Darrell Rasco Aerospace Engineering November 2012

Altitude ft 0 7000 14000 21000 28000 35000

Lift lbs 621 504 404 320 250 193

Drag lbs 51 43 35 28 22 17

Inputs Speed: 100mph Cessna (2412) Angle of Attack: 0 Span: 20' Chord Length: 5'

Lift and Drag vs Altitude

700 600 500 Force (lbs) 400 300 200 100 0 0 7000 14000 21000 28000 35000 Altitude (ft) Lift lbs Drag lbs

Conclusion: As altitude increases, lift and drag derease nonlinearly. (Air density and altitude have a nonlinear relationship, so even though lift/drag have a linear relationship with density, it dows not with altitude.) Lift is always higher than drag, which is good if we are flying. This makes sense because as altitude increases, pressure decreases, making our lift and drag decrease. As altitude increased temperature decreased, then leveled out at -70 C

Velocity mph 0 50 100 150 200

Lift lbs 0 13 52 115 200

Drag lbs 0 155 621 1398 2486

Inputs Altitude: 0' Cessna (2412) Angle of Attack: 0 Span: 20' Chord Length: 5'

Lift and Drag vs Altitude

3000 2500 2000 Force (lbs) 1500 1000 500 0 0 50 100 Velocity (mph) 150 200 Lift lbs Drag lbs

Conclusion: As velocity increased, lift and drag increased exponentially. This is explained by the lift equation in which velocity is squared.

0.1 0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Airfoil

Cessna 2412 at 0 Angle of Attack Conclusion: The pressure on the upper surface quickly drops, this is because the max camber is close to the leading edge. The pressure on the bottom surface has an opposite trend. The pressure at the bottom is greater than the top at any given x-value.

Conclusion: Lift increases with angle of attack up to a certain point and then it decreases. For this airfoil to decrease around 13, which makes sense because that is where most planes experience stall. Stall occurs when the air separates from the wing.

Drag has a similar relationship with angle of attack except it increases with negative angles of attack up to a certain point. The related coefficients have the same relationship with angle of attack, which makes sense since lift and drag have a direct relationship with their coefficients.

Lift and Drag have linear relationships with area and density. This makes sense because area and density have a direct influence of the lift/drag equation.

10 20 30 40

0 0.00645 0.02580 0.05805 0.10320

5 0.02126 0.08504 0.19135 0.34018

LIFT (lbs) Angle of Attack 7 10 13 0.02681 0.03467 0.04043 0.10723 0.13866 0.16170 0.24128 0.31199 0.36383 0.42894 0.55464 0.64680

16 0.04130 0.16520 0.37171 0.66082

20 0.03153 0.12613 0.28380 0.50453

Velocity (mph)

Lift
0.70000 0.60000 0.50000 0.40000 0.30000 0.20000 0.10000 0.00000 0 5 13 Angle of Attack (degrees) 7 10

30 mph 10 mph 20 Air Velocity 16 0.00863 0.03451 0.07764 0.13802

16

10 20 30 40

0 0.00053 0.00212 0.00478 0.00849

5 0.00223 0.00892 0.02007 0.03567

DRAG (lbs) Angle of Attack 7 10 13 0.00329 0.00534 0.00746 0.01317 0.02134 0.02983 0.02962 0.04802 0.06713 0.05266 0.08536 0.11934

20 0.00754 0.03015 0.06784 0.12061

Velocity (mph)

Drag
0.14000 0.12000 0.10000 0.08000 0.06000 0.04000 0.02000 0.00000 0 5 13 Angle of Attack (degrees) 7 10

16

10 mph 20

Air Velocity

30 mph

Lift vs. Air Velocity for different Angles of Attack

1.000000

0.800000

Lift (LBS)

0.600000

0.400000

0.200000

0.000000 0 0 Degrees 10 20 10 Degrees 30 40 Air Velocity (MPH) 15 Degrees 50 20 Degrees 60 70 25 Degrees 80

Conclusion: As Air Velocity increased Lift increased exponentially, this is to be expected. Lift levels off when it reaches 60-65 mph. This is because of deflection inside the wind tunnel. Stall is experienced when wind starts to slow down on the airfoil. The wind tunnel does not allow the wind to slow down which prevents stall.

Drag vs. Air Velocity for different Angles of Attack

1.000000

0.800000

Drag (LBS)

0.600000

0.400000

0.200000

0.000000 0 0 Degrees 10 20 10 Degrees 30 40 Air Velocity (MPH) 15 Degrees 50 20 Degrees 60 70 25 Degrees 80

Conclusion: As Air Velocity increased Drag increased exponentially. 25 Angle of Attack has the most drag. The drag values decrease as AoA decreases. 0 AoA has the least drag. This makes sense because when the wing has a steeper angle it deflects more air causing wind resistance and therefore more drag.

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Lift to Drag Ratio vs. Air Velocity for different Angles of Attack

Lift to Drag Ratio

20 0 Degrees

30 10 Degrees

40

50 Air Velocity (MPH) 15 Degrees

60 20 Degrees

70 25 Degrees

80

10 has the best lift/drag ration, followed by 15, 0, 20, and finally 25. 15 and 20 had the highest lift values, but also had high drag values which decreased the ratio.