Professional Documents
Culture Documents
teaching done by the teacher. Consequently, better teaching should always bring
about better learning and better learning should always show better teaching
without necessary tools, teachers are handicapped. And it is sad to know that
approximately half of the teachers they interviewed rated their teaching materials
as “poor”.
one needs a lot of strategies to better achieve his goal, which is to create an
added that a great deal has been said that teaching is one of the most important
Laboratory Method
chemistry is that despite all of the advances in theory during the past fifty years,
can’t understand chemistry better just knowing its definition, its properties and
composition, the laws and principles that govern these changes but by making
laws and other facts as well as to study such relationship and discover new facts
not only as a tool to learn chemistry, but also as a method to learn life skills
teaching procedure (Walton, 1966). To use this method, the instructor should give
the necessary directions for work and provide manuals and workbooks to the
students.
Johnstone (1991), when he pointed out that in the laboratory not only concept
learned and applied but new skills, equipment and terms are encountered that
must be learned and aced upon within the limited time period. The fundamental
experiences in handling new data, materials and apparatus which cannot be fully
deteriorated to the point where it is often uninspired, tedious, and dull. Thus
10
many students find chemistry irrelevant and boring. Johnstone and El- Banna
Lecture Method
can be ineffective regardless of one’s skill as a teacher. The use of pauses during
lectures for direct oral questioning creates interaction between teacher and
students. Unfortunately, when classes are large, the teacher cannot possibly
interact with all students on each point. The learning effectiveness of the lecture
objectives before the lecture, the teacher enables them to listen more
effectively. It helps them to take concise, brief notes concerning the objectives
which make mans’ work easier. It also refers to the latest advancements in
computers and electronics as well as to the social and political environment and
increase their access to the curriculum especially those children with a variety of
on the way to achieving goals in many subject areas by using computer as a tool.
The collaborative use of a highly motivational tool such as the computer provides
the world. Websites from many thousands of miles away can be downloaded in a
matter of seconds in the computer right inside the classrooms. Moreover, there is
a finding that for many children whose lives will increasingly be dominated by
skills, which children develop are not unique to the work they undertake in the
12
computer but such small group work may be effective in allowing personal
development alongside any other learning that takes place (Gonzales, 1998).
information in a dynamic slide show format. Text, charts, graphs, sound effects
and video are just some of the elements PowerPoint can incorporate into one’s
(http://www.actden.com/pp2003/guide.htm)
“Do-It-Yourself” Instrument
heavy tables with numerous cases whose shelves are plentiful stock of
operation, formulating its principles, and systematizing them. The question might
with real laboratories. Realizing the need of such adaptation after a careful study
of the purpose of the laboratory method, leading educators have formulated the
form of real, present experiences”. This practice contrasts with the method in
which the subject matter is derived through the medium of books or teachers or
various communities that focus on people creating things for themselves without
the aid of paid professionals. The notion is largely made possible by living in a
modern industrial society, and is related in philosophy to the Arts and Crafts
movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many modern DIY
subcultures take the traditional Arts and Crafts movement's rebellion against the
explicitly critiques modern consumer culture, which emphasizes that the solution
technologies into their own hands to solve needs. Actually, the actual activity of
DIY goes back through the ages. Since the beginning of time, people have used
their own abilities and available tools and technologies to take care of their own
needs.
STIP was institutionalized as NSTIC by virtue of Executive Order No. 112 signed
by then His Excellency President Fidel V. Ramos, and was fully operated as such
in 1995.
14
name suggests, this equipment is the kind that teachers will have to make
themselves. The teachers will be trained and provided with a complete guide on
The DIY design utilizes the blue PVC pipe and fittings and aluminum
curtain rail for the main parts. Bulldog clips replace the expensive laboratory
clamps. Other parts use common household items such as drinking straws, party
(http://www.nstic.net.ph/).
division chiefs supervise their respective divisions. The Center has a total staff
Science II-Biology, Science III-Chemistry, and Science IV-Physics. There are two
hand, the DIY science equipment is low-cost type and can be manufactured by
science equipment and can be easily constructed since it is simple, although not
comparable to the precision, quality and rigidity of the standard ones; still, it is
(http://www.nstic.net.ph/annualreport.htm).
Hot air balloons were extremely popular at that time and scientists were
eager to improve the performance of their balloons. Two of the prominent French
the gas. Given the interest in hot air balloon at that time, it is easy to understand
gas.
It is expected that the volume of the gas will increase as the temperature
happens if the temperature is lowered to a point where the volume drops to zero?
volume drops to zero must, in some sense, be the lowest temperature that can
be achieved. (http://www.chm.davidson.edu/chemistryapplets/gaslaws.html).
16
Atmospheric Pressure
Air is a tangible material substance and as a result has mass. Any object
with mass is influenced by the universal force known as gravity. Newton's Law of
Universal Gravitation states: any two objects separated in space are attracted to
each other by a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the
(http://www.2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/prs/def.rxml).
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure
of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid. A liquid in
a vacuum environment has a lower boiling point than when the liquid is at
boiling point than when the liquid is at atmospheric pressure. In other words, the
boiling point of liquids varies with and depends upon the surrounding
environmental pressure.
The normal boiling point (also called the atmospheric boiling point or the
atmospheric pressure boiling point) of a liquid is the special case in which the
vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea
becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and lift the liquid to form
bubbles inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point is now (as of
pressure of 1 bar.
vaporize a saturated liquid (i.e., a liquid at its boiling point) into a vapor. Liquids
may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the
molecules located near the vapor/liquid surface escape into the vapor phase. On
the other hand, boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid
(http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7d.html).
(http://www2.volstate.edu/chem/111internet/Solutions/electrolytes.html).
Strong Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes are substances that only exist as ions in solution. Ionic
compounds are typically strong electrolytes. Strong acids, strong bases and salts
(http://www2.volstate.edu/chem/111internet/Solutions/electrolytes.html).
Weak Electrolytes
relatively few ions. Polar covalent compounds are typically weak electrolytes.
(http://www2.volstate.edu/chem/111internet/Solutions/electrolytes.html).
Nonelectrolytes
not produce any ions. Nonelectrolytes are typically polar covalent substances
(http://www2.volstate.edu/chem/111internet/Solutions/electrolytes.html).
Tyndall Effect
suspension in a transparent medium. It is often seen from the dust in the air
clouds. It is seen when headlight beams are visible on foggy nights and in most
X-File episodes when Moulder and Sculley check out some dark place with
flashlights.
19
In liquids the Tyndall effect can be easily seen by using a laser pointer. If
you dilute milk to where it is almost clear, or if you have any type of sol, such as
colloidal silver, then the beam of the laser can be easily seen as it travels through
the liquid.
Tyndall effect is seen here using a laser pointer. The glass on the left
contains 5 ppm of HVAC colloidal silver and the one on the right is from the tap
after the bubbles have settled out. Fairly large particle size was used for this
quality CS will have a faint, but perceivable Tyndall when viewed in a darkened
room (http://silver-lightning.com/tyndall/).