The Periodic Table Notes

The Periodic Table of
Elements
1
1
18
13 14 15 16 17
1.008
2
3
10
Be
Ne
6.941
9.012
11
12
Na
Mg
24.305
9 10 11 12
10.811
12.001
14.007
15.999
18.998
20.180
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
26.982
Si
28.086
30.974
32.066
Cl
35.453
Ar
39.948
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
44.956
Cr
Mn
40.078
Ti
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
47.87
50.942
51.996
54.938
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
85.468
87.62
92.906
95.94
Tc
55
88.906
91.224
56
71
72
73
Cs
Ba
Lu
137.327
174.967
Hf
Ta
87
88
103
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
132.905
4.003
39.098
He
Li
22.990
Lr
(262)
55.845
44
Ru
72.61
74.922
78.96
79.904
83.80
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
107.868
112.4
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.29
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
116
Uuh
117
118
Uus
Uuo
Os
104
105
106
107
Rf
Db
Actinides
69.723
106.42
Re
Lanthanides
65.39
102.906
(262)
63.546
101.07
183.84
(261)
58.69
(98)
180.95
178.49
58.933
186.207
192.217
195.078
Pt
Au
Hg
108
109
110
111
Mt
112
Uub
190.23
Sg
Bh
Hs
(266)
(264)
(269)
Ir
(268)
196.967
Ds
Rg
(269)
(272)
200.59
(285)
204.383
207.2
208.980
113
114
115
Uut
Uuq
Uup
(284)
(289)
(288)
(209)
(292)
(210)
(222)
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
140.116
140.908
164.930
167.26
168.934
Yb
138.906
144.24
Pm
173.04
(145)
150.36
151.964
157.25
158.925
162.50
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
232.038
231.036
238.029
(257)
(258)
(259)
(227)
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
Periodic Periodic Law Periodic Table

Something periodic occurs at regular or at
least generally predictable intervals
Periodic law - physical and chemical
properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers
Periodic Table of Elements a table of
the elements, arranged by atomic number,
that shows the patterns in their
properties; based on the periodic law
Can you think of anything that is periodic?
Element
A pure substance made up of one kind of
atom that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances by physical or
chemical means
90 occur naturally on earth
25 were synthesized (made) by scientists
http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAnOUwPfHlk
Dmitri Mendeleev
In the 1860s he
devised a periodic
table where the
elements were
ordered by their
atomic masses
He did this by
grouping elements
together according to
their similarities
Image taken from:
http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2006-04-18/fido-luxuriantflowinghair/mendeleev/
Mendeleevs Published Periodic Table of Elements
Why do you think there are question marks here?

Image taken from: http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/periodictable/post16/develop/mendeleev.htm
Mendeleevs Predictions
Although Mendeleevs Periodic Table of Elements
had missing elements or gaps, he was able to
predict the characteristics of these missing
elements because of Periodic Law.
Ekasilicon
Date
Predicted
Atomic Mass
1871
72
Germanium
Date
Discovered
1886
Atomic Mass
72.6
Density
5.5 g/cm3
Density
5.47 g/cm3
Bonding
Power
Bonding
Power
Color
Dark Gray
Color
Grayish
White
Notice how
Mendeleevs
predictions
(orange column)
were very
accurate when
compared to
Germaniums
actual
characteristics
(green column)
Henry Moseley
In 1914, his work led
to a revision of the
periodic table by
rearranging the
elements by their
atomic numbers
He concluded that the
number of protons in
an atom is its atomic
number
Sample X-ray
Spectra
Image taken from:

http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/
3 Classes of Elements
1
1
1.008
2
3
Li
Be
6.941
9.012
11
12
Na
Mg
22.990
10
17
He
4.003
10
Ne
10.811
15 16
11 12
20.180
12.001
14.007
15.999
18.998
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
44.956
Cr
Mn
40.078
Ti
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
47.87
50.942
51.996
54.938
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
85.468
87.62
92.906
95.94
Tc
88.906
91.224
(98)
55.845
44
Ru
101.07
58.933
58.69
63.546
65.39
69.723
72.61
74.922
78.96
79.904
83.80
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.4
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.29
55
56
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
Lu
Ta
137.327
174.967
Hf
Re
Os
190.23
Ir
192.217
Pt
195.078
Au
Hg
200.59
Tl
204.383
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.980
Po
At
Rn
103
112
Uub
113
114
115
117
118
Uut
Uuq
Uup
116
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
(284)
(289)
(288)
68
69
70
132.905
13 14
19
39.098
24.305
18
Classas a guide,
Color color
Using this
Metal
code your
periodic table to
Non-Metal
show the three classes. Start
Metalloid
by highlighting
the zig-zag.
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
Lr
(262)
178.49
180.95
183.84
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
(266)
(264)
(269)
(269)
(272)
(261)
Lanthanides
Actinides
(262)
57
58
186.207
59
60
Nd
La
Ce
Pr
138.906
140.116
140.908
144.24
(268)
61
62
Pm
Sm
(145)
150.36
196.967
63
Eu
151.964
(285)
64
Gd
157.25
65
Tb
158.925
66
Dy
162.50
67
(209)
(292)
(210)
(222)
Er
Tm
164.930
167.26
168.934
173.04
Ho
Yb
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
232.038
231.036
238.029
(257)
(258)
(259)
(227)
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
Metals
Location
Found on the left of the
zigzag line/staircase on
the periodic table
(exception Hydrogen)
Chemical Properties
Have few electrons in
their outer energy level,
thus lose electrons
easily
Physical Properties
ductile, good
conductors, malleable,
shiny, most are solid @
room temperature
79
Au
196.967
11
Na
22.990
Image taken from:

http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/E
lement-Photo-Gallery.--98/Sodium.htm
What metal is not a solid

@ room temperature?
Atoms with Few Electrons in

their Outer Energy Level
Notice: only 1
electron in outer
level
+
-
+ +
++
+
+
++
+ +
++ +
Notice: only
2 electrons
in outer level
Be
22.990
9.012
Na
11
Non-Metals
Location
Most found to the right of
the zigzag line/staircase on
the periodic table
Chemical Properties
Most have almost full outer
energy levels, thus they
tend to gain electrons;
some have completely full
outer level
Physical Properties
not ductile or malleable,
not shiny, poor conductors,
most are solid, but some
are gas at room
temperature
17
Cl
35.453
Image taken from:

http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm
16
S
32.066
Image taken from:

https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp
Atoms with Full or Almost Full

Outer Energy Level
8
15.999
++ +
+ + +
+ +
Notice: 2
electrons in
outer level
FULL
+
-
He
4.003
Notice: 6
electrons in
outer level
almost full
+++
+ + +
++ +
F
18.998
Notice: 7
electrons in
outer level
almost full
Metalloids
Location
Border the zigzag
line/staircase on the
periodic table
Chemical Properties
Most atoms have ()
complete set of
electrons in outer
level
Physical Properties
have properties of
both metals and nonmetals
14
Si
28.086
Image taken from:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml
B
10.811
Image taken from:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml
Atoms with () Complete

Outer Energy Level
Notice: only 4
electrons in outer
level
10.811
++
+ +
+
Notice: only 3
electrons in outer
level
+ +++ +
+
++
+ +
+ + ++
14
Si
28.086
Important Features of the Periodic Table:

Period (Row)
each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table
1
18
13 14
15 16
17
1.008
2
3
10
Li
Be
Ne
6.941
9.012
11
12
Na
Mg
10
11 12
14.007
15.999
18.998
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
40.078
37
38
Rb
Sr
87.62
44.956
47.87
50.942
51.996
54.938
39
40
41
42
43
Zr
Nb
Mo
92.906
95.94
Tc
88.906
91.224
(98)
55.845
44
Ru
101.07
58.933
58.69
63.546
65.39
69.723
72.61
74.922
78.96
79.904
83.80
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
106.42
107.868
112.4
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.29
102.906
55
56
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
Lu
Ta
137.327
174.967
Hf
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
200.59
Tl
204.383
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.980
Po
At
Rn
103
112
Uub
113
114
115
117
118
Uut
Uuq
Uup
116
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
(284)
(289)
(288)
132.905
20.180
12.001
85.468
24.305
10.811
19
39.098
4.003
22.990
He
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
Lr
(262)
178.49
180.95
183.84
190.23
192.217
195.078
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
(266)
(264)
(269)
(269)
(272)
(261)
Lanthanides
Actinides
(262)
186.207
(268)
196.967
(285)
(209)
(292)
(210)
(222)
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Dy
Er
158.925
164.930
167.26
168.934
Yb
151.964
162.50
Ho
140.908
157.25
Tb
140.116
150.36
Gd
138.906
(145)
Eu
Tm
144.24
Pm
173.04
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
232.038
231.036
238.029
(257)
(258)
(259)
(227)
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT
How many
periods
(rows)
are on the
Periodic
Table
Of
Elements?
Period (Row) Properties

Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered
from the top down)
Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as
you move from the left to the right in a period
All atoms of the elements in the same period
have the same number of orbitals/levels
All atoms of the elements in a specific period
have that respective number of orbitals/levels
Example
Period 1 = 1 orbital
Period 2 = 2 orbitals
Period 3 = 3 orbitals
Etc
Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same

number of orbitals/levels in their atoms
-
In what period
(row) do
you think these
atoms
reside?
+
+++ ++
+ +
+
++
+
In what period
(row) do
you think these
atoms
reside?
+++
+
++ +
+
++ +
++
+
+++ +++
+
++ ++
Important Features of the Periodic

Table: Group (Family)
each column of elements on the periodic table
1
1
1.008
2
3
4
Li
Be
6.941
9.012
17
He
4.003
10
Ne
10.811
20.180
12.001
14.007
15.999
18.998
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
12
Mg
22.990
24.305
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
40.078
37
38
Rb
Sr
87.62
44.956
47.87
50.942
51.996
54.938
39
40
41
42
43
Zr
Nb
Mo
92.906
95.94
Tc
88.906
91.224
(98)
55.845
44
Ru
101.07
58.933
10
58.69
11 12
63.546
65.39
69.723
72.61
74.922
78.96
79.904
39.948
83.80
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
106.42
107.868
112.4
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.29
102.906
55
56
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
Lu
Ta
137.327
174.967
Hf
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
200.59
Tl
204.383
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.980
Po
At
Rn
103
112
Uub
113
114
115
117
118
Uut
Uuq
Uup
116
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
(284)
(289)
(288)
132.905
15 16
11
85.468
13 14
Na
39.098
18
How many groups

(families)
are on the
Periodic Table
Of Elements?
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
Lr
(262)
178.49
180.95
183.84
190.23
192.217
195.078
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
(266)
(264)
(269)
(269)
(272)
(261)
Lanthanides
Actinides
(262)
186.207
(268)
196.967
(285)
(209)
(292)
(210)
(222)
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Dy
Er
158.925
164.930
167.26
168.934
Yb
151.964
162.50
Ho
140.908
157.25
Tb
140.116
150.36
Gd
138.906
(145)
Eu
Tm
144.24
Pm
173.04
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
232.038
231.036
238.029
(257)
(258)
(259)
(227)
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP
Group (Family) Properties

Eighteen groups on the periodic table (numbered
from left to right)
Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as
you move from the top down in a group (family)
Atoms of elements in the same group have the
same number of electrons in the outer
orbitals/levels of their atoms (known as valence
electrons)
Exceptions:
Transition elements (3-12)

Hydrogen (could be 1 or 17)
Helium (actually has 2 valence electrons)
Elements in groups usually have similar physical

and chemical properties
Examples of Group Elements with the

same # of valence electrons
How many electrons do
each of these atoms have
in their outer
orbital/level?
H
1.008
Li
6.941
11
Na
22.990
19
K
-
39.098
++
+
++ +
+ +
++ +
37
Rb
+ +
85.468
55
Cs
132.905
87
Fr
(223)
What group (family) do

these elements reside in?
Group (Family) Names
Alkali
Alkaline
MetalsEarth
Noble
Boron
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Gases
GroupGroupGroupGroup
Halogens
Metals
Transition Metals
1
1
18
13 14
15 16
17
1.008
2
3
10
Be
Ne
6.941
9.012
11
12
Na
Mg
10
11 12
20.180
12.001
14.007
15.999
18.998
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
44.956
Cr
Mn
40.078
Ti
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
47.87
50.942
51.996
54.938
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
85.468
87.62
92.906
95.94
Tc
88.906
91.224
(98)
55.845
44
Ru
101.07
58.933
58.69
63.546
65.39
69.723
72.61
74.922
78.96
79.904
83.80
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.4
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.29
55
56
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
Lu
Ta
137.327
174.967
Hf
Re
Os
190.23
Ir
192.217
Pt
195.078
Au
Hg
200.59
Tl
204.383
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.980
Po
At
Rn
103
112
Uub
113
114
115
117
118
Uut
Uuq
Uup
116
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
(284)
(289)
(288)
68
69
70
132.905
24.305
10.811
19
39.098
4.003
Li
22.990
He
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
Lr
(262)
178.49
180.95
183.84
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
(266)
(264)
(269)
(269)
(272)
(261)
Lanthanides
Actinides
(262)
57
58
186.207
59
60
Nd
La
Ce
Pr
138.906
140.116
140.908
144.24
(268)
61
62
Pm
Sm
(145)
150.36
196.967
63
Eu
151.964
(285)
64
Gd
157.25
65
Tb
158.925
66
Dy
162.50
67
(209)
(292)
(210)
(222)
Er
Tm
164.930
167.26
168.934
173.04
Ho
Yb
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
232.038
231.036
238.029
(257)
(258)
(259)
(227)
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
Identify the Element

1
1
18
13 14
15 16
17
1.008
2
3
5
6
Be
14.007
15.999
9.012
12.001
6.941
10.811
18.998
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
24.305
10
11 12
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
10
Ne
20.180
39.948
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Sc
40.078
44.956
Ti
47.87
50.942
Cr
Mn
39.098
Ca
51.996
54.938
Fe
Co
Ni
58.69
Cu
63.546
Zn
65.39
Ga
69.723
Ge
72.61
As
74.922
Se
78.96
Br
79.904
Kr
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
87.62
95.94
Rh
85.468
92.906
Tc
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.4
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.29
88.906
91.224
(98)
55.845
44
Ru
101.07
58.933
83.80
55
56
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
Lu
Ta
137.327
174.967
Hf
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
200.59
Tl
204.383
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.980
Po
At
Rn
103
112
Uub
113
114
115
117
118
Uut
Uuq
Uup
116
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
(284)
(289)
(288)
132.905
4.003
Li
22.990
He
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
Lr
(262)
178.49
180.95
183.84
190.23
192.217
195.078
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
(266)
(264)
(269)
(269)
(272)
(261)
Lanthanides
Actinides
(262)
186.207
(268)
196.967
(285)
(209)
(292)
(210)
(222)
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
140.116
140.908
164.930
167.26
168.934
Yb
138.906
144.24
Pm
173.04
89
90
91
Ac
Th
232.038
(227)
(145)
150.36
92
93
Pa
Np
231.036
238.029
(237)
151.964
157.25
94
95
Pu
Am
(244)
(243)
158.925
162.50
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
(257)
(258)
(259)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
Carbon - C
Strontium
Astatine
- At
- Sr- Rf
Period 4
Group
17
2 Period
5
Group
Period2
14
76
Rutherfordium
Using the Periodic Table

The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a
significant amount of information. To understand this
information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic tables
key(s)
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
Oxygen
Element Name
15.999
Class
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid
Color
Which class
does Oxygen
fall into?
(Number of protons)
(Written with a capital letter or a capital

followed by a lower case if two letters )
Atomic Mass
(Rounded to a whole number, equals

the number of protons and neutrons)
State
(@ Room Temp.)
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Symbol
Color
What is
Oxygens
physical state
of matter?

The Periodic Table Notes

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The Periodic Table Notes

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The Periodic Table of

Periodic Periodic Law Periodic Table

Mendeleevs Published Periodic Table of Elements

Why do you think there are question marks here?

Image taken from:

Image taken from:

What metal is not a solid

Atoms with Few Electrons in

Image taken from:

Image taken from:

Atoms with Full or Almost Full

Image taken from:

Image taken from:

Atoms with () Complete

Important Features of the Periodic Table:

FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT

Period (Row) Properties

Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same

Important Features of the Periodic

How many groups

FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP

Group (Family) Properties

Transition elements (3-12)

Elements in groups usually have similar physical

Examples of Group Elements with the

What group (family) do

Group (Family) Names

Identify the Element

Using the Periodic Table

(Written with a capital letter or a capital

(Rounded to a whole number, equals

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