Example 1

FloSystem User Course Well Model Building and Calibration Naturally Flowing Oil Well

Overview

Data Entry
Well Deviation Data Well Completion Data Reservoir Fluid Data Reservoir Rock Data Measured Data

Data Matching
Inflow / Outflow curves Pressure-Depth profiles

Well Details
Mid-perf depth - 8500 ft MD 4.5 OD, 4 ID, 11.6 ppf tubing to 3460 ft MD 3.5 OD, 3 ID, 9.2 ppf tubing to 5000 ft MD 2.875 OD, 2.441 ID, 6.4 ppf tubing to 7000 ft MD 7 OD, 6.3 ID, 23 ppf casing to 8500 ft MD Oil 38 API Water Gravity: 1.1 Gas Gravity: 0.82 GOR : 400 scf/stb Water-cut: 17% Res. Press.: 3800 psia Pb : 1850 psia Res. Temp.: 187 oF PI: 3.6 stb/day/psi Bo : 1.2 rb/stb

Dataprep General
Select File - New Select DataPrep - General

Report Labelling

Datum
Double-click on Xmas Tree Enter Datum details

Datum

Rotary Kelly Bushing Wellhead Elevation Mean Sea Level

Sea Bed

Deviation Data
Select Dataprep - Deviation Data - Well Data Insert three lines, enter MD, TVD pairs - edit last row to 8500, 7500

Well Components
Select Dataprep - Equipment Data - Well Data Enter data (node depth is BOTTOM of component)

Well Components

Select Config - Preferences View Component name only Try changing view from text to icons using View - Display as Text or Display as icons In Config-Preferences, view MD, component data, etc.

Completion Editing
Go Back to Deviation Data Highlight 7000 - Insert Row Enter MD 6000 and TVD 5200 Note that a new node has been inserted in Tubing 3 Double-click on the lower section of Tubing 3 Re-label as Tubing 3b. Call the upper part Tubing 3a. Select Configure - Preferences and include all the options in the text display

PVT Data Entry

Select Dataprep - Reservoir Control - Fluid Parameters Enter
Oil Gravity Gas Gravity Water Gravity GOR Water Cut 38 API 0.82 1.1 400 scf/STB 17 %

Select Check: Pressure 3800 psi, Temp 187 oF Note Glasos correlation results Pb =1715 psi, Bo = 1.20129

PVT Data Matching

Select Match, change temp to 187 oF, enter 1850 psi beside temp and Calculate Note Pb = 1715 psi. Press Best Fit Note new Pb = 1850 PSI Select Form. Vol. Factor as Match Property Change pressure to 3800 psi Enter 1.20 as Bo beside 187 oF, 3800 psi field Calculate - Best Fit to tune Bo Glasos correlation is now tuned for use throughout the well model

IPR Data Entry

Select Manual Entry model and Edit Layer Enter layer pressure = 3800 psi, temp = 187 oF and PI = 3.6 STB/day / psi Select Choose IPR and Vogel, then Plot Minimise graphing window Select Norm. Pseudo Pressure and Plot Select Straight Line and Plot Note that all three IPRs are plotted on the same graph

IPR Data Entry (contd.)

Maximise graphing window Double Click on Y axis, note that the Round option is selected Note the other options Click Edit , observe options of changing axes, titles, activate the coordinates and add a description of the graph. You can save the graph configuration as a template (File - Save Template) and also print it. (File - Print) Close the graphing window and select Vogel model for use in the rest of the exercise Select OK until returned to the icon display

Measured Data
Use Notepad to view the file EX1.RVP (ASCII File) This file contains one line - 5900 2200 - the first number is observed surface flowrate in STB and the second is well flowing pressure at that rate - this is the measured data to which we will match the model Return to WellFlo Select File - Load Measured Data Flowrate versus Pressure Load EX1.RVP - note one pair of values reported as read , it is possible to load multiple pairs. Display on the Choose IPR plot.

Well Model Tuning

Select Analysis - Operating point Select Edit Rates
Select Rate in lower left of screen / 1000 / 10,000 and 9 steps, select Fill and OK

Tatm. = 60oF Pwh = 200 psia (Top node Xmas Tree) Check Sensitivity Off (both) Set Correlation to Duns and Ros (std) Select Calculate and on completion of calculation Results and Plot . Selecting Measured Data on then Plot to see the Inflow /Outflow plot

Well Model Tuning

Note that the model represents a reasonable match to observed data. On Nodal Analysis screen select Sensitivities Select Flow Correlation as sensitivity 1 and edit
(1) Duns and Ros (std); (2) Beggs and Brill (std) (3) Hagedorn and Brown (std); (4) Orkizewski

Return to Nodal Analysis. Switch Sensitivity 1 on and Calculate. On completion, select Results and Plot and All Values for sensitivity 1 and Plot again The four outflow curves are plotted with the IPR

Well Model Tuning

Zoom on the region of the plot where the intersections and observed data are. Switching on Iterate To Exact Operating Point will give a more accurate operating point. This option should always be used. Note that Hagedorn & Brown (std) comes closest to the observed data. To get a better match, tune the correlation to the measured data using the L- factor as a sensitivity. L modifies the computed pressure gradients. An acceptable range for L is 0.9 to 1.1.

Well Model Tuning

How should the productivity index be changed to obtain a match on the inflow curve? What other reservoir parameter could be the cause of the slight mismatch? What else could be at fault?

Well Model Tuning

Return to the Fluid Parameters section and re-tune the formation volume factor to 1.3 Repeat the calculation with the same sensitivity values and note that the observed data now plots closer to the Duns and Ros correlation outflow curve. Return the Bo tuning to 1.2 and select the Hagedorn and Brown (std) correlation. Switch off sensitivity and calculate and plot the inflow/outflow curve. Note the well flowrate reported on the graph Return to graphical editor.

Well Model Tuning Pressure vs Depth

Select File - Load Measured Data - Depth (MD) vs. Pressure (and Temp), & load EX1.DVP Select Analysis and Pressure Drop and enter the operating rate you just obtained
start node is Xmas Tree at 200 psia solution node (end node) is Casing (mid-perfs)

Calculate and plot results as Pressure vs. Measured Depth, including measured data Try Operating Point calculation mode with Iterate to exact switched on. This will automatically provide you with a pressure-depth plot at the appropriate operating rate.

Data Matching
Pressure vs.Depth

Return to Pressure-Drop Calculation, switch on sensitivity 1 (flow correlations) and Calculate. Now plot pressure versus depth with All values set in the sensitivity option. The Hagedorn and Brown (std) correlation gives the best match to the whole flowing gradient survey. Switch off Sensitivity 1. Reverse the Pressure-Drop calculation with start node as casing (what pressure?), and solution node as Xmas tree. Compare the computed and measured data, especially the THP.

Summary
A naturally flowing oil well was used to demonstrate model building and calibration The same procedures can be applied to oil wells on artificial lift (gas-lift or ESP), gas and condensate producers and gas or water injectors.