TORQUE DIAGRAM FOR THE WING

In the aircraft wing, at any section, the net aerodynamic force always acts at the centre of pressure. For convenience, we assume the aerodynamic force to act through the aerodynamic centre since this point is fixed for a given aerofoil section and does not depend on factors like angle of attack. Along with the force, we also have a moment about the aerodynamic centre Ma.c which has a constant value. Since the centre of pressure is always located behind the aerodynamic centre, Ma.c is always a nosedown moment. In this section, we analyse the torque or twist distribution along the wingspan. It is known that when a force acts through the shear centre of a section, no rotation is produced in the section. Applying this concept, we shift the aerodynamic forces to the shear centre. In performing this shift, in addition to the existing Ma.c, an additional moment due to the shifting is also to be considered. The variation of net moment per unit span about the section wise shear centre is investigated in this section. We resolve the aerodynamic forces acting on each section of the wing into components normal and parallel to the chord. Since the parallel component passes through the shear centre, it does not contribute to any torque. Only the normal force component contributes to section torque. For the preliminary analysis, we assume the shear centre to lie at 0.35c from the leading edge. Since this location is very close to the C.G location (0.32c), and because weight is a relieving force as far as section twist is concerned, we neglect the contribution of weight towards torque distribution. For the aircraft, at cruise
CL = 0.4057 CD = 0.03352882949 = 0.37812 kg/m3 V = 980.538 km/hr =272.37167 m/s = 2.05 For the wing, airfoil section is NACA 2301163. For this, xa.c = 0.265c CMa.c = 0.009

The normal force coefficient is given by

CN = CL cos +CD sin where : angle of attack Using the above expression, CN = 0.4066397287 We have the expression for torque per unit span, given by T =CMac V2 C2/2+ CN V2 C (xsc xac)/2 For the wing, we have the variation of chord given by C= 2.0518+0.190488 x Using the above data, we have T= T = -126.2310022 T = 358. Upon integrating the above equation, we have the spanwise torque variation for one wing, given by T= 119. ( ) 0 16.158 +484.7884379
( )

Using the above expression, the torque diagram for the wing is obtained and plotted below:
Twisting moment variation 18000 16000 14000 Twisting moment (N-m) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Distance along the wingspan from wing-tip (m)