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Front. Psychol., 17 October 2013 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00753

The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review


David P. Luke1* and Devin B. Terhune2*
Department o f Co unselling & Psycho lo gy, University o f Greenwich, Eltham, UK Department o f Experimental Psycho lo gy, University o f Oxfo rd, Oxfo rd, UK

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Despite the general consensus that synaesthesia emerges at an early developmental stage and is only rarely acquired during adulthood, the transient induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents has been frequently reported in research on different psychoactive substances. Nevertheless, these effects remain poorly understood and have not been systematically incorporated. Here we review the known published studies in which chemical agents were observed to elicit synaesthesia. Across studies there is consistent evidence that serotonin agonists elicit transient experiences of synaesthesia. Despite convergent results across studies, studies investigating the induction of synaesthesia with chemical

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agents have numerous methodological limitations and little experimental research has been conducted. Cumulatively, these studies implicate the serotonergic system in synaesthesia and have implications for the neurochemical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon but methodological limitations in this research area preclude making firm conclusions regarding whether chemical agents can induce genuine synaesthesia.
Ke ywo rds: drugs, sero to nin, synaesthesia Cit at io n: Luke DP and Terhune DB (20 13) The inductio n o f synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review. Front. Psychol . 4 :753. do i: 10 .338 9 /fpsyg.20 13.0 0 753 Re ce ive d: 27 June 20 13; Acce pt e d: 27 September 20 13; Publishe d o nline : 17 Octo ber 20 13. Edit e d by: Re vie we d by: Michael Banissy, Go ldsmiths University o f Lo ndo n, UK Asifa Majid, Radbo ud University Nijmegen, Netherlands David Brang, No rthwestern University, USA

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Co pyright 20 13 Luke and Terhune. This is an o pen-access article distributed under the terms o f the Creative Co mmo ns Attributio n License (CC BY). The use, distributio n o r repro ductio n in o ther fo rums is permitted, pro vided the o riginal autho r(s) o r licenso r are credited and that the o riginal publicatio n in this jo urnal is cited, in acco rdance with accepted academic practice. No use, distributio n o r repro ductio n is permitted which do es no t co mply with these terms. *Co rre spo nde nce : David P. Luke, Department o f Co unselling & Psycho lo gy, University o f Greenwich, Avery Hill Ro ad, Eltham, Lo ndo n, SE9 2UG, UK e-mail: d.p.luke@gre.ac.uk; Devin B. Terhune, Department o f Experimental Psycho lo gy, University o f Oxfo rd, So uth Parks Ro ad, Oxfo rd, OX1 3UD, UK e-mail: devin.terhune@psy.o x.ac.uk

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These autho rs have co ntributed equally to this wo rk.


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