ 333 Main street. 10. School starts ___August.

Practice Prepositions: IN/ON/AT http://www.lexicali.com/written/basic/prep_inonat.shtml http://a4esl.org/q/h/9704/dg-in-at-on.html http://www.world-english.org/prepositions2.htm http://es.scribd.com/doc/17565909/In-On-At-Exercises

CLASS N3: Simple Past Types of verbs: irregular and regulars Regular Verbs: You have to add ed at the end of the verb. Ex: worked, traveled, decided

Irregular Verbs: You need to memorize the second column of the list of irregular verbs. Ex: Infinitive Go Buy Come Swim Past form went bought came swam

Pronunciation of regular verbs

/t/ After Voiceless sounds (p, k, s, sh, ch, f). Stopped Worked Missed Washed Watched Laughed

/d/ After Voiced sounds (b, g, l, m, n, r, v, z, vowels and semivowels). Stabbed Tagged Called Opened Stirred Loved

/id/ After /t/ or /d/ sounds. Hated Communicated Decided Divided

Activity N1 Put in the past form of these irregular verbs. 1) Go 2) Do 3) Run 4) Stand 5) See 6) Come 7) Have 8) Lose 9) Read 10) Think 11) Tell 12) Sit 13) Say 14) Find

Activity N2 Rewrite the complete phrases into Simple Past. Watch the example. Example: I listen - ________ Answer: I listen - I listened 1) we visit _____________________________ 2) they like _____________________________ 3) she dances _____________________________ 4) I play _____________________________ 5) you carry _____________________________ 6) he stops _____________________________ 7) you change _____________________________ 8) we enjoy _____________________________ 9) she uses _____________________________ 10) you try _____________________________

Simple past We use Simple Past to talk about:

action in the past taking place once, never or several times Example: He visited his parents every weekend.

actions in the past taking place one after the other Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

action in the past taking place in the middle of another action Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Structure Affirmative: Subj.+ Verb past + complement I worked last Monday We bought a car last year

Negative: Subj. + Did + Not + Verb (Infinitive) I did not (didnt) last Monday. We didnt buy a car.

Interrogative: Closed questions Did +Subj. + Verb (Infinitive)? Did you work yesterday? Yes, I did / No, I didnt Did he come to the meeting? Yes, he did / No, he didnt

Open questions (WH) + Did +Subj. + Verb (Infinitive)? Where did the President go? He went to Europe. Activity Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past). Last year I_______ (spend) my holiday in Ireland. It _______ (be) great. I _______ (travel) around by car with two friends and we ________ (visit) lots of interesting places. In the evenings we usually________ (go) to a pub. One night we even ________ (learn) some Irish dances. We ________ (be) very lucky with the weather. It _________ (not / rain) a lot. But we _________ (see) some beautiful rainbows. Where __________ (spend / you) your last holiday? Practice Irregular and regular verbs http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/irregular_verbs/forms.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/irregular_verbs/forms2.htm Simple Past http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/irpast2.htm

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/langan/sentence_skills/exercises/ch0 8/p4exd.htm

CLASS N4: Simple Past + Adverbs of frequency Talking about frequency

Adverbs Always Generally, usually Often Sometimes Occasionally Seldom, rarely Hardly ever Never

Expressions Every Day Week Month Year A day A week A month A year

Once Twice Three times Four times

Rules:

Using Adverbs

Using Expressions

Before the principal verb (except to be) Examples: I usually weekends. went on the

At the end of the sentence Examples: I ate a croissant everyday. I visited museums twice a month. Did you eat croissants everyday?

Did you usually visit museums on weekends? After to be (except in questions) Example: We were always on time. He was never late. Were you always tired?

Activity Put the frequency adverb in the correct place.

a- I visited my grandparents on Sunday afternoons. (always) b - She watched TV on weekends. (often) c - I was busy on Monday mornings. (never) d - They went to the club on Saturdays. (usually) e - I went to work by car. (occasionally) f- He played football on Sundays (hardly ever) g- I was late for work. (sometimes)

Asking about the frequency of the actions in the past How Often + Did + Subj. + Verb (Inf.)? How often did you go to museums? How often did you eat croissants? Activity 1. How often did you eat cereal for breakfast?

2. How often did you use a computer?

3. How often did you speak English?

4. How often did you exercise?

5. How often did you go to the movie theater?

6. How often did you watch TV?

7. How often did you read a book?

8. How often did you go to parties?

9. How often did you eat ice cream?

10. How often did you go to the park?

Practice Adverbs of frequency http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6162 http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6502

CLASS N5: Past Continuous (simple past v/s past continuous)

Past Continuous: We use past continuous to talk about:

Two actions happening at the same time (in the past) While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.

Example:

Actions happening on at a certain (specific) time in the past When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Example:

puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past He was playing football.

Example:

Structure Affirmative: Ex: Subj. + Verb to Be (past) + Verb+ING I We was were sleeping watching

Negative: Ex:

Subj. + Verb to Be (past) + Not + Verb+ING I We wasnt werent watching sleeping

Interrogative:

Closed questions Verb to Be (past) + Subj. + Verb+ING ? Ex: Were you Was watching tv? your son sleeping?

Open questions Ex:

(WH) + Verb to Be (past) + Subj. + Verb+ING ? What Where were was you doing?

your son sleeping?

Activity Put in the verb in brackets into the gaps and form affirmative sentences.

1) She ______ hockey. (to play) 2) They ______ in the pool. (to swim) 3) It ______. (to rain) 4) We______ to music. (to listen) 5) The mobile ______. (to ring) 6) The students______ . (to text) 7) Max ______ with two girls. (to dance)

8) I ______ in front of the shop. (to wait) 9) The cat ______ in the basket. (to sleep) 10) He ______ Gerry's bike. (to repair)

Connectors: When & While

WHILE: We use while to connect simultaneous ideas (past continuous + past continuous). EX: I was cooking while my husband was playing with our son.

WHEN: Its used to connect past continuous (long, background action) and past simple (short, finished action). EX: I was cooking when the phone rang.

Activity WHEN OR WHILE?

I saw him _______ I was on my way home _______he was young, he used to smoke a lot George had a terrible accident _______he was a child _______Jane was taking a bath, the phone rang three times _______ we lived in London, we met many interesting people Where are my friend _______ I most need them? _______ I was driving, I listened to a very interesting radio program Who did you meet _______you arrived to the party? _______I was speaking, they were thinking of something else! I had many problems _______ I was a teenager

Practice Past Continuous http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/past_progressive_negation_sentences.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/past_progressive_mix.htm

Past continuous v/s past simple http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_progressive.htm http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_progressive2.htm

While When http://www.englishtenses.com/test/when_or_while_test http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson22/06.html

CLASS N6: Simple Past + Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of manner When we want to express HOW something happens, we use Adverbs of Manners. Ex: quickly, impatiently, fast, gently, happily Adverbs of manner are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective Adjectives beautiful careful quick quiet soft => Adverbs beautifully carefully quickly quietly softly

 Adverbs formed in this way usually have a similar meaning to the adjective.

Examples:

She is as clever as she is beautiful. He talked so politely and danced so beautifully. We must not talk. We must be quiet, said Rita. She wanted to sit quietly, to relax.

There are sometimes changes in spelling when an adverb is formed from an adjective.

Examples:

-le changes to -ly: gentle => gently -y changes to -ily: easy => easily -ic changes to -ically: automatic => automatically -ue changes to -uly: true => truly -ll changes to -lly: full => fully

We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that already end in -ly. Examples: He smiled at me friendlily. WRONG! He smiled at me in a friendly way. GOOD!

Some adverbs of manner have the same form as adjectives and have similar meanings, for example fast, hard, and late. Examples: I've always been interested in fast cars. (adjective) The driver was driving too fast. (adverb)

Note that hardly and lately are not adverbs of manner and have different meanings from the adjectives hard and late. Examples: It was a hard decision to make. I hardly had any time to talk to her. The train was late as usual. Have you seen John lately?

The adverb of manner related to the adjective good is well. Examples: He is a good dancer. He dances well.

Note that well can sometimes be an adjective when it refers to someone's health. Example: How are you?- I am very well, thank you.

We do not use adverbs after Iink verbs such as be, become, feel, get, look, and seem. You use an adjective after these verbs. For example: Sue felt happily. WRONG! Sue felt happy. GOOD!

We do not often use prepositional phrases or noun groups as adverbials of manner. However, we occasionally need to use them, for example when there is no adverb form available. The prepositional phrases and noun groups usually include a noun such as way, fashion, or manner, or a noun that refers to someone's voice. Examples: She asked me in such a nice manner that I couldn't refuse. He did it the right way. They spoke in angry tones. Prepositional phrases with like are also used as adverbials of manner. I slept like a baby. He drove like a madman. Activity Fill the blanks with the adverbial form of these adjectives

1. Sheila can type ________ (fast). 2. (Lucky) ________, Susan has found her purse. 3. He looked (careful) ________ inside the room. 4. She threw away the letter (nervous) ________. 5. The teacher explained the lesson (slow) ________. 6. The boys meet (regular) ________. 7. He spoke (quiet) ________ so I didn't understand him.

Practice Adverbs of manner http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.adverbs.i.htm http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.adverbs.p.htm http://www.aprenderinglesfacil.es/2009/09/exercises-adverbs-of-manneradverbios.html

CLASS N7: Abilities in the present, past and future

CAN / COULD & BE ABLE TO

CAN and COULD are used Ex: To talk about ability: When I was young I could dance quite well, but now I cant.

Ex:

To talk about possibility: I can come on Monday. She couldnt go to the party, because she was ill.

With certain verbs that do not usually occur in the present continuous tense, e.g. remember, understand, smell, hear, feel, taste, see: I can/could smell something burning

Ex:

BE ABLE TO is used Ex: To give emphasis to a statement of ability or possibility: After her illness she wasnt able to walk for a year.

To express the meaning of manage to or succeed in concerning one specific occasion: Although the sea was rough, they were able to swim to the shore.

Ex:

Ex:

To replace the infinitive and the missing tenses (e.g. present perfect): Id love to be able to sing well.

Ex:

On formal occasions (especially when written): Im afraid we are unable to offer you a refund.

Abilities / possibilities in the present

Abilities / possibilities in the past Affirmatives: I could speak English She could finish it yesterday. Negatives: We couldnt fix it. Interrogative: Could you do it? Yes, I could / No, I couldnt Negative: We werent able to fix it. Interrogative: were you able to do it? Yes, I was / No, I wasnt Affirmative: I was able to speak English. She was able to leave.

Abilities / possibilities in the future:

Affirmative: You will be able to speak English. Negative: He wont be able to make it. Interrogative: Will they be able to speak fluently? Yes, they will / No, they wont

Affirmative: You are going to be able to speak English. Negative: He is not going to be able to make it. Interrogative: Are they going to be able to speak? Yes, they are / No, they arent.

Activity Can, could, be able to

1. The boy ____ been hit by the car, if it hadn't stopped in time. 2. She ____ say her abc's when she was only 3 years old. 3. I ____ go with you tomorrow, I have an appointment. 4. They ____ sell their car for more than what they paid for it. 5. You will ____ read it when I'm through. 6. I ____ stay out late when I was young. 7. She ___ remember the name of the tavern we went to last week. 8. "I ____ drive until I was 21," she said. 9. You have the good fortune to ____ sing well. 10. "Get your coat." "I ____ take you to school this morning."

Practice http://pe.tiching.com/link/64829 http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english7233.php http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=5898

CLASS N8: Quantities in the past, present and future

Countable and uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns Its not possible to count them they dont have plurals Examples: Money. Its possible to count the object, but not to say one money, two moneys, three moneys. Most liquids. Ex: water Things with small grains Ex: Sugar. Also: bread, air, traffic, luggagge. Countable nouns Its possible to count them they have plurals. Example: chairs, tables, windows, etc.

BE CAREFUL with irregular plurals: a people are countable, because its the plural of person. Also: measures (kilos, grams, liters) containers (boxes, bottles, packets, etc.).

Talking about existing quantities COUNTABLE There are many trees in the forest. BIG QUANTITY Many = a lot of = lots of = plenty of UNCOUNTABLE There is a lot of water in the bottle A lot of = lots of = plenty of = much (only for questions and negative sentences)

MEDIUM QUANTITY

There are some trees in the park. Some = several = a few

There is some water in the bottle. Some = a little

SMALL QUANTITY

There are few trees in the garden. There arent any trees in the desert. There are no trees in the desert There are too many people There are enough chairs There are too few chairs.

There is little water in the bottle. There isnt any water in the bottle. There is no water in the bottle. There is too much sugar in this coffee We have enough money. There is too little sugar. There is not enough sugar.

ZERO QUANTITY

EXCESSIVE

SUFFICIENT

UNSUFFICIENT

There are not enough chairs. There are so many people. There are so few participants in this competition

EMPHATICAL (ABOUT BIG QUANTITY) EMPHATICAL (ABOUT SMALL QUANTITY)

There is so much work to do!

There is so little space in this room.

Structure

Uncountable nouns Affirmative: There is was will be little water. enough a lot of no

Countable nouns Affirmative: There are a few chairs. were few will be some Negative:

Negative: There isnt any water. wasnt enough wont be much There arent werent wont be Closed questions: Closed questions: Is there any water? Was there enough water? Will there be water? Yes, there is/was/will be. No, there isnt/wasnt/wont be. Open questions: HOW MUCH water is there? (in the bottle)? was there? will there be? There is a little water. HOW MANY chairs are there (in this classroom)? were there will there be There are 9 chairs. There are many chairs. There is 1 chair. Are there Were there Will there any chairs? enough chairs? be chairs? any chairs. enough many

Yes, there are/were/will be. No, there arent/werent/wont be. Open questions:

Activity N1 Write the correct expression of quantity

1. There were not ________ people left when the party came to an end. 2. We had very________ money left when we came back from holidays. 3. We have got ________news to tell you. 4. How________ sugar do I need for this cake? 5. Not________French people can understand the puns in Shakespeare's plays. 6. There was ________ chance of finding the two mountaineers alive. 7. It was a bad day for fishing. He caught very ________ fish.

8. The old man could not eat solids as he had very ________ teeth left. 9. There has not been ________ sunshine. 10. There was ________ smashed glass on the floor where the windows had been broken.

Activity N2 How much or how many? 1. ______ Lemonade do we have? one liter 2. _______ bottles are there? There is 1 bottle 3. _______ meat is there? There are two steaks 4. _______ bananas do you have? I dont have any banana 5. _______ sugar does she have? There is enough 6. _______ bread s there? Some. 7. _______ pens are in your bag? Six. 8. ______ money do you have? I dont have a lot. 9. ______ bikes are there in the garden? There are two. 10. ______ children are in the kitchen? There are two girls and a boy. 11. ______ milk does she drink? She drinks one and a half liter. 12. ______ years is this wine? Its 22 years old.

Practice Quantities http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6098 http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english18328.php http://khoaanh.hcmup.edu.vn/projects/tilt2008/3C05/Bich.Thu_Thien.Huong/My %20Web%20Sites/hotpot/express_quantity_1.htm

How much / how many http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/05.html http://www.better-english.com/easier/much.htm

CLASS N9: Would + Second conditional

Would: Its used to offer things, make invitations, and polite requests.

Offering things

WOULD + YOU + LIKE + NOUN? Ex: Would you like a cookie?. Would you like a cup of coffee?

Making invitations

WOULD + YOU + LIKE + TO +VERB (INF)? Ex: Would you like to go to the cinema with me? Would you like to come with us? Sorry, I cant.

Making polite requests

WOULD + YOU + VERB (INF)? Ex:

Would you close the door, please?

Would you sign here, please?

Talking about our wishes using the conditional form WOULD

Affirmative:

SUBJ. + WOULD + LIKE + TO VERB (INF) I would like to live travel more often.
OR

SUBJ. + WOULD + VERB (INF) With an extra million pesos, I would buy a flat screen tv.
Negative:

SUBJ. + WOULD + VERB (INF) I wouldnt like to work in a language institute again. I wouldnt spend the money on clothes.

Interrogative:

CLOSED QUESTIONS

WOULD + SUBJ. + VERB (INF)? Would you like to travel to India? Would you save the money in the bank? Yes, I would / No, I wouldnt
OPEN QUESTIONS

(WH-) + WOULD + SUBJ. + VERB (INF)? What countries would you like to visit? (I would like to visit) What would you do with the money? (I would buy)

Activity N1 Complete the following polite requests and suggestions, using the indicated verbs in the Simple conjugation with the auxiliary would. 1. _________ you _________ for some coffee? (to care) 2. ________ you not _________ to visit the library? (to prefer) 3. I think it ______________ wise to let them know. (to be) 4. _________ you please __________ here? (to wait) 5. I _________ not _____________ that excursion. (to recommend) 6. _________ you ___________ the door open? (to hold)

Activity N2 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the brackets 1. We ____________ our best. (to try) 2. _______ you not __________ your glasses? (to need) 3. I ________________ everything carefully. (to plan) 4. _______ they _____________ us? (to remember) 5. _______ he not ________ willing to help them? (to be) 6. _______ she not ________ a good job? (to do) 7. We _______ not __________ much luggage. (to bring) 8. _______ they _____________ their decision? (to reconsider) 9. You _______________ a great deal. (to learn) 10. _______ he not ____________ the tickets ahead of time? (to purchase)

2ND Conditional We use 2nd conditional to: Give advice If you tried again, you would succeed. Talk about a future situation that is unlikely to happen If I won the lottery I would buy a car.

Ex:

Ex:

Structure:

Affirmative:

IF + SIMPLE PAST + SUBJ. + WOULD + VERB (INF)

If I had an extra million pesos, I would buy a flat screen tv.

Negative:

IF + DIDNT + VERB (INF) + SUBJ. + WOULDNT + VERB (INF)

If I didnt have an extra million pesos, I wouldnt buy a flat screen tv.

Interrogative:

Closed question
WOULD + SUBJ. + VERB (INF), IF+ SUBJ. + AFF/ NEG. SIMPLE PAST?

Would you be here if you didnt have the money? Yes, I would / No, I wouldnt

Open question
(WH) + WOULD + SUBJ. + VERB (INF), IF+ SUBJ. + AFF/ NEG. SIMPLE PAST?

What would you do if you had an extra million pesos? (If I had I would)

Activity N3 Fill the gap using the verb in brackets.

1. They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be) 2. If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy) 3. I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay) 4. If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (to have) 5. The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to be) 6. I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love) 7. If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write) 8. If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email. (to have) 9. He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates and sugar. (to stop) 10. We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy) 11. If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to be able to) 12. I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)

Practice Would http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4339 http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would-quiz.htm

2nd conditional http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal6.htm http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional-exercise-1.html http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1890

CLASS N10: Present Perfect v/s Simple Past Remember

I You We They

Have

She He It

Has

Present Perfect This tense is used to talk about:

action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet.

action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner.

finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key.

action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I have never been to Australia To put emphasis on the result. Example: She has written five letters.

Structure:

Affirmative:

Subj. + Have/Has + Verb past part. I have travelled to the USA... She has gone to the USA

Negative:

Subj. + Have/Has + not + Verb past part. Havent / hasnt We havent visited Europe. He hasnt been to Europe.

Closed questions:

Have/Has + Subj. + Verb past part.? Have you travelled to the USA? Has she gone to the USA?

Open questions:

(WH) + Have/Has + Subj. + Verb past part.? Where have you travelled? Who has he gone with?

Signal Words of Present Perfect Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now Examples: She has already done it. I have just discovered the reason. Have you ever been to Africa? I have never smoked a cigarette. I havent finished yet. Everything has been quiet so far. Up to now, we havent found any problem. Till now, I havent seen the results.

Activity Complete the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Kate: Have you ever .......... (be) to New York? Sophie: New York? No I've never ..........(be) there. Have you? Kate: Yes. In fact I've just .......... (come) back from there. I'm doing some consultancy work there and I've .......... (spend) at least six weeks there in the last year.

Sophie: That sounds fabulous. Have you .......... (go up) to the top of the Empire State Building? Kate: No, I .......... (not) yet. I haven't .......... (take) the ferry to Ellis Island either. I've just .......... (have to) work so hard. Though I have .......... (have) dinner at Sardi's and .......... (see) a Broadway show.

Practice Present Perfect http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_statements.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_negation.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/present_perfect.htm

CLASS 11: Present Perfect Continuous v/s Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous We use present perfect continuous to talk about: An action that recently stopped or is still going on Example: I have been living here since 2001. finished action that influenced the present Example: I have been working all afternoon. puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result) Example: She has been writing for two hours.

Structure:

Affirmative:

Subj. + Have/Has + Been + Verb+ing I have been teaching English She has been working hard.

Negative:

Subj. + Have/Has + Not + Been + Verb+ing Havent / Hasnt I havent been reading much. He hasnt been working hard enough.

Closed questions:

Have/Has + Subj. + Been + Verb+ing? Have you been eating properly? Has he been taking naps?

Open questions:

(WH) + Have/Has + Subj. + Been + Verb+ing? Where have you been hiding? Who has he been seeing?

Signal Words of Present Perfect Continuous For, Whole, Since, How long, All day. Examples: Ive been cooking the whole morning. She has been working with us for 5 months. She has been working with us since July. How long has he been watching TV? He has spent all day watching TV.

Activity Fill the gaps using Present Perfect Continuous. 1. The farmer ____________ (plant) trees for two months now. 2. She ____________ (sleep) since this morning. 3. He ____________ (teach) for seven years now. 4. She ____________ (swim) for hours now. 5. They ____________ (hope) for his returning since last week. 6. I ____________ (wait) for twenty minutes. 7. They ____________ (go out) together since last June. 8. We____________ (do) some exercises. 9. I ____________ (wait) for ages. 10. Robert ____________ (learn) English for eight years.

Practice http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_present-perfectcontinuous_quiz.htm

http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_progressive_mix.htm http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/presentperfectcontinuous/exercise2.swf http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.percon.i.htm

CLASS N12: Indefinitive Pronouns + Present Perfect

Indefinitive Pronouns: Its used to talk about unidentified or unknown people, objects and places. -one / -body (people) Every(all) Some(one) No(+ zero) Any(- zero, + one not specific, one?) Everyone Everybody Someone Somebody No one Nobody Anyone Anybody -thing (object) Everything Something Nothing Anything -where (place) Everywhere Somewhere Nowhere Anywhere

Activity Fill in all the gaps with either 'somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything or nothing', 1 I can hear_____________ at the door. 2 Does _____________ want to go to the cinema. 3 A: What are you doing on Saturday? B: _____________. 4 "Can _____________tell me the capital of Mongolia?" 5 "Would you like _____________to eat?" 6 The film was in German so I couldn't understand _____________ they said. 7 I'm sad because_____________ remembered my birthday.

8 As it's your birthday you can order _____________ you like from the menu. 9 Oh no! _____________'s eaten my chocolate mousse. Swine! 10 Poor thing! We have to do_____________ to help.

Practice http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1761 http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm http://www.ingilizcecin.net/indefinite-pronouns-exercises-t3298.0.html

CLASS N 14: Modal Verbs (Can, May, Might, Should, Have to, Could & must)

Modal Verbs: Modals are very special verbs which behave irregularly (we could say that they are verbs, because they carry some meaning, but they behave like auxiliaries).

Some of their characteristics are: They always go with another verb in its infinitive form (without to). They only exist in one (two at the most) tense. The present tense DOES NOT take the s ending for the third person singular (she, he, it). Negative and interrogative sentences are built without the need of another auxiliary.

CAN, COULD & MAY They are used to make requests and ask for permission.

Examples:

Can you open the door for me, please? Can I open the window? Could I use your pen? Could you do me a favor?

May I go to the bathroom? May I take your coat?

May & Might We use May and Might to talk about probabilities

Examples:

It will rain (certain) It may rain (high probability) It might rain (low probability)

Should, Could & Would They are used to give advices.

Examples:

You should apologize. You shouldnt ignore her. You could talk to her. If I were you, I would call her. If I were you, I wouldnt just send her an e-mail.

Must & have to (ought to) To express obligation

Examples:

You must pay the loan. We have to celebrate. I ought to call my mother.

You mustnt steal = prohibition. We dont have to buy that = there is no need.

Activity Make negative sentences. Use the verbs in brackets This car___________ be expensive. It's five years old. (can) You___________ hurry. We have plenty of time. (must) I am afraid I ___________help you now. (can) Well, I don't know. He ___________like it. (may) I ___________ play the piano. (can) You ___________ wash up today. (must) You must try hard. You___________give it up. (may) She___________ go out on Monday. (can)

Practice http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal1.htm http://www.e-grammar.org/modal-verbs-can-may-must/test1-exercise2/ http://www.e-grammar.org/modal-verbs-can-may-must/test2-exercise1/ http://www.e-grammar.org/modal-verbs-can-may-must/test2-exercise2/

CLASS N 15: Reflexive Pronouns + Modal Verbs

Reflexive Pronouns In English, reflexive pronouns are used: To express the idea of alone or without help (usually used with the preposition by). To refer to who receives the action (object) and that happens to be the same as the subject (the action goes back to the doer). To give emphasis to the person who does the action. With reflexive verbs.

Singular Reflexive Pronouns: Myself Yourself Herself Himself Itself

Plural Reflexive Pronouns: Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

Reflexive verbs: The most common are

to enjoy oneself to hurt oneself to kill oneself to market oneself to convince oneself to deny oneself to encourage oneself to pay oneself

Activity Choose the correct reflexive pronouns from the box myself yourself himself herself Itself ourselves yourselves themselves

1) Robert made this T-shirt __________. 2) Lisa did the homework __________ 3) We helped __________ to some cola at the party. 4) Emma, did you take the photo by __________? 5) I wrote this poem__________ . 6) He cut __________ with the knife while he was doing the dishes. 7) The lion can defend __________. 8) My mother often talks to__________. 9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help __________. 10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers__________.

Practice http://www.aprenderinglesfacil.es/2010/03/exercises-pronombres-reflexivosii.html http://www.english-4u.de/refl_pronouns_ex1.htm http://www.english-4u.de/refl_pronouns_ex2.htm

CLASS N16: Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns: We use the relative pronouns to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding more information. They are used to join two or more sentences.

Who: used to refer to people as subject.

Examples: This is the man. This man tried to steal my purse. This is the man who tried to steal my purse.

Whom: used to refer to people as object.

Examples: This is the man. I work with him. This is the man [whom] I work with.

Which: used to refer to things (as subject or object).

Examples: Bring the book! The book is on the table. Bring the book which is on the table!

Bring the book! You bought the book. Bring the book [which] you bought.

That: used to refer to people or things

Examples: This is the man. This man tried to steal my purse. This is the man that tried to steal my purse. Bring the book! The book is on the table. Bring the book that is on the table!

Whose: used to refer to belongings.

Examples: This is a man. His dream came true. This is a man whose dream came true.

Where: used to refer to places.

Examples: This is the city. I grew up in this city. This is the city where I grew up. When: used to refer to time.

Examples: I moved to Santiago in 1997. That year I started my college studies. I moved to Santiago when I started my college studies.

Activity Fill the gaps using the following relative pronouns who, which or whose 1) I talked to the girl ____________ car had broken down in front of the shop. 2) Mr Richards, ____________ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. 3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich____________ is in East Anglia. 4) This is the girl____________ comes from Spain. 5) That's Peter, the boy ____________ has just arrived at the airport.

6) Thank you very much for your e-mail____________ was very interesting. 7) The man, ____________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. 8) The children, ____________ shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9) The car, ____________ driver is a young man, is from Ireland. 10) What did you do with the money ____________ your mother lent you?

NON-DEFINING relative clauses: These are used to add extra information which is not necessary. We put commas between the noun and a non-defining relative clause. That cannot be used to replace who or which. Example: The kids, who were playing in the backyard, broke the window.

DEFINING relative clauses These are used to specify which person or thing we mean. We don't put commas between the noun and a defining relative clause. Example: The kids who were playing in the backyard broke the window.

Activity Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where necessary. a) b) c) d) e) The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party. Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'. Mr Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attending the party next weekend. f) The author's latest book which has become a bestseller is about two children in Jamaica.

Practice Relative pronouns http://www.english-test.net/esl/learn/english/grammar/ei039/esl-test.php http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1255 http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/51.html

Defining and non defining relative clauses http://www.better-english.com/grammar/nondef.htm http://www.e-grammar.org/relative-clauses/test1-exercise3/ http://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int_unit_page/unit3/grammar/exercise2;jses sionid=A00A29C43EF95E46D4A2E3F0AA3657C2?cc=cl&selLanguage=en

CLASS N 17: Used to & would + Past

Used to When talking about past habits or long-lasting situations (that are different now) we use: used to + verb (inf) Example: I used to practice horse-back riding.

In some cases, there is no big difference with the simple past (I practiced horseback riding), but you must be careful. Compare: He was married v/s He used to be married.

Structure: Affirmative: Subj. + used to + Verb (inf) + Complement Example I used to be a vegetarian.

Negative:

Subj. + didnt + used to + Verb (inf) + Complement Subj. + used + Not + to + Verb (inf) + Complement I didnt use to eat meat. I used not to eat meat.

Example

Interrogative: Closed questions Did + Subj. + used to + Verb (inf) + Complement? Example Did you use to eat fish?

Open questions Did + Subj. + used to + Verb (inf) + Complement? Example What did you use to eat?

Would When we talk about a repeated behavior in the past, we can use would + verb (inf). Ex: Every dinner time was the same, we would wait for our father to come home and, while we were eating, he would tell us stories about the medical cases he had seen that day. I used to ask her to help me, but she wouldnt do it, so I stopped asking her. Would describes past events and actions. It cannot be used to refer to past states. To describe past states we can only use used to: Examples I used to live in that house over there. (NOT: I would live in that house over there.) I used to own a 1966 Silver Cloud Rolls Royce. (NOT I would own a 1966 Silver Cloud Rolls Royce.)

Activity Fill the gaps using used to or would

1. I ___________ be very shy. Whenever we had guests at home, I hide in my room. 2. When I were children, we ___________ visit my grandmother every Sunday. 3. Ten years ago I ___________ have a motorbike. 4. There ___________ be quite a lot of cinemas in the town, but now there aren't any. 5. Last Summer, my sister and I took a camping trip in the Five Fingers Mountains. It was a wonderful experience. Every morning, we___________ wake up to the sound of singing birds.

Practice http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english26509.php http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/past1c.html http://www.cip.dauphine.fr/riccioli/mathsdecisionmd2/mathsrevision1jan06/woul dused.htm