AADDW09 PovertyNegTwist

DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn
ASPEC Card
Agent spe !"! at!on !s #ey to pol! yma#!ng GAO, June 13, 2006 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06751r.pdf
After the reation of the !epartment of "ome#and $e urit% &!"$' in (ar h 2003, two legacy enforcement agencies)the former *mmigration and +atura#i,ation $ervi e &*+$' and the -.$. .ustoms $ervi e &-$.$') were among the 22 federal agencies brought together within DHS. 1 /his transformation in turn merged the legac% *+$ and -$.$ investigators 2 into the -.$. *mmigration and .ustoms 0nfor ement &*.0' 1ffi e of *nvestigations &1*', and #ega % *+$ and -$.$ inspe tors, 3 among others, into .ustoms and 2order 3rote tion &.23'. *t has 4een near#% 3 %ears sin e the merger and efforts to integrate thousands of federa# emp#o%ees within *.0 and .23 ontinue. You raised questions about ongoing human ca ital challenges brought about by the integration of legacy enforcement emp#o%ees within *.0 and .23. *n prior wor5, we have reported on the management and human apita# ha##enges !"$ fa es as it merges the wor5for es of #ega % agen ies, in #uding the need to clarify the roles and res onsibilities of the new agencies, the difficulty of legacy staff o erating from se arate locations, and how it decides to allocate in!estigati!e resources . 4
Gener! Agen !es $a!l
"egulatory agencies em irically fail#inherent roblems /i4or $achan, .hair in 2usiness 0thi s 6 7ree 0nterprise at .hapman -niversit%8s Arg%ros $ hoo#, resear h fe##ow 9 3a ifi :esear h *nstitute 6 "oover *nstitution 6%2&/0;</he rea#it% of regu#ator% agen ies=
'he confidence shown in regulators in the first statement seems to me to be lainly undermined by the historical claim in the se ond, one that seems to fo##ow from a ertain p#ausi4#e understanding of pu4#i hoi e theor%, actually # ignoring rather than in!estigating warnings would come naturally to those who are, whether ons ious#% or not, em4ar5ing upon vested interest dea#ing, in this instan e wor5ing for regu#ations to ontinue instead of doing what might ma5e them unne essar% in time. "egulators ha!e a good (ob, and it is no sur rise that they might wor) not so much to fi* roblems they ercei!e in the mar)et lace 4ut to 5eep wor5ing at what 5eeps them emp#o%ed and we## fed. +n free mar)ets, to the e>tent that they e*ist, such !ested interest dealings are chec)ed by com etition and budgetary constraints &to the e>tent these are not thwarted 4% government po#i ies that often produ e monopo#ies'. A shoe repairer ma% 4e tempted to fi> shoes not ?uite as we## as the% need to 4e fi>ed 4ut @ust enough that the% wi## #ast a whi#e 4ut need to 4e returned for further repair. *ndeed, automo4i#e repairers are often suspe ted of this. Ahat, apart from ons ientiousness, 5eeps su h fo#5s on the straight and narrow is ompetition, the 5now#edge that if the% don8t do the wor5 we## enough someone e#se wi## @ump in to do so. One main reason that bureaucracies are generally sluggish and unenthusiastic about ser!ing the ubli ) as distin t from private vendors # is this element of constant com etition, om4ined with the fa t that 4ureau rats gain their in ome from ta>es, whi h an often 4e raised with impunit% 4% those who hire them. Ahat pu4#i hoi e theorists #aim is that bureaucrats ha!e a far better o ortunity to yield to the tem tation of mal ractice than are those in the ri!ate sector . /he theor% does not #aim that a## 4ureau rats are heats and a## those in the private se tor are professiona##% responsi4#e. 2ut it identifies an evident tenden % and shows it to e>ist through the stud% of e onomi and po#iti a# histor%. .ommon sense supports this, as we##, when most peop#e noti e that if the% go to, sa%, the !epartment of (otor Behi #es &one of the more visi4#e government outfits', they mostly get a reluctant, bored, at times e!en curmudgeonly treatment, whereas in the ri!ate sector the routine tends to be eagerness to ser!e, to generate and 5eep 4usiness. /here is an e#ement a4out pu4#i hoi e theor% that e onomists do not emphasi,e often enough, name#% that the o4@e tives of regulators are often !ery obscure, unclear, e!en contradictory . 7or e>amp#e, governments often em4ar5 on histori a# preservation 4ut at the same time the% are supposed to ma5e sure that 4ui#ding and other fa i#ities are proper#% managed, 5ept safe, et . 2ut histori a# preservation most#% re?uire 5eeping things in their origina# form, whi#e the pursuit of safet% invo#ves ma5ing use of the most upCtoCdate te hno#og% and s ien e. One can generali,e this )ind of conflict within go!ernment olicies all o!er the lace ) whi h is what a ounts for vigi#ant propaganda against smo5ing whi#e to4a o farmers 5eep re eiving government su4sidies.
%GOs &ey $ederal S' ess
-GO.s the number one internal to federal go!ernment success /oo, Allen Hamilton, #eading onsu#ting firm, he#ps government #ients so#ve their toughest pro4#ems </he :o#e of (ission *ntegration in the 7edera# Dovernment= +ov 5, 2001 http://www.a uf.org/issues/issue121/0E1201news.asp
An *n reasing#% .omp#e> 0nvironment 2ederal agencies are no longer communities unto themsel!es ) technology and globali,ation ha!e created greater interde endence between -GOs and the ri!ate sector3 "es ondents in e!ery federal sector, from agri u#ture and energ% to defense, des ri4e their mission as <ver% omp#e>.= 7urthermore, EE per ent of respondents re ort that the com le*ity of their missions requires col4 laboration with other federal agencies or third arties outside the go!ernment structure . 'he need for increasingly integrated and com le* misions will increase in the coming years . (ore than EF per ent of respondents 4e#ieve that their missionGs omp#e>it% has in reased dramati a##% sin e 2000. 7urthermore, they recogni,e com le*ity and mission integration as !ital to mission success . A ording to respondents, (oint missions will be increasingly critical in the future for agencies to meet mission goals3 +ear#% three ?uarters of respondents &73 per ent' 4e#ieve that 4% 2012 @oint missions wi## p#a% a greater ro#e in their agen %Gs a4i#it% to a hieve mission su ess. A fu## 50 per ent of respondents 4e#ieve their missions wi## 4e ome <signifi ant#% more integrated= over time. /he +eed for (ission *ntegration *n an era of pervasive omp#e>it%, mission success is increasingly de endent on mission integration3 2ederal agencies need to draw on a di!erse mi* of s ecialties and ca abilities, wor) across organi,ational boundaries, and o erate from deliberate lans with accountability for clear, measurable results3
Adm!n!strat!on "or Ch!ldren and $am!l!es
Adm!n!strat!on "or Ch!ldren, has ('r!sd! t!on o)er asyl'm h!ldren .hriss $cGann June 1;, 2005 <-.$. gives harsh we# ome to hi#dren see5ing as%#um=
http://www.seatt#epi. om/#o a#/1273F5H@uv1;.htm#. "es onsibility of care for unaccom anied immigrant children was transferred in $arch from the +-S to the 1ffi e of :efugee :e#o ation a division of the Administration of 6hildren and 2amilies in the De artment of Health and Human Ser!ices3
AC$ "a!ls at !mplementat!on GAO !e em4er 2002 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03;.pdf

A62 conducts much of its wor) through nonfederal ser!ice ro!iders, which often limits the e*tent to which A62 can influence national erformance goals and can seriously com licate data collect ion. /o address this, A.7 has su essfu##% o##a4orated with providers to deve#op nationa# performan e goa#s and 4ui#d data o##e tion apa it%. 'his has also raised awareness of the im ortance of collecting and re orting erformance data uniformly
Agr! 'lt're Department
Agr! 'lt're department has !nternal pro*lems and per"orman e gaps GAOC0;C650/ 6%2&/0; <-.$. !epartment of Agri u#ture: :e ommendations and 1ptions Avai#a4#e to the +ew
Administration and .ongress to Address IongC$tanding .ivi# :ights *ssues= $ummar% AS6"7s difficulties in resol!ing discrimination com laints ersist44AS6" has not achie!ed its goal of re!enting future bac)logs of com laints. At a 4asi #eve#, the credibility of 8SDA7s efforts has been and continues to be undermined by AS6"7s faulty re orting of data on discrimination com laints and disparities in A$.:8s data. 0ven su h 4asi information as the num4er of omp#aints is su4@e t to wide variation in A$.:8s reports to the pu4#i and the .ongress. (oreover, A$.:8s pu4#i #aim in Ju#% 2007 that it had su essfu##% redu ed a 4a 5#og of a4out 6;0 dis rimination omp#aints in fis a# %ear 200F and he#d its ase#oad to managea4#e #eve#s, drew a ?uestiona4#e portrait of progress. 2% Ju#% 2007, A$.: offi ia#s were we## aware the% had not su eeded in preventing future 4a 5#ogsCCthe% had another 4a 5#og on hand, and this time the 4a 5#og had surged to an even higher #eve# of EE5 omp#aints. *n fa t, A$.: offi ia#s were in the midst of p#anning to hire additiona# attorne%s to address that 4a 5#og of omp#aints in #uding some A$.: was ho#ding dating from the ear#% 2000s that it had not reso#ved. *n addition, some steps A$.: had ta5en ma% have a tua##% 4een ounterCprodu tive and affe ted the ?ua#it% of its wor5. 7or e>amp#e, an A$.: offi ia# stated that some emp#o%ees8 omp#aints had 4een addressed without reso#ving 4asi ?uestions of fa t, raising on erns a4out the integrit% of the pra ti e. *mportant#%, A$.: does not have a p#an to orre t these man% pro4#ems. -$!A has pu4#ished three annua# reportsCCfor fis a# %ears 2003, 200F, and 2005CCon the parti ipation of minorit% farmers and ran hers in -$!A programs, as re?uired 4% #aw. -$!A8s reports are intended to revea# the gains or #osses that these farmers have e>perien ed in their parti ipation in -$!A programs. "owever, -$!A onsiders the data it has reported to 4e unre#ia4#e 4e ause the% are 4ased on -$!A emp#o%ees8 visua# o4servations a4out parti ipant8s ra e and ethni it%, whi h ma% or ma% not 4e orre t, espe ia##% for ethni it%. -$!A needs the approva# of the 1ffi e of (anagement and 2udget &1(2' to o##e t more re#ia4#e data. A$.: started to see5 1(28s approva# in 200F, 4ut as of (a% 200E had not fo##owed through to o4tain approva#. A$.: staff wi## meet again on this matter in (a% 200E. DA1 found that A$.:8s strategi p#anning is #imited and does not address 5e% steps needed to a hieve the 1ffi e8s mission of ensuring -$!A provides fair and e?uita4#e servi es to a## ustomers and upho#ds the ivi# rights of its emp#o%ees. 7or e>amp#e, a 5e% step in strategi p#anning is to dis uss the perspe tives of sta5eho#ders. A$.:8s strategi p#anning does not address the diversit% of -$!A8s fie#d staff even though A$.:8s sta5eho#ders to#d DA1 that su h diversit% wou#d fa i#itate intera tion with minorit% and underserved farmers. A#so, A$.: ou#d 4etter measure performan e to gauge its progress in a hieving its mission. 7or e>amp#e, it ounts the num4er of parti ipants in training wor5shops as part of its outrea h efforts rather than a ess to farm program 4enefits and servi es. 2inally, AS6"7s strategic lanning does not lin) le!els of funding with antici ated results or discuss the otential for using erformance information for identifying 8SDA7s erformance ga s .
Department o" +ealth and +'man Ser)! es
Cons !en e r'le a ts as a *'rea' rat! *arr!er to health are $edical -ews 'oday, 22 Dec 2001 9HHS 76onscience7 "ule 6reates 7Huge /ureaucratic /arrier,7 O inion :iece Says; http://www.medi a#newstoda%. om/arti #es/133E61.php
'he HHS <conscience< rule is <a huge bureaucratic barrier to health care 44 a barrier the incoming Obama administration will find difficult to remo!e,< a 3hi#ade#phia !ai#% +ews editoria# sa%s. /he editoria# notes that severa# state #aws Jalready rotect the 7right to conscience7 of do tors and nurses not to perform a4ortions. 2ut federa# #aws a#so prote KtL the rights of patients to #ega# hea#th are.J *t ontinues that the new ru#e wou#d J hoose the former over the #atter, and a#so remove prote tions for the 5EF,2;F federa##% funded medi a# entities CC hospita#s, do tors8 offi es and pharma ies CC that might find it an 8undue 4urden8 to pa% emp#o%ees who refuse to do the wor5 for whi h the% were hired.J According to the editorial, it will cost about =>> million
annually for medical entities to certify com liance with the rule, which <doesn7t include the cost in ain and confusion, and maybe litigation, that would come with allowing health care wor)ers to decide who is worthy of recei!ing what care3< 'he editorial continues that the rule demonstrates that the /ush administration <doesn7t care about the ob(ections of doctors or hos itals or atients 44 but what about the a ro*imately ?0 million Americans who !oted -o!3 > to let /arac) Obama lead the nation@ A arently, they don7t matter either3< 'o undo the regulation, 6ongress could <resort< to using the 6ongressional "e!iew Act, <which
has been used only once,< the editoria# sa%s. /he other option wou#d 4e for in oming ""$ $e retar% /om !as h#e to Jrestart the ru#eCma5ing pro ess,J which would <ta)e months,J a ording to the editoria#. *t adds, J/he 14ama team has signa#ed that it is read% to go this route, with the inevita4#e po#iti a# divisiveness CC and who 5nows how man% individua#s who won8t get the hea#th are or information the% needMJ /he editoria# on #udes that the ""$ ru#e provides JKmLore proof that Deorge A. 2ush8s histori unpopu#arit% is the on#% thing he8s ever earnedJ &3hi#ade#phia !ai#% +ews, 12/1E'.
++S !s to large to *e e""e t!)e GAO, (ar h 1E, 1;&? !epartment of "ea#th and "uman $ervi es: (anagement .ha##enges and 1pportunities
http://www.gao.gov/ar hive/1;;7/he;70;Et.pdf *n summar%, the first ha##enge ""$ fa es is its a4i#it% to define its mission, o4@e tives, and measures of su ess and in rease its a ounta4i#it% to ta>pa%ers. /ecause of the si,e and sco e of its mission and the resulting organi,ational com le*ity, managing and coordinating HHS. rograms so that the ublic gets the best ossible results are es ecially difficult. 'he De artment has ele!en o erating di!isions res onsible for more than 500 di!erse rograms3 HHS has not always succeeded in managing the wide range of acti!ities its agencies carry out or fi*ing accountability for meeting the goals of its mission3 Another com licating factor is that HHS needs to wor) with the go!ernments of the A0 states and the District of 6olumbia to im lement its rograms, in addition to thousands of ri!ate4 sector grantees3 !eve#oping 4etter wa%s of managing is essentia# if ""$ is to meet its goa#s.
++S !s too )'lnera*le to e,plo!tat!on GAO, (ar h 1E, 1;&? !epartment of "ea#th and "uman $ervi es: (anagement .ha##enges and 1pportunities
http://www.gao.gov/ar hive/1;;7/he;70;Et.pdf 7ina##%, HHS. res onsibilities require it to constantly combat fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement3 HHS has se!eral rograms that are !ulnerable to such e* loitation. 7or e>amp#e, the si,e and nature of $edicare, whi h a ounts for over ha#f of ""$G tota# 4udget, ma)e this rogram articularly !ulnerable3 ""$ needs to 4e vigi#ant now and in the future 4e ause its programs wi## pro4a4#% ontinue to 4e the targets of fraud and a4use and 4e ause waste and mismanagement can ha!e such serious effects on ta* ayers and rogram beneficiaries3
Department o" Ed' at!on
The DOE !s a total "a!l're 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
'he ine!itable attern of bureaucracy is to grow bigger and bigger3 'he De artment of Bducation should be eliminated now, before it e!ol!es into an e!en larger entity consuming more and more resources that could be better s ent by arents themsel!es3 7. /he NF7.6 4i##ion spent ea h %ear 4% the !epartment of 0du ation ou#d 4e mu h 4etter spent if it were simp#% returned to the Ameri an peop#e in the form of a ta> ut. 3arents themse#ves ou#d then de ide how 4est to spend that mone%. E. 'he De artment of Bducation has a record of waste and abuse3 2or e*am le, the de artment re orted losing trac) of =>A0 million during three consecuti!e General Accounting Office audits3 ;. 'he De artment of Bducation is an e* ensi!e failure that has added a erwor) and bureaucracy but little !alue to the nation.s classrooms3
The DOE !s !ne""! !ent and -aste"'l 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
'he -6C/A ro!ides the De artment of Bducation with =263A billion for s ending on the rogram and er etuates most of the old federal education rograms, most of which are ineffecti!e and wasteful . /he tota# ou#d #im4 to N37 4i##ion a %ear 4% the end of the si>C%ear authori,ation period 3 +f ast e* erience is any guide, those dollars will go rimarily to feeding the hungry bureaucracy and wi## ha!e little ositi!e im act on ublic school students3 *nstead of de reasing the ro#e of the federa# government in edu ation, the +.I2A a##ows the federa# government to intervene more than ever in what shou#d 4e stri t#% a #o a# and state matter. Ahi#e the a t provides s hoo# distri ts with in reased f#e>i4i#it% in spending some of their federa# su4sidies, mandated testing and staff restru turing represent an unpre eC dented usurpation of the authorit% of #o a# ommunities to run their own s hoo#s. !uring his presidentia# ampaign, 2ush emphasi,ed that he did not want to 4e ome the OOfedera# superintendent of s hoo#s.GG 2ut the +.I2A gives the president and the federa# government far too mu h power over #o a# s hoo#s and #assrooms. +nstead of ro osing more to 4down fi*es for education, the resident should use his osition to ush for the return of control of education to states and localities and urge state4 le!el reforms that return the control of education to arents3
$ederal a t!on deters #ey state and lo al go)ernments 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
2. -o matter how brilliantly designed a federal go!ernment rogram may be, it creates a uniformity among states that is harmful to creati!ity and im ro!ement3 Getting the federal go!ernment out of the icture would allow states and local go!ernments to create better ways of addressing education issues and roblems.
Congress !s to "ar a-ay "rom lo al needs 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
$in e most information about the roblems and challenges of education is resent at the local le!el, 6ongress sim ly does not ha!e the ability to im ro!e learning in school classrooms thou4 sands of miles away3 'hese roblems are best understood and addressed by local authorities and arents3
States Sol)e Ed' at!on
State a t!on sol)es *est.states model other states 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
'he way for 6ongress to im ro!e American education is to ste aside and let the states e* eriment with choice in a !ariety of ways3 $ome wi## e>pand harter s hoo#s or e>periment with private management. 1thers wi## institute s ho#arship ta> redits, parenta# ta> redits, or vou hers either on a #imited 4asis or open to a## students. 'he most successful olicies and rograms will be emulated by other states3
State programs ha)e *etter ed' at!onal e""e t!)eness 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
3. +f education were left at the local le!el, arents would become more in!ol!ed in reform efforts3 Differences in school effecti!e4 ness among states and communities would be noted, and other regions would co y the more effecti!e rograms and olicies3
Department o" /nter!or
/n"rastr' t're pro*lems pre)ent DO/ prod' t!)!ty GAO <!epartment of *nterior= /uesda%, (ar h 3, 200&
+nterior also faces a challenge in ade?uate#% maintaining its facilities and infrastructure3 /he department owns, 4ui#ds, pur hases, and ontra ts servi es for assets su h as visitor enters, s hoo#s, offi e 4ui#dings, roads, 4ridges, dams, irrigation s%stems, and reservoirsP however, repairs and maintenan e on these fa i#ities have not 4een ade?uate#% funded. 'he deterioration of facilities can im air ublic health and safety, reduce em loyees. morale and roducti!ity, and in rease the need for ost#% ma@or repairs or ear#% rep#a ement of stru tures and e?uipment. *n +ovem4er 200E, the department estimated that the deferred maintenance bac)log for fis a# %ear 200E was between =D532 billion and =D&3> billion &see ta4#e 1'. *nterior is not a#one in fa ing daunting maintenan e ha##enges. *n fa t, we have identified the management of federa# rea# propert%, in #uding deferred maintenan e issues, as a government wide highCris5 area sin e 2003.23
Department o" /nter!or 0%at!)es 1!n#2
The a"" "alls 'nder the department o" !nter!or GAO <!epartment of *nterior= /uesda%, (ar h 3, 200&
/+A is the rimary federal agency charged with im lementing federal +ndian olicy and administering the federa# trust responsi4i#it% for a4out 2 mi##ion Ameri an *ndians and A#as5a +atives. 2*A provides 4asi servi es to 562 federa##% re ogni,ed *ndian tri4es throughout the -nited $tates, in #uding natura# resour es management on a4out 5F mi##ion a res of *ndian trust #ands. /rust status means that the federa# government ho#ds tit#e to the #and in trust for tri4es or individua# *ndiansP #and ta5en in trust is no #onger su4@e t to state and #o a# propert% ta>es and ,oning ordinan es. *n 1;E0, the department esta4#ished a regu#ator% pro ess intended to provide a uniform approa h for ta5ing #and in trust.1F Ahi#e some state and #o a# governments support the federa# governmentGs ta5ing additiona# #and in trust for tri4es or individua# *ndians, others strong#% oppose it 4e ause of on erns a4out the impa ts on their ta> 4ase and @urisdi tiona# ontro#. Ae reported in Ju#% 2006 that while /+A generally followed its regulations for rocessing land in trust app#i ations from tri4es and individua# *ndians, it had no deadlines for ma)ing decisions on them315 S ecifically, the median rocessing time for the E7 #and in trust app#i ations with de isions in fis a# %ear 2005 was D32 years)ranging from 5E da%s to a#most 1; %ears. Ae re ommended, among other things, that the department move forward with adopting revisions to the #and in trust regu#ations that in #ude &1' s ecific time frames for /+A to ma)e a decision once an a lication is com lete and &2' guide#ines for providing state and #o a# governments more information on the app#i ations and a #onger period of time to provide meaningfu# omments on the app#i ations. Ahi#e the department agreed with our re ommendations, it has not revised the #and in trust regu#ations.
3/A !s the department o" !nter!or 266 Q 7edera# .ommuni ations .ommision 11/26/01 <!epartment of *nterior &!1*' 2ureau of *ndian Affairs
&2*A'= http://www.f .gov/indians/internetresour es/4ia.htm#. 'he /ureau of +ndian Affairs &www.doi.gov/4ia' is responsi4#e for the administration of federa# programs for federa##% re ogni,ed *ndian tri4es, and for promoting *ndian se#fCdetermination. *n addition, the 2ureau has a trust responsi4i#it% emanating from treaties and other agreements with +ative groups. *ndian Affairs &*A E is the oldest bureau of the 8nited States De artment of the +nterior. 0sta4#ished in 1E2F, *A urrent#% provides servi es &dire t#% or through ontra ts, grants, or ompa ts' to appro>imate#% 1.7 mi##ion Ameri an *ndians and A#as5a +atives. /here are 562 federa##% re ogni,ed Ameri an *ndian tri4es and A#as5a +atives in the -nited $tates. 2ureau of *ndian Affairs &2*A' is responsi4#e for the administration and management of 66 mi##ion a res of #and he#d in trust 4% the -nited $tates for Ameri an *ndian, *ndian tri4es, and A#as5a +atives. 2ureau of *ndian 0du ation &2*0' provides edu ation servi es to appro>imate#% FF,000 *ndian students. /he mission of the 2ureau of *ndian Affairs &2*A' is to: JR enhan e the ?ua#it% of #ife, to promote e onomi opportunit%, and to arr% out the responsi4i#it% to prote t and improve the trust assets of Ameri an *ndians, *ndian tri4es, and A#as5a +atives.J
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Department o" /nter!or 045S5 Terr!tor!es DA2
A5 Department o" !nter!or has ('r!sd! t!on o)er 45S5 terr!tor!es GAO <!epartment of *nterior= /uesda%, (ar h 3, 200&
'he Secretary of the +nterior has !arying res onsibilities to the island communities of Ameri an $amoa, Duam, the .ommonwea#th of the +orthern (ariana *s#ands, and the -.$. Birgin *s#ands, a## of whi h are 83S3 territories) as we## as to the 7ederated $tates of (i ronesia, the :epu4#i of the (arsha## *s#ands, and the :epu4#i of 3a#au, whi h are sovereign nations #in5ed with the -nited $tates through .ompa ts of 7ree Asso iation. /he 1ffi e of *nsu#ar Affairs &1*A', whi h arries out the departmentGs responsi4i#ities for the is#and ommunities, is to assist the is#and ommunities in deve#oping more effi ient and effe tive government by ro!iding financial and technical assistance and to he#p manage re#ations 4etween the federa# government and the is#and governments by romoting a ro riate federal olicies3 /he is#and governments have had #ongCstanding finan ia# and program management defi ien ies.
35 %ot only !s "ederal a!d !ns'""! !ent, *'t !t reates dependen y and r'!ns lo al e onom!es GAO <!epartment of *nterior= /uesda%, (ar h 3, 200&
*n !e em4er 2006, we re orted on serious economic, fiscal, and financial accountability challenges fa ing Ameri an $amoa, Duam, the .ommonwea#th of the +orthern (ariana *s#ands, and the -.$. Birgin *s#ands.16 'he economic challenges stem from dependen e on a few 5e% industries, s ar e natura# resour es, sma## domesti mar5ets, #imited infrastru ture, shortages of s5i##ed #a4or, and reliance on federal grants to fund basic ser!ices. *n addition, efforts to meet formidable fiscal challenges and build strong economies are hindered by financial re orting that does not ro!ide timely and com lete information to management and o!ersight officials for decision ma)ing3 As a result of these pro4#ems, numerous federal agencies ha!e designated these go!ernments as 9high4 ris); grantees. /o in rease the effe tiveness of the federa# governmentGs assistan e to these is#and ommunities, we re ommended, among other things, that the department in rease oordination a tivities with other federa# grantCma5ing agen ies on issues of ommon on ern re#ating to the insu#ar area governments. /he department agreed with our re ommendations, stating that the% were onsistent with 1*AGs top priorities and ongoing a tivities. Ae wi## ontinue to monitor 1*AGs a tions on our re ommendations.
11
+o's!ng and 4r*an De)elopment
+4D pol! !es get o6opted *y "!nan !al reg'lators :a#ph -ader, Apri# 26, 200> <2ureau rati *mpediments to a (u h +eeded *ntegrated -r4an 3o#i %=
http://www. ommondreams.org/views0F/0F26C0F.htm H8D has been loo)ed on as the <urban de artment,< but the ills and the needs of urban communities cut across a wide swath CC hea#th, transportation, edu ation, 4usiness deve#opment, the environment. H8D remains essentially a housing agency and e!en this res onsibility has been scattered across the federal go!ernment . $imi#ar#%, on .apito# "i## ur4an po#i ies #and under the @urisdi tion of mu#tip#e standing ommittees, not @ust the $enate and "ouse 2an5ing .ommittees with @urisdi tion over "-!. /he giants of housing finan e CC 7annie (ae and 7reddie (a CC and the financial regulators li)e the 2ederal "eser!e, the .omptro##er of the .urren %, the 2edera# Deposit +nsuran e 6orporation and the Offi e of 'hrift Supervision C e*ercise immense ower o!er housing and urban olicy 4 robably more so than H8D3 /he .ommunit% :einvestment A t, for e>amp#e, re?uires 4an5s and thrifts to he#p meet the redit needs of their ommunities. +t7s requirements are enforced by financial regulators interested in safety and soundness of federally insured institutions, not urban olicy3 As a result, only a handful of institutions fail to get assing and outstanding grades on their efforts to hel finance housing3 And H8D has no role des ite the myth that it holds all the )eys to urban olicy3
+4D has no a'thor!ty.trapped !n *'rea' rat! h'rdles :a#ph -ader, Apri# 26, 200> <2ureau rati *mpediments to a (u h +eeded *ntegrated -r4an 3o#i %=
http://www. ommondreams.org/views0F/0F26C0F.htm "-! has to 4e an important og in an% new efforts to esta4#ish a wor5a4#e ur4anCmetropo#itan po#i %, 4ut it is folly to loo) on the de artment as the center iece. -r4an needs e>tend 4e%ond afforda4#e housing. Jimm% .arter was wise in 4roadening the s ope to in #ude other .a4inet offi es in the ur4an po#i % mi>, 4ut he #eft "-! as the 5e% de ision ma5er. *n the end the other .a4inet offi es 4egan to worr% that their funds, staff and power wou#d 4e eroded. And in su h situations, the offi eho#ders a#wa%s de ide to s utt#e the ship. 'his bureaucratic hurdle has to be remo!ed if we truly are interested in de!elo ing and managing an urban olicy whi h stret hes a ross the inter onne ted pro4#ems of housing, hea#th, transportation, edu ation, @o4s and #iva4#e wages. Fith nearly 10 ercent of the nation7s citi,ens li!ing in urban4metro olitan areas, it is time to establish a new office that re ogni,es the rea# wor#d in the 21st .entur%Can offi e with the authority to oordinate the disparate fa ets of federa# programs whi h affe t the overwhe#ming num4er of our iti,ens. An -r4anC (etropo#itan .oordinator shou#d 4e esta4#ished under the 3resident in a manner simi#ar to that of the .oun i# of 0 onomi Advisors and the 1ffi e of (anagement and 2udget with the authorit% to re ommend, review and oordinate programs and 4udgets with a dire t impa t on ur4anCmetropo#itan areas. Only with such a structure can we lace the full force of the federal bureaucracy behind an urban olicy worthy of the name3
+4D m!smanages "'nds GAO June 0& 93-2I*. "1-$*+D "-!Gs 1versight of "ousing Agen ies $hou#d 7o us (ore on *nappropriate -se of 3rogram 7unds= GAO-09-33
7urther, "-! has stated that its ana#%sis of housing agen % finan ia# data is primari#% intended to ensure the a ura % of the information that is used to a# u#ate the housing agen iesG 3"A$ s ores and not to identif% atCris5 housing agen ies. 1ur ana#%sis of housing agen % finan ia# data i##ustrates how such data could be le!eraged to identify housing agencies at greater ris) of ina ro riate
use or mismanagement of ublic housing funds that neither :HAS nor the de artment.s current a roach to analy,ing financial data would detect. 7or e>amp#e, our ana#%sis of 3"A$ and finan ia# data from 2002 through 2006 found
that 200 housing agen ies had written he 5s that e> eeded the funds avai#a4#e in their 4an5 a ounts &4an5 overdrafts' 4% N25,000 or more) indi ating a potentia# that these housing agen ies ou#d have serious ash and finan ia# management pro4#ems and ou#d 4e prone to in reased ris5 of fraudu#ent use of funds. "owever, 75 per ent of these agen ies re eived passing 3"A$ s ores. Although H8D has focused
its efforts on the challenges of im ro!ing the quality of single audits, the de artment has not ta)en ste s to de!elo mechanisms to mitigate the limitations of its o!ersight rocesses3 Fithout fully le!eraging the audit and financial information it collects, the de artment limits its ability to identify housing agencies that are at greater ris) of ina ro riately using or mismanaging rogram funds3 12
Department o" la*or
$alls 'nder the department o" la*or De artment of Cabor Ju#% 6, 200& <***. !1I (ission and Agen % 7un tions=
http://www.do#.gov/os4p/pu4s/do#4u%s/mission.htm /he !epartment8s man% a tivities affe t virtua##% ever% man, woman, and hi#d in our ountr%. $u h acti!ities include rotecting the wages, health and safety, em loyment, and ension rights of wor)ing eo leG romoting equal em loyment o ortunityG ro!iding (ob training, unem loyment insurance and wor)ers7 com ensationP strengthening free o##e tive 4argainingP and o##e ting, ana#%,ing, and pu4#ishing #a4or statisti s. A#though reated to he#p wor5ing peop#e, the !epartment8s servi es and information 4enefit man% other groups su h as emp#o%ers, 4usiness organi,ations, ivi# rights groups, government agen ies at a## #eve#s, and the a ademi ommunit%. +ts enforcement acti!ities and @o4 training servi es, in parti u#ar, affect large numbers of eo le who are not currently wor)ing. As the De artment see)s to assist all Americans who need and want wor), spe ia# efforts are made to meet the uni?ue @o4 mar5et re?uirements of o#der wor5ers, %ouths minorit% group mem4ers, women, the disa4#ed, and other groups.
The DO1 !s mass!)ely !n ompetent 7GAO st!ng operat!ons pro)e Ste!en Greenhouse A%2A/0; <Ia4or Agen % *s 7ai#ing Aor5ers, :eport $a%s= +ew Sor5 /imes
'he federal agency charged with enforcing minimum wage, o!ertime and many other labor laws is failing in that role, #eaving mi##ions of wor5ers vu#nera4#e, 6ongressional auditors ha!e found. *n a report s hedu#ed to 4e re#eased Aednesda%, the Government A ounta4i#it% Offi e found that the agency, the Ia4or !epartmentGs Aage and "our !ivision, had mishandled & of the D0 cases brought by a team of underco!er agents osing as aggrie!ed wor)ers3 *n one ase, the division fai#ed to investigate a omp#aint that underCage hi#dren in (odesto, .a#if., were wor5ing during s hoo# hours at a meatpa 5ing p#ant with dangerous ma hiner%, the D.A.1., the nonpartisan auditing arm of .ongress, found. Ahen an under over agent posing as a dishwasher a##ed four times to omp#ain a4out not 4eing paid overtime for 1; wee5s, the divisionGs offi e in (iami fai#ed to return his a##s for four months, and when it did, the report said, an offi ia# to#d him it wou#d ta5e E to 10 months to 4egin investigating his ase. <'his in!estigation clearly shows that Cabor has left thousands of actual !ictims of wage theft who sought federal go!ernment assistance with nowhere to turn,; the report said. <8nfortunately, far too often the result is unscru ulous em loyers. ta)ing ad!antage of our country.s low4wage wor)ers.= /he report pointed to a ava#ier attitude 4% man% Aage and "our !ivision investigators, sa%ing the% often dropped ases when emp#o%ers did not return a##s and sometimes to#d omp#aining wor5ers that the% shou#d fi#e #awsuits, an often e>pensive and arduous pro ess, espe ia##% for #owCwage wor5ers. During the nine4month in!estigation, the re ort said, A of the D0 labor com laints that underco!er agents filed were not recorded in the Aage and "our !ivisionGs database, and three were not investigated. *n two ases, offi ia#s re orded that emp#o%ers had paid 4a 5 wages, even though the% had not. 'he accountability office a#so in!estigated hundreds of cases that it said the Fage and Hour Di!ision had mishandled. *n one, the division waited 22 months to investigate a omp#aint from a group of restaurant wor5ers. -#timate#%, investigators found that the wor5ers were owed N230,000 4e ause managers had made them wor5 off the #o 5 and had misappropriated tips. Ahen the restaurant agreed to pa% 4a 5 wages 4ut not the tips, investigators simp#% #osed the ase.
Employees ha)e no mot!)at!on Ste!en Greenhouse A%2A/0; <Ia4or Agen % *s 7ai#ing Aor5ers, :eport $a%s= +ew Sor5 /imes
/he report on #uded that the Fage and Hour Di!ision had mishandled more serious cases D& ercent of the time. *n su h ases, the a ounta4i#it% offi e said, the division did not 4egin an investigation for si> months, did not omp#ete an investigation for a %ear, did not assess 4a 5 wages when vio#ations were #ear#% identified and did not refer ases to #itigation when warranted.<Fhen you ha!e wea) enalties and wea) enforcement, that.s a deadly combination for wor)ers,= said :epresentative Deorge (i##er, !emo rat of .a#ifornia, who, as hairman of the "ouse 0du ation and Ia4or .ommittee, as5ed the a ounta4i#it% offi e to do the report. <+t.s clear that under the e*isting system, em loyers feel they can steal wor)ers. wages with im unity, and that has to change.= 13
Department o" J'st! e
1a # o" data shar!ng hampers e""e t!)eness Office of the +ns ector General, (ar h 200& </he !epartment of Justi eGs #itigation ase management
s%stem= Audit :eport 0;C22 http://www.usdo@.gov/oig/reports/p#us/a0;22/fina#.pdf. Bach of the De artment.s litigating di!isions currently maintains its own case management system, which is not able to share information with other systems in the De artment3 As a result, these di!isions cannot efficiently share information or roduce com rehensi!e re orts among the divisions. se arate systems a#so ham er the a4i#it% of the #itigating divisions to o##a4orate and #imit the timeliness and quality of case information a!ailable to De artment leadershi .
Co'rts are logged (ar% $ac), .orporate /e hno#og% .ounse#,. F/; 200& </ota# :evamp of 7edera# :u#es of .ivi# 3ro edureM=
http://www.dis over%resour es.org/#i4rar%/ aseC#awCandCru#es/tota#CrevampCofCfedera#Cru#esCofC ivi#Cpro edure/. /wo and a ha#f %ears after the amendments to the 7:.3 too5 effe t, the trial lawyers H o!erwhelmed by clogged courts as a result of increased litigation, dis over% in genera# and eCdis over% in parti u#ar Q are calling for change to fi* a 9bro)en; system3 Ahi#e the starting point of their ana#%sis was fo used on dis over%, the reportGs re ommendations u#timate#% upend urrent pro edure in man% signifi ant wa%s.
1F
En)!ronmental Prote t!on Agen y
EPA has sta"" and reso'r e allo at!on pro*lems GAO March 200& <0nvironmenta# 3rote tion Agen %= http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0;F3F.pdf
Addressing human capital issues. B:A has struggled for se!eral years to identify its needs for human resources and to de loy its staff throughout the country in a manner that would do the most good . We found that E:A.s rocess for budgeting and allocating resources does not fully consider the agency.s current wor)load, and that in preparing requests for funding and staffing, EPA makes incremental adjustments, largely based on an antiquated workforce planning system that does not reflect a bottomup review of the nature or distribution of the current workload.6 Moreover, B:A.s human ca ital
management systems ha!e not )e t ace with changes that ha!e occurred o!er the years as a result of changing legislati!e requirements and riorities, changes in environmental conditions in different
regions of the country, and the much more active role that states now play in carrying out day-to-dayactivities of federal environmental programs.
EPAs la # o" data hampers e""e t!)eness GAO March 200& <0nvironmenta# 3rote tion Agen %= http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0;F3F.pdf
*mproving deve#opment and use of environmenta# information3 6ritical, reliable en!ironmental information is needed to ro!ide better scientific understanding of en!ironmental trends and conditions and to better inform the ublic about en!ironmental rogress in their locales3 Fe found substantial ga s between what is )nown and the goal of full, re#ia4#e, and insightful representation of environmenta# conditions and trends to provide dire tion for future resear h and monitoring efforts.7 B:A has struggled with ro!iding a focus and the necessary resources for en!ironmental information sin e its in eption in 1;70. Ahi#e man% data have 4een o##e ted over the %ears, most water, air, and #and programs #a 5 the detai#ed environmenta# trend information to address the we##C 4eing of Ameri ans. B:A rogram areas ha!e also been ham ered by deficiencies in their en!ironmental data systems. 7or e>amp#e, the ?ua#it% of environmenta# data onstrains 03AGs a4i#it% to assess the effe tiveness of its enfor ement po#i ies and programs throughout the ountr% and to inform the pu4#i a4out the hea#th and environmenta# ha,ards of dangerous hemi a#s.
Per"orman e pro*lems GAO March 200& <0nvironmenta# 3rote tion Agen %= http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0;F3F.pdf
Fhile B:A has made some rogress in im ro!ing its o erations, many of the same issues still remain3 03AGs mission is, without ?uestion, a diffi u#t one: its po#i ies and programs affe t virtua##% a## segments of the e onom%, so iet%, and government, and it is in the unenvia4#e position of enfor ing m%riad inherent#% ontroversia# environmenta# #aws and maintaining a de#i ate 4a#an e 4etween the 4enefits to pu4#i hea#th and the environment with the ost to industr% and others. +everthe#ess, the re etiti!e and ersistent nature of the shortcomings we ha!e obser!ed o!er the years oints to serious challenges for B:A to effecti!ely im lement its rograms. 8ntil it addresses these long4standing challenges, B:A is unli)ely to be able to res ond effecti!ely to much larger emerging challenges, su h as #imate hange. 7a ing these ha##enges headC on wi## re?uire a sustained ommitment 4% agen % #eadership. As a new administration ta5es offi e and 4egins to hart the agen %Gs ourse, it wi## 4e important for .ongress and 03A to ontinue to fo us on the issues we have identified.
15
O""! e o" %at!onal A!ds Pol! y
Sorry, !ts e, l's!)ely !nternat!onal Jeff Gow 2002 </he "*B/A*!$ 0pidemi *n Afri a: *mp#i ations 7or -.$. 3o#i %=
http:// ontent.hea#thaffairs.org/ gi/ ontent/fu##/21/3/57 *n response, the focus of 83S3 go!ernment acti!ities toward H+I%A+DS has shifted away from a domestic orientation toward an increasingly international focus3 'he Office of -ational A+DS :olicy now has an e* licit international focus3 A#though the Afri an epidemi is now the worst, the potentia# e>ists for an epidemi of simi#ar magnitude in Asia over the ne>t de ade. 0merging epidemi s in the .ari44ean and Iatin Ameri a are sma##er in s a#e 4ut #oser to home.
16
So !al Se 'r!ty Adm!n!strat!on
SSA "'nds get -asted GAOC07C;E6 August 31, 200? <$o ia# $e urit% Administration: 3o#i ies and 3ro edures Aere in 3#a e over
((A $pending, 4ut $ome *nstan es of +on omp#ian e 1 urred= $$A spent the N500 mi##ion in ((A funds from !e em4er 2003 through Januar% 2006 to imp#ement a tivities out#ined in ((A3 'he ma(ority of costs aid with ((A funds consisted of ersonnel4related e* enses, contractors, and indirect costs3 $ore than half of the funds were s ent on ayroll for staff hours used on ((A a tivities in $$A head?uarters and fie#d offi es &see ta4#e'. Once the =A00 million was s ent, SSA began to use its general a ro riation to fund the remaining costs of im lementing $$A acti!ities . $$A used its ost ana#%sis s%stem to tra 5 the tota# osts of its imp#ementation of ((A a tivities. As of 7e4ruar% 20, 2007, $$A had omp#eted imp#ementation of 16 of the 22 tas5s for the si> provisions under the a t.
SSA "'nds dont get en"or ed GAOC07C;E6 August 31, 200? <$o ia# $e urit% Administration: 3o#i ies and 3ro edures Aere in 3#a e over
((A $pending, 4ut $ome *nstan es of +on omp#ian e 1 urred= SSA had agency wide po#i ies and rocedures in p#a e for its cost trac)ing and allocation, asset a ounta4i#it%, and invoi e review pro esses. *t a#so esta4#ished spe ifi guidan e to assign and 4etter a##o ate $$AGs osts in imp#ementing ((A. 'here were some instances though where SSA did not com ly with these po#i ies and pro edures. SSA did not effecti!ely communicate the s ecific ((ACre#ated guidance to all affected staff. $$A su4se?uent#% identified and orre ted at #east NF.6 mi##ion of osts that initia##% were in orre t#% a##o ated to ((A, 4ut had not orre ted appro>imate#% N313,000 misa##o ated redit ard pur hase transa tions. *n addition, DA1 found instan es where a ounta4#e assets pur hased with $$A funds, such as electronic and com uter equi ment, were not being ro erly trac)ed by SSA in accordance with its po#i ies and instan es where pur hase ard transa tions were not proper#% supported. A#though pur hase ard transa tions and a ounta4#e asset pur hases represented a sma## per entage of tota# ((A osts, proper approva# and support for these t%pes of transa tions is essentia# to redu e the ris5 of improper pa%ments.
17
/CE
/mm!grat!on o'rts are *r'tally 'n"a!r and log the system 2rad Heath 3/2;/200& <*mmigration ourts fa e huge 4a 5#og= -$A /1!AS
AA$"*+D/1+ ) 'he nation7s immigration courts are now so clogged that nearly &0,000 eo le accused of being in the 8nited States illegally waited at least two years for a (udge to decide whether they must lea!e , one of the #ast 4ott#ene 5s in a push to more stri t#% enfor e immigration #aws. /heir ases ) identified 4% a -$A /1!AS review of the ourts8 do 5ets sin e 2003 ) are em4#emati of de#a%s in the #itt#eC5nown ourt s%stem that #aw%ers, #awma5ers and others sa% is on the verge of 4eing overwhe#med. Among them were 1F,000 immigrants whose ases too5 more than five %ears to de ide and a few that too5 more than a de ade. J*t8s an indi ation that the% @ust don8t have enough resour es,J sa%s Terri $her#o 5 /a#4ot of the Ameri an *mmigration Iaw%ers Asso iation. $ome immigration courts are now so bac)logged that (ust utting a case on a (udge7s calendar can ta)e more than a year, says Dana $ar)s, an immigration (udge in $an 7ran is o and president of the +ationa# Asso iation of *mmigration Judges. JSou ou#d have a ase that wou#d ta5e an hour &to hear'. 2ut * an8t give %ou that hour of time for 1F months,J (ar5s sa%s. +n the most e*treme cases, immigrants can remain loc)ed u while their cases are delayed. (ore often, the bac)logs lea!e them struggling to e*ist until they learn their fate, (ar5s and others sa%. 'he immigration courts, run 4% the Justi e !epartment, ha!e weathered years of criticism that their 22> (udges are unable to handle a flood of increasingly4com licated cases3 Justi e !epartment spo5eswoman $usan 0astwood a 5now#edges some #ong de#a%s, 4ut sa%s that8s often the resu#t of unusua# ir umstan es. $he sa%s the department has enough @udges.
1E
8eterans +ealth Adm!n!strat!on
8A m!s'ses !ts *'dget :anda## 2. Filliamson CC !ire tor, "ea#th .are, (ar h 12, 200& <.ha##enges in 2udget 7ormu#ation and
0>e ution= IA also faces challenges e*ecuting its health care budget3 'hese include s ending and trac)ing funds for s ecific initiati!es and ro!iding timely and useful information to Congress on budget execution progress and problems. GAOs 2006 report on VA funding for new mental health initiatives found VA had difficulty spending and tracking funds for initiatives in VAs mental health strategic plan to expand services to address service gaps. The initiatives were to enhance VAs larger mental health program and were to be funded by $100 million in fiscal year 2005. Some IA medical centers did not s end all the funds they had recei!ed for the initiati!es by the end of the fiscal year, partly due to the time it took to hire staff and renovate space for mental health programs. Also, IA did not trac) how funding allocated for the initiati!es was s ent3 GAOs 2006 report on VAs overall health care budget found that VA monitored its health care budget execution and identified execution problems for fiscal years 2005 and 2006, but did not report the problems to Congress in a timely way. GAO also found that VAs reporting on budget execution to Congress could have been more informative. VA has not fully implemented one of GAOs two recommendations for improving VA budget execution. Sound budget formulation, monitoring of budget execution, and the reporting of informative and timely information to Congress for oversight continue to be essential as VA addresses budget challenges GAO has identified. /udgeting in!ol!es im erfect information and uncertainty, but VA has the opportunity to improve the credibility of its budgeting by continuing to address identified problems. This is particularly true for long-term care, where for several years GAO work has highlighted concerns about workload assumptions and cost projections. By improving its budget process, VA can increase the credibility and usefulness of information it provides to Congress on its budget plans and progress in spending funds. GAOs prior work on new mental health initiatives may provide a cautionary lesson about expanding VA programsnamely, that funding availability does not always mean that new initiatives will be fully implemented in a given fiscal year or that funds will be adequately tracked.
8A !ne""! !ent."ra'd, -aste, and a*'se GAO September 2001, Improvements Needed in Design of Controls over Miscellaneous Obligations
IHA recorded o!er =63& billion of miscellaneous obligations for the rocurement of mission4related goods and ser!ices in fiscal year 2007. According to VHA officials, miscellaneous obligations were used to facilitate ayment for goods and ser!ices when the quantities and deli!ery dates are not )nown3 According to VHA data, almost $3.8 billion (55.1 percent) of VHAs miscellaneous obligations was for fee-based medical services for veterans and another $1.4 billion (20.4 percent) was for drugs and medicines. The remainder funded, among other things, state homes for the care of disabled veterans, transportation of veterans to and from medical centers for treatment, and logistical support and facility maintenance for VHA medical centers nationwide. GAO's Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government states that agency management is res onsible for de!elo ing detailed olicies and rocedures for internal control suitable for their agency7s o erations . However, VA policies and procedures were not designed to provide adequate controls over the authorization and use of miscellaneous obligations with respect to oversight by contracting officials, segregation of duties, and supporting documentation for the obligation of funds. Collectively, these control design flaws increase the ris) of fraud, waste, and abuse (including employees converting government assets to their own use without detection). These control design flaws were confirmed in our case studies at VHA Medical centers in Pi ttsburgh, Pennsylvania; Cheyenne, Wyoming; and Kansas City, Missouri.
1;
/ne""e t!)e Agen y 7 Pol!t! al Cap!tal 1!n#
The sol)en y de"! !t !s o'r l!n#.Congress rel' tant to "'nd !ne""! !ent agen !es (ar5 Filson, +ina ". $ho5raii, and Ange#a Antone##i August 7, 1;&1 <Ia4orC"ea#thC0du ation
Appropriations: 0#iminating Aaste and 0nhan ing A ounta4i#it%= http://www.heritage.org/resear h/#a4or/4g1212. fm 7ortunate#%, the House of "e resentati!es has become far less willing to continue to feed the a etite of an ineffecti!e, bloated federal bureaucracy. /he "ouse Appropriations .ommittee has ta5en a 4o#d first step 4% re orting an 2Y D&&& CaborC""$CBducation a ro riations bill that begins to hold agencies accountable for oor erformance, e#iminates programs that are wastefu# or no #onger needed, and demands results from those that continue3 +t would either terminate or reduce funding le!els and reform many of the following rograms because of their oor trac) recordsJ
20
Po)erty $rontl!ne 09:22
95 Po)erty sol't!ons are dom!nated *y pol!t! al agendas not "a t :o4ert "ector &$enior :esear h 7e##ow at the "eritage 7oundation, !omesti 3o#i %', <-nderstanding and :edu ing 3overt% in Ameri a,= /he "eritage 7oundation. $ept 25, 2001.
$ad#%, a ma(or roblem in de!elo ing reasonable olicies to reduce o!erty in the -.$. is the im licit taboo on discussing the real causes of o!ertyJ lac) of arental wor), high le!els of out4of4wedloc) childbearing, and low s)ill immigration3 +n most discussions of o!erty, olitical correctness re!ails: /he predominant auses of povert% rare#% re eive more than a to5en omment. /his pro ess was vivid#% apparent in the dis ussions a4out povert% fo##owing the f#ooding of +ew 1r#eans 4% hurri ane Tatrina.
25 Wel"are a'ses po)erty 7 "ragments "am!l!es James A. /acon &3u4#isher 6 0ditor in .hief of Birginia 2usiness', <Addressing 3overt%Gs :ea# O:oot .ausesG,= Birginia 2usiness. $ept 200?.
Felfare caused finan ia# and mora# o!erty by fragmenting families3 'een4age mothers li!ing in their own a artments 44 unmarried, out of school, se arated from the influence of older family members 44 may be the least !iable so ia# and economic unit e!er concei!ed. /oda% in Birginia, we#fare po#i ies reward marriage and promote e>tended fami#% stru tures, whatever a##ows #owCin ome peop#e to poo# resour es and he#p one another. 1ne surprise, sa%s (et a#f, is that the demand for hi#d are, though su4stantia#, is #ess than e>pe ted. JIots of peop#e are turning to friends and re#atives,J he sa%s. "ere8s m% predi tion: *n another three to four %ears, the eviden e wi## 4e irrefuta4#e. /he Dreat $o iet% 4rand of we#fare wi## 4e regarded as one of the most destru tive so ia# e>periments in Ameri an histor%. Felfare, not apita#ism or ra ism or dis rimination, has been the real <root cause< of o!erty. *n the name of ompassion, welfare lunged millions of Americans into de endency3 +t destroyed their wor) ethic3 +t bred ignorance3 +t shattered families3 +t s awned !iolence, drug abuse and the criminal neglect of children3
;5 Cr!me !s a *arr!er to po)erty sol't!ons

/he "onora4#e Ai##iam 3. /arr &former Attorne% Denera#', <.rime, 3overt%, and the 7ami#%,= /he "eritage 7oundation. Ju#% 2;, 1;&2. .rime .ausing 3overt%. *t was on e a shi44o#eth that povert% auses rime, 4ut toda% * thin5 it is #ear that crime is causing o!erty3 /usinesses are dri!en from crime4ridden neighborhoods, ta)ing (obs and o ortunities with them3 :otential in!estors and would4be em loyers are scared away. 0>isting owners are deterred from ma5ing improvements on their propert%, and as
propert% va#ues go down, owners disinvest in their propert%. * 5now a sma## ontra tor who tried to reha4i#itate innerC it% housing for #owCin ome tenants. "e had to give up 4e ause drug addi ts wou#d 4rea5 in, rip out his improvements, and se## them for drug mone%. /he% wou#d even ome in regu#ar#% and ta5e out a## of the piping in the 4ui#ding and se## it for s rap. /his ontra tor o4vious#% ou#dn8t ontinue #i5e that, and #i5e man% others has @ust stopped his efforts to reha4i#itate housing. * thin5 that what we saw in Ios Ange#es shows the diffi u#t% we are going to have in re4ui#ding those ommunities. *t shows the impa t of rime on a ommunit% in fast motion, fast forward. 2ut that same pro ess is o urring around the ountr% at a more de#i4erate speed. $o in short, * don8t thin5 %ou an have progress amid haos. And the fa t is that no ur4an program an arrest the de #ine in our inner ities, and no anti4 o!erty rograms are going to ta)e hold unless they are combined with and founded u on strong
law enforcement measures that su
ress !iolent crime3
<5 =Poor> Amer! ans are mater!ally -ell6o""

:o4ert 0. "ector and Tir5 A3 Kohnson, 3h.!.Januar% 5, 200><0>e utive $ummar%: -nderstanding 3overt% in Ameri a= 0>e utive $ummar% U1713 1vera##, the ty ical American defined as oor by the go!ernment has a car, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a sto!e, a clothes washer and dryer, and a microwa!e. "e has two o#or te#evisions, and a4#e or sate##ite /B re eption. "e has a B.:, a !B! p#a%er, and a stereo. He is able to obtain medical care3 His home is in good re air and is not o!ercrowded3 /y his own re ort, his family is not hungry and he had sufficient funds in the ast year to meet his family7s essential needs .
Ahi#e this individua#8s #ife is not opu#ent, it is e?ua##% far from the popu#ar images of dire povert% onve%ed 4% the press, #i4era# a tivists, and po#iti ians.
21
Po)erty $rontl!ne 09:22
?5 Po)erty /ne)!ta*le 7 ap $haron T. Iaughan &po#iti a# s ientist', <3overt%, Justi e, and Aestern 3o#iti a# /hought,= :owman 6 Iitt#efie#d. 3g. 1FE. 200?.
(ar> re@e ts "ege#Gs thesis that his version of ivi# so iet% represents a rationa# entit%. /he "eg#ian state is mere#% a fantas%. *t is not surprising that "ege# has no ideas to a##eviate the pro4#em of povert% 4e ause a ording to (ar>, it is an intra ta4#e pro4#em. 'he ca italist system romotes rofit ma)ing as a goal rather than meeting human needs3 +n the free mar)et society, the growth of o!erty is ine!itable because it is a necessary condition for ca italism to flourish3 (ar> a#so re@e ts "ege#Gs portra%a# of the separation of ivi# so iet% and the state 4e ause he 4e#ieves that ivi# so iet% and the mode of produ tion shape human 4eings. "istor%, a ording to (ar>, is divided into epo hs that are defined 4% the mode of produ tion. *n turn, the mode of produ tion di tates the so ia# re#ations in so iet%. 0 onomi ro#es assigning ontro# over the means, pro esses, and fruits of produ tion to one group in so iet% whi#e e> #uding other groups define these so ieta# ro#es. /his is (ar>Gs definition of histori a# materia#ism and these groups form the 4asis of #ass differen es in so iet%.
@5 $am!ly h!story a'ses po)erty 6entral Oregon 6onnect, <; :oot .auses of 3overt%,= .entra# 1regon 3artnership. 1 t 13, 200?
1' 7ami#% "istor% of 3overt%. 'hose who are born to oor families are most at ris) to remain oor and raise children who li!e in o!erty3 Among the detrimenta#, cyclically learned beha!iors of on ern are: wea) arenting s)illsG lowered em hasis on educationG poor se#fCesteemP ph%si a# and emotiona# a4useP substance abuseG wea) literacy s)illsG #owered e>pe tations in re#ationships and wor5 e>perien esP wea) financial management s)illsG poor hea#th and nutrition pra ti esP et .
A5 En)!ronmental m!s6management a'ses po)erty $teve -orgaard, <!eve#opment 4etra%ed.= 1;&>3

:o!erty cannot be sol!ed without better en!ironmental management and better en!ironmental management cannot be attained without local resource users recei!ing and adequate return3 Fhole systems must be addressed3 "owever, pu4#i 4e#ief in atomism #egitimates two positions, name#% the one that argues fi>ing the parts is suffi ient and the other one that argues fi>ing the parts has not 4een effe tive in the past and therefore nothing an 4e done.
B5 A t'al po)erty !s rare :o4ert 0. "ector &$enior :esear h 7e##ow in !omesti 3o#i % $tudies' and Tir5 A. Kohnson &3h.!.', <-nderstanding 3overt% in Ameri a,= /he "eritage 7oundation. Jan 5, 200>.
7or most Ameri ans, the word < o!erty< suggests destitution: an inability to ro!ide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter3 /ut only a small number of the 5A million ersons classified as < oor< by the 6ensus /ureau fit that descri tion3 Ahi#e real material hardshi ertain#% does o ur, it is limited in sco e and se!erity3 $ost of America7s < oor< li!e in material conditions that would be (udged as comfortable or well4off (ust a few generations ago3 /oda%, the e>penditures per person of the #owestCin ome oneCfifth &or ?uinti#e' of househo#ds e?ua# those of the median Ameri an househo#d in the ear#% 1;70s, after ad@usting for inf#ation.
22
Alt Ca'ses 7 Po)erty
C'lt!ple Alt Ca'ses to Po)erty !n Amer! a 95 E'rope :o4ert "ector &$enior :esear h 7e##ow at the "eritage 7oundation, !omesti 3o#i %', <-nderstanding and :edu ing 3overt% in Ameri a,= /he "eritage 7oundation. $ept 25, 20013
Studies which claim that the 83S3 has a higher o!erty rate than Buro ean nations use a distorted technique that creates higher income standard for assessing o!erty in the 8nited States than in other nations3 /ecause of these biased methods, many Americans are deemed < oor< when, in fact, they ha!e higher real incomes than ersons identified as <non4 oor< in Buro e3 2% ontrast, if a fair, uniform standard of omparison is used, the #owest in ome tenth of the -.$.
popu#ation is found to have a rea# in ome that is rough#% e?ua# to, or higher than, most 0uropean nations. /he median in ome in the -.$. is a#so higher than near#% a## 0uropean nations.
25 ed' at!on
6entral Oregon 6onnect, <; :oot .auses of 3overt%,= .entra# 1regon 3artnership. 1 t 13, 200? F' (argina# 0du ationa# /raining 1pportunities. 'here is a lac) of suitable education and%or training rograms designed to deli!er training when it is needed, where it is needed and lin)ed to o ortunities to con!ert such training into em loyment and income3
;5 !mm!grants
:o4ert "ector &$enior :esear h 7e##ow at the "eritage 7oundation, !omesti 3o#i %', <-nderstanding and :edu ing 3overt% in Ameri a,= /he "eritage 7oundation. $ept 25, 2001. *n re ent de ades the 83S3 has im orted o!er ten million high school dro outs from a4road through 4oth #ega# and i##ega# immigrant hanne#s. 6urrently a third of all immigrant adults in the 83S3 lac) a high school degree3 O!erall, immigrants in the 83S3 ha!e substantially higher o!erty rates than non4immigrants3
<5 gender !neD'al!ty

7arhana Haque4"ahman, <Aomen an 4e agents of hange in the fight against povert%,= *nternationa# 7und for Agri u#tura# !eve#opment. 7e4 20, 2005.
A fairer dea# for women is ru ia# to the su ess of the first and perhaps most ha##enging target, that of ha#ving the num4er of e>treme#% poor peop#e 4% the %ear 2015, the session heard. Gender inequality is a root cause of o!erty, es ecially in the case of rural women who
are among the most !ulnerable and im o!erished members of society3 Fomen account for about ?0L of the world.s oor3
?5 employment
2#a5e /ailey, <"ow to +ot 2e 3oor,= +ationa# .enter for 3o#i % Ana#%sis. Jan 15, 2005. For)ing a#so significantly reduces #ongCterm o!erty. A ording to an ana#%sis of the .ensus 2ureau8s $urve% of *n ome and 3rogram 3arti ipation, D031 ercent of adults who do not wor) are oor o!er the long term. *n ontrast, only D3? ercent of those em loyed art time stay oor for e*tended eriods3 :eo le em loyed full time ha!e a 03> ercent chance of long4term o!erty. (oreover, the government an en ourage 4ehaviora# hanges. :esear h shows that between one4third and one4half of the fall in o!erty among single mothers on welfare after 1;;F was due to the 1;;6 welfare reforms that encouraged wor)3
@5 dropo't rates a'se po)erty

2#a5e /ailey, <"ow to +ot 2e 3oor,= +ationa# .enter for 3o#i % Ana#%sis. Jan 15, 2005. 7urthermore, these #ower propensities for povert% #ast throughout a person8s #ife. +n e!ery adult age grou , eo le who fail to obtain a high school degree are more than twice as li)ely to fall into o!erty . 3eop#e ages 25 to 5F are near#% three times as #i5e#%. /he num4ers are worse for #ongCterm povert% C povert% that #asts for %ears. An 1rgani,ation for 0 onomi .ooperation and !eve#opment &10.!' report found that in the -nited $tates: High school dro outs suffer a long4term o!erty rate of D>32 ercent, while high school grads ha!e only a 531 ercent long4term o!erty rate . 1n#% 1.2 per ent of adu#ts re eiving some edu ation 4e%ond high s hoo# are poor #ongCterm. 23
Glo*al Po)erty 6 De"ense
Cant sol)e Cl!mate Change.1argest !nternal l!n# to po)erty :i hard Odingo 15 (a% 2006 <Ae an8t so#ve povert% unti# we stop #imate hange=
http://www.independent. o.u 5/opinion/ ommentators/ri hardCodingoCweC antCso#veCpovert%Cunti#CweCstopC #imateC hangeCF7E2;6.htm# *n Ten%a, the re ent devastating drought is a star5 warning of what to e>pe t as #imate hange ine>ora4#% tightens its grip on the wor#d. /here is now a #ear rea#i,ation C writ #arge in the new .hristian Aid report C that the human suffering lin)ed to climate change will ma)e it im ossible to tac)le world o!erty . *n autumn 2000, wor#d #eaders signed up to a hieve eight mi##ennium deve#opment goa#s &(!Ds' C in #uding eradi ation of e>treme hunger and redu tion of hi#d morta#it% 4% 2015. As things stand, these are @ust pipe dreams. Aor#d #eaders and deve#opment harities urgent#% need to rea#i,e that ta#5 of povert% eradi ation in Afri a is now meaning#ess without addressing #imate hange. *ndeed, despite a## the good intentions, oor communities are li)ely to become oorer, as incidents of drought and flooding hit harder and more often across the de!elo ing wor #d. /his is wh% we need a ninth (i##ennium !eve#opment Doa#, spe ifi a##% addressing #imate hange, as a matter of e>treme urgen %. /he DE D#eneag#es .ommuni?uV of 2005 pres ri4ed how to improve a ess to energ% for the more than two 4i##ion peop#e in the wor#d who are not hoo5ed up to an% power grid. -nfortunate#%, its re ommendations mere#% e ho seeming#% va uous promises made at a Aor#d 0nerg% $ummit he#d in Ten%a in 1;E1. A #oo5 at the de#i4erations in the #imate mitigation forum at the -+ 7ramewor5 .onvention on .#imate .hange is even more distressing. Ahereas the wor#d s ientifi ommunit%, under the a4#e hands of the *ntergovernmenta# 3ane# on .#imate .hange, has shown the wa%, the wor#d8s deve#oped nations have fai#ed to agree on how 4est to ta 5#e the issues raised 4% g#o4a# warming and the severe impa ts #i5e#% to 4e asso iated with it. *n T%oto, the% on#% agreed to ut greenhouse gas emissions 4% five per ent 4etween 200E and 2012. 0ven now the% are sti## hagg#ing over how to do this. 0ven if T%oto were to 4e rep#a ed 4% a new proto o#, man% deve#oped nations wi## 4e unwi##ing to ma5e uts that, in their estimation, wi## JhurtJ their e onomies. "educing o!erty globally means facing the climate challenge. *t wi## not 4e so#ved 4% de4t re#ief or to5en finan ia# transfers. *t wi## re?uire a true shift in po#i %. *t re?uires a determined effort to empower rura# ommunities. 3ut at its most simp#e, there is no point in giving a fami#% a sa 5 of food ever% time a drought wipes out its rops C that8s @ust not sustaina4#e. /he on#% wa% to ma5e sure the% an feed themse#ves, without ontinua# harit% handCouts, is to reverse the #imate hange that is turning their #and into desert.
2F
Ch!nese Po)erty /ne)!ta*le
Cl!mate hange ma#es Ch!nese po)erty !ne)!ta*le 6hina Daily 6%D1 <.#imate hange root ause for povert%, sa%s report=
http://www. hinadai#%. om. n/ hina/200;C06/1E/ ontentHE2;6;5;.htm 6limate change has emerged as the main reason for o!erty in 6hina as o!er &A ercent of the oor li!e in ecologically fragile areas and are the most affected by the changing atterns , a ording to a new report./he report goes on to add that a map of .hina8s povert%Cstri 5en areas over#aps the map of the ountr%8s e o#ogi a##% fragi#e regions./it#ed J.#imate .hange and 3overt%: a .ase $tud% of .hinaJ, the report re#eased %esterda% was initiated 4% Dreenpea e .hina and 1>fam "ong Tong, with @oint efforts of e>perts and resear hers from the .hinese A adem% of Agri u#tura# $ ien es &.AA$' and #o a# meteoro#ogi a# offi ia#s in $i huan, Duangdong and Dansu.t said in the past 50 %ears, the dire t e onomi #osses at (a4ian ount% in $i huan provin e due to torrentia# rain and f#oodCre#ated disasters have dramati a##% in reased. 7rom 2001 to 200E, the average annua# dire t e onomi #osses were around 23.E 4i##ion %uan, ompared to ;.7 4i##ion %uan in 50 %ears.Iin 0rda, a mem4er of .hina8s nationa# #imate hange e>pert pane# and a senior resear her with the .hinese A adem% of Agri u#tura# $ ien es, however, fee#s that .hina has an outstanding tra 5 re ord in povert% a##eviation.A ording to statisti s 4% $tate .oun i# Ieading Droup 1ffi e of 3overt% A##eviation and !eve#opment, there were 250 mi##ion peop#e #iving in a4so#ute povert% in the ountr%. 2% 2007, however, it had shrun5 to 1F.E mi##ion, a ounting for 1.6 per ent of the ountr%8s tota# popu#ation."owever, ase studies from Duangdong, $i huan and Dansu provin es show that global warming does induce floods, snowstorms and landslides, which are detrimental to ecologically sensiti!e areas and ham er o!erty relief efforts .<'he current o!erty alle!iation ro(ects in 6hina are mainly focused on income im ro!ement3 $oney hel s only those eo le who are li!ing in ecologically fa!orable regions as natural disasters often ush eo le in the sensiti!e regions bac) into o!erty,< said Wu Sin#ong, a .AA$ e>pert.
25
E onomy
95 E on res!l!ent Associated :ress, Aednesda%, Januar% 23, 2001 <:i e $a%s -$ 0 onom% :esi#ient=
http://origin2.fo>news. om/wires/200EJan23/0,F670,Aor#d0 onomi 7orum:i e,00.htm# "er remar5s ame after two da%s of wi#d mar5et swings wor#dwide and the surprise 7edera# :eserve interest rate ut on /uesda% #owered its 4en hmar5 rate to 3.5 per ent from F.25 per ent in 4etween regu#ar po#i %Csetting meetings.J+ )now that many are concerned by the recent fluctuations in 83S3 financial mar)ets, and by concerns about the 83S3 economy,J she said. J3resident 2ush has announ ed an out#ine of a meaningfu# fis a# growth pa 5age that wi## 4oost onsumer spending and support 4usiness investment this %ear.J$he said -.$. /reasur% $e retar% "enr% 3au#son, who an e#ed his own visit to the Aor#d 0 onomi 7orum annua# meeting at the #ast minute, was J#eading our administration8s efforts and wor5ing #ose#% with the #eaders of 4oth parties in .ongress to agree on a stimu#us pa 5age that is swift, ro4ust, 4roadC4ased, and temporar%.J'he 83S3 economy is <resilient, its structure sound, and its long4term economic fundamentals are healthy ,< "ice said3 <And our economy will remain a leading engine of global economic growth ,< she added3JSo we should ha!e confidence in the underlying strength of the global economy H and a t with onfiden e on the 4asis of the prin ip#es that #ead to su ess in toda%8s wor#d.J
25 The ro'gh pat h !s o)er.-e)e already -a!ted o't the -orst o" the e onom! r!s!s ;5 %o sp!llo)er 7 the -orld e onomy an a*sor* 45S5 sho #s 'ur)ish Daily +ews +ovem4er 17, 2006 <Aor#d 0 onom% "o#ds up in the fa e of -$ $#owdown= Ie>is
Ahen the% onvene this wee5end in Austra#ia, DC20 finan e ministers from the world7s leading owers can ta)e heart at a global economy that is ro!ing resilient in the face of a 83S3 slowdown .D#o4a# growth is pro@e ted to ome to 5 per ent this %ear, the head of the *nternationa# (onetar% 7und &*(7', :odrigo :ato, said #ast wee5."owever, he a#so warned that the growth % #e ou#d 4e rea hing its pea5, with a num4er of shortCterm ris5s #ooming./hose ris5s are e>pe ted to on entrate the minds of the Droup of 20 finan e ministers and entra# 4an5ers at their annua# session on $aturda% and $unda% in (e#4ourne."igh oi# pri es, e> hange rates, the f#oundering !oha :ound mu#ti#atera# trade ta#5s and the rising ost of redit are prominent agenda items.7or months now, po#iti ians and ana#%sts have 4een fretting over fears that a sharp downturn in the -.$. housing mar5et ou#d trigger a farCrea hing ontra tion in g#o4a# a tivit%.At the moment though the *(7 is predi ting a Jsoft #andingJ in the -nited $tates, a ording to :ato, who nonethe#ess autions that a sharp orre tion in -.$. housing pri es ou#d sti## desta4i#i,e the nationa# e onom%.At the 4an5 2+3 3ari4as, e onomist 0ri Bergnaud noted that while the world7s largest economy has been losing steam since last s ring, the trend should ha!e little im act on the 83S3 erformance for the year because of an es ecially dynamic first quarter, when growth surged to 5.6 per ent from the same period of 2005.JAith Japan not doing too 4ad#%, with the euro ,one en@o%ing strong growth this %ear, the world economy in 2006 should be able to absorb the 83S3 slowdown rather well,< he said.
<5 /" the e onomy -ere to de l!ne so m' h that nat!ons la #ed money, they -o'ldnt "!ght s'per6e,pens!)e -ars, they -o'ld sa)e !t
26
Alt Ca'ses 7 E onomy
3an#s st!ll need to *e "'nded A#an Greens an, former hairmen of federa# reserve, 6%2&.0; <*nf#ation Qthe rea# threat to sustained re over%=
finan ia# times *n addition, huge unrecogni,ed losses of 83S3 ban)s still need to be funded3 Bither a stabili,ation of home rices or a further rise in new#% reated equity va#ue avai#a4#e to -.$. finan ia# intermediaries would address this im ediment to reco!ery.
+o's!ng pr! es st!ll need to *e "!,ed A#an Greens an, former hairmen of federa# reserve, 6%2&.0; <*nf#ation Qthe rea# threat to sustained re over%=
finan ia# times *s this the 4eginning of a pro#onged e onomi re over% or a fa#se dawnM /here are redi4#e arguments on 4oth sides of the issue. * on@e tured over a %ear ago on these pages that the crisis will end when home rices in the 83S3 stabili,e. /hat sti## appears right. Such rices largely determine the amount of equity in homes Q the u#timate o##atera# for the N11,0004n of -.$. home mortgage de4t, a signifi ant share of whi h is he#d in the form of assetC4a 5ed se urities outside the -$. 3ri es are urrent#% 4eing suppressed 4% a #arge overhang of va ant houses for sa#e. 1wing to the re ent sharp drop in house omp#etions, this overhang is 4eing #i?uidated in earnest, suggesting pri es ou#d start to sta4i#i,e in the ne>t severa# months Q although they could drift lower into 20D03
A)a!la*!l!ty o" red!t needs to *e "!,ed (ar% Mane ?%D%0; <!onGt 2e 7oo#ed 4% +ew .redit .ard IawsP .iti $ti## :aising :ates=
http://washingtonindependent. om/F;F0;/dontC4eCfoo#edC4%CnewC reditC ardC#awsC itiCsti##CraisingCrates 2ut then the 2inancial 'imes comes along to re ort that 6itigrou suddenly hi)ed rates for as many as DA million holders of cards it co4brands with retailers such as Sears . And .iti did so @ust months 4efore provisions in the new #aw that wou#d 4an su h a move ta5e effe t. 6iti isn.t entirely alone3 Other card issuers ha!e been gradually raising rates as well, in response to in reasing defau#t rates. 2ut the 7/ said .itiGs hi5es have 4een the sharpest. /he paper ited sour es #ose to the situation for its information, not an% forma# announ ement of rate hi5es 4% .iti. 6iti.s rate increases emerged on the day the go!ernment ro osed legislation to create a new regulator with swee ing owers on consumer rotection and a wee5 after the 4an5 was atta 5ed 4% some po#iti ians for raising emp#o%eesG sa#aries. "o#ders of oC4randed ards who fai#ed to pa% their 4a#an e in fu## at the end of the month saw their rates rise 4% an average 2F per ent Q or near#% 3 per entage points Q 4etween Januar% and Apri#, a ording to a .redit $uisse ana#%sis of data from the onsu#tan % Iightspeed :esear h. .itigroup to#d the 7/ that despite the fish% timing of the move, raising rates for no parti u#ar reason on mi##ions of ustomers had nothing to do with a new #aw that wou#d soon prevent it from su h an a tion: <Ae have ad@usted pri ing and ard terms for some ustomers as part of our regu#ar a ount reviews. /his is an ongoing pro ess to ensure we offer terms, interest rates, redit #ines and produ ts 4ased on individua# needs and ris5 profi#es. K...L </hese hanges a#so ref#e t the dramati a##% higher ost of doing 4usiness in our industr% as we wor5 to preserve the 4road avai#a4i#it% of redit.= Yes, it.s that 9a!ailability of credit; argument again. 7or the past de ade, whene!er anyone dared to mention utting curbs on high interest rates for credit cards or mortgages, the lending industry always warned that any restrictions would lead to less a!ailability of credit3 /hings didnGt e>a t#% turn out that wa%. *f .itiGs strateg% of @a 5ing up rates prior to a new #aw ta5ing effe t at hes on, onsumers with .iti ards wou#d do 4est to vote with their feet and find another issuer who isnGt p#a%ing that game. 2ut itGs not on#% onsumers who might a t. .iti famous#% remains the re ipient of government #argesse, and this new deve#opment has the potentia# to ran5 right up there with pur hasing a #u>ur% orporate @et right after 4eing 4ai#ed out 4% ta>pa%ers, in terms of pu4#i re#ations damage potentia#. (a%4e ne>t time 6ongress ta5es on #egis#ation to rein in the redit ard firms, it should ma)e sure its restrictions go into effect 4% the time the in5 dries on the 3residentGs signature ) and not a minute #ater.
27
E,t 9
45S5 e onomy !s res!l!ent5 "euters (ar 16, 2001 </reasur%8s 3au#son sa%s -.$. e onom% resi#ient=
http://www.reuters. om/arti #e/4usiness+ews/id-$+16FE65EF200E0316 *n an interview with J7o> +ews $unda%J :aulson said 83S3 mar)ets were <resilientJ and that he fe#t the N152 4i##ion e onomi stimu#us p#an wou#d he#p #ift the e onom%. 3au#son said the 2ush administration ontinued to 4e#ieve that J#ongCterm e onomi strength is going to 4e ref#e ted in the do##ar.J 3au#son a#so said the 7edera# :eserve made the right de ision on 7rida% to ome to the res ue of 2ear $tearns, 2$..+, the fifth #argest investment 4an5. 3au#son said it was important to minimi,e mar5et disruptions and enhan e onfiden e in the -.$. e onom%. <+7!e got great confidence in our financial institutions,< :aulson said3 <Our mar)ets are resilient3< He added that he had confidence 83S economy would wor) it way through the current crises that began with a shar downturn in the 83S3 housing mar)et leading to a full4blown credit crisis . &:eporting 4% !onna $mithP 0diting 4% Ja 5ie 7ran5'
2E
E onomy CP
CP Te,tE The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld "'lly repay and th's an el nearly all de*t "rom st'dent *ased loans !n the 4n!ted States5 St'dent de*t "org!)eness -o'ld *oost the e onomy Huliq June 11th N& <7orgive $tudent Ioan !e4t As5s 7or .onso#idation 2ai#out < +ews
http://www.hu#i?. om/3F7E/E2125/forgiveCstudentC#oanCde4t $ore and more eo le, faced with massi!e debt from student loans and the urgent need for student loan debt consolidation, are proposing that the government forgive student #oan de4t in order to he#p out the average onsumer and there4% give a strong 4oost the the +ation8s e onom%. * thin5 it7s a !ery good idea to forgi!e student loan debt, and the go!ernment ought to consider this issue with student loans !ery seriously. As a 3h.!. student wor5ing on m% dissertation, * have spent now 15 %ears in o##ege and grad s hoo#. !uring that time * have amassed over 100,000 do##ars in student #oan de4t. * am not a#one3 +t is !ery common for indi!iduals, articularly those who attend graduate school to rac) u a massi!e amount of debt. Ahat we t%pi a##% do is onso#idate that de4t so that month#% pa%ments are as s#im as possi4#e. 2ut we are sti## 4urdened 4% the rushing osts of our de4t. Fhat we need is student loan debt forgi!eness. /hat8s what the 7orgive $tudent Ioan !e4t has started at www.forgivestudent#oande4t. om, where 1;3,500 mem4ers want the government to spend N550CN600 4i##ion ne essar% 2 omp#ete#% an e# a## student de4t. 'he issue of forgi!ing the debt of student loans has in fact become far more ressing3 /ecause of the horrible nature of our economy debt consolidation has become rare3 2ewer and fewer com anies are consolidating student loan debt , and the onso#idations offered are doing #ess for the person in de4t. 'his is rather cri ling3 /ecause of the absurdly high cost of a college education in the 8nited States, the vast ma@orit% of students must ta5e out man% #oans of ver% #arge amounts. /heir on#% hope of avoiding finan ia# ruin when the% finish s hoo# is to get a ver% good de4t onso#idation dea#. 'his is were it would ma)e sense to forgi!e student loan debt and ma)e it beneficial3 +f debt consolidation for student loans continues to wane, more and more eo le will go ban)ru t , lose homes, and face utter financial ruin3 'his is not merely a matter of ain and suffering for these unfortunate indi!iduals either . /he more individua#s that fai# finan ia##%, the more the ountr% fai#s. And sin e the vast ma@orit% of Ameri ans now attend some form of o##ege and the vast ma@orit% of o##ege students have to ta5e out a ver% high amount of #oans, it fo##ows that a #arge num4er of peop#e are effe ted 4% this.*n #ight of a## of this, + submit that it is for the economic good of the nation that 2orgi!eness of student loan debt is a )ey element in sa!ing the economic fate of the nation3 Fith 6onsolidation at a low oint, student loan forgi!eness is essential to hel ing your a!erage erson who may buy a home, a ar, or #u>ur% goods on the mar5et. Student Coan forgi!eness will em ower the a!erage buyer to urchase, the economy will be on its way to healing3 /herefore, it does ma5e sense to forgive student #oan de4t as part of the 4ai#outs that are o urring to he#p the e onom%.
2;
De*t $org!)eness CP E,t
Can ell!ng st'dent loan de*t -o'ld st!m'late e onom! gro-th Huffington :ost, 7e4ruar% N& http://www.huffingtonpost. om/@onC hattman/forgivingCstudentC#oanC
deH4H16F103.htm# <7orgiving $tudent Ioan !e4t Aou#d $timu#ate 0 onom%= :o4ert App#e4aum, an attorne% from +ew Sor5, thin5s so and has an idea on how to he#p man% in his shoes CC and trust me, there are man% CC whi#e stimu#ating the e onom% at the same time. /he 35 %ear o#d started up an on#ine ampaign this month to 4ai# out those JhardCwor5ing, edu ated midd#e #assJ suffo ating in o##ege #oan de4t on 7a e4oo5. "e formed the group J6ancel Student Coan Debt to Stimulate the BconomyJ 4e ause he 4e#ieves forgi!ing student loan debt for those ma)ing under =DA0,000 annually would hel boost the economy from <the bottom u 3<J* strugg#e to pa% m% rent and 4i##s and have never defau#ted on m% student #oans,J he said 7e4. F. 2ut * a#so don8t spend mone% on onsumer goods an%more CC not on#% 4e ause * an8t afford them, 4ut 4e ause *8m afraid the situation wi## on#% get worse...J"e ontinued, J1neCtime ta> re4ates and meager ta> uts do nothing to stimu#ate the e onom%. A re ession is as mu h a ps% ho#ogi a# phenomenon as an%thing e#se. Tnowing *8d have an e>tra N500 per month in m% po 5et wi## get me spending again. (u#tip#% that a ross the ountr% and the e onom% wi## start to move again.JApp#e4aum has 4een fighting off his own #oans sin e 1;;E, and owes more now than he did when he graduated. "e said he de ided to form a group on the so ia# networ5ing powerhouse 4e ause he8s si 5 of wat hing peop#e #i5e him pa% the pri e for hoosing to go for higher edu ation and advan ed degrees.J* was wat hing the news a4out not on#% the urrent e onomi stimu#us pa 5age 4ut the se ond 4ai#out for the finan ia# institutions that8s oming down the pi5e &in addition to the N700 4i##ion /A:3 4ai#out'. +ews a4out #avish va ations, e>or4itant 4onuses and the rede orating of the .hairman of (erri## I%n h8s offi e a4so#ute#% disgusted me,J re a##ed App#e4aum, who has seen his group surpass 3,000 in @ust a few da%s after he formed it.J*t o urred to me that these gu%s are responsi4#e for the mess %et the% have their hands out as5ing the ta>pa%ers for 4i##ions of do##ars Kwhi#eL ontinuing to spend mone% #i5e drun5en poets on pa%da%,J he added.App#e4aum8s not a#one in his thought pro esses. 7e##ow 7a e4oo5er Tevin 2arto%, a 35C%earCo#d ar heo#ogist from 1#d "i 5or%, /+ started up a simi#ar group a few wee5s ago 4e ause he and his wife have 4een drowning in student #oan de4t as we##. App#e4aum onta ted 2arto%, and the two have sin e 4anded together, running their respe tive groups as Jsisters.J /he goa# is to gain enough tra tion it8## gra4 3resident 14ama8s attention. /he reation of this petition wi## sure#% he#p.J 'his would truly allow the educated lower and middle classes to create a solid foundation for a new economy,< 2arto% said. J+t is frustrating to be a society in which you need the educational credentials to succeed, but to get them, you ha!e to ut yourself in so much debt that you lose your inde endence in the rocess3<
30
Terror!sm 7 De"ense 09:22
95 Terror!sm -!ll rema!n as long as the m!l!tary !s !n C'sl!m lands.no e, ept!on Anouar /ou)hars 6%22/0;CCdire tor of the enter for defense and se urit% po#i % 9 Ai#4erfor e -niversit%
</here are man% wa%s to e>p#oit A#CXaeda8s vu#nera4i#ities= http://www.dai#%star. om.#4/arti #e.aspM editionHidY106 ategH idY56arti #eHidY10331E. -#timate#%, the strugg#e against A#CXaeda an 4e won on#% if its ompe##ing message and ideo#og% are under ut. As long as the :alestinian redicament drags on and America7s military resence in +raq and Afghanistan ersists, Al4Oaeda will continue to garner wides read $uslim sym athy for its claim to s ea) on behalf of the <wea) and o ressed.J Occu ation of $uslim lands, as Ameri a8s +ationa# *nte##igen e Assessment on terrorism on #uded in the onte>t of the +raq occu ation, breeds <a dee resentment of 8S in!ol!ement in the $uslim worldJ and u#tivates Jsupporters for the g#o4a# @ihadist movement.J 7or so #ong, vio#ent radi a#ism was 4e#ieved to 4e generated 4% re#igious orientations, not po#iti a# ones. *s#am was seen as the root ause of terror and the 4reeder of a su4 u#ture of re4e##ion and vio#en e. /he 2ush administration and its inte##e tua# 4a 5ers in Aashington em4ra ed onfrontationa# mi#itarism and refused to address the grievan es that fue# the fires of radi a#ism, re4e##ion and vio#ent resistan e.
25 There !s no root a'se o" terror!sm.attempts to rat!onal!Fe re"le t narro- 'nderstand!ng (i hea# "adu Q 3.h.!, senior fe##ow at the 7oreign 3o#i % :esear h *nstitute. 2002 <the futi#e sear h for the root
auses of terrorism= http://www.un .edu/depts/dip#omat/ar hivesHro##/2002H07C0;/raduHfuti#e/raduHfuti#e.htm# +t is hubris to attem t to e* lain terrorism in general , #et a#one in its man% different forms a ross time and p#a e. /he fo##owing o4servations are therefore intended on#% to refo us the de4ate, not to Je>p#ainJ terrorism. 'he desire to identify <root causes< and so be able to correct them is natural3 "oot causes <ha!e< to be there#at least in the American mind3 'here must be an e* lanation for the ine* licable J wh% a teenaged 3a#estinian gir# wou#d 4#ow herse#f up in an attempt to 5i## as man% Jews as possi4#e, or privi#eged %oung men of the Ara4 wor#d p#ot to 5i## themse#ves whi#e murdering thousands of Ameri an ivi#ians 3 /ut much as the frequently as)ed question this ast fall, <Fhy do they hate us@< had flawed remises and yielded flawed answers, framing the question as <Fhat are the root causes of terrorism@< leads too easily to loo)ing at the usual sus ectsJ < o!erty,< <in(ustice,< <e* loitation,< and <frustration3< Ii5e the man in the para4#e who #oo5s for his #ost 5e%s under the street#ight instead of where he #ost them 4e ause Jthe #ight8s 4etter,J it8s easier to #oo5 in these fami#iar areas than to fa e and address the rea# pro4#ems.
;5 /ts !mposs!*le to -!ns hearts and m!nds Jessi a Stern, a #e turer at "arvard8s Tenned% $ hoo# of Dovernment, August 20, 2005 <"ow Ameri a .reated a
/errorist "aven= http://www.wh%Cwar. om/news/2003/0E/20/howameri.htm# Fhile there is no single root cause of terrorism, my inter!iews with terrorists o!er the ast fi!e years suggest that alienation, ercei!ed humiliation and lac) of olitical and economic o ortunities ma)e young men susce tible to e*tremism. *t an evo#ve easi#% into vio#en e when government institutions are wea5 and there is mone% avai#a4#e to pa% for a ho#% war. America is unli)ely to win the hearts and minds of committed terrorists3 After some time on the (ob, it is hard for them to imagine another life3 Se!eral described (ihad to me as being <addicti!e3< 'hus the best way to fight them is to ensure that they are re(ected by the broader o ulation. /errorists and guerri##as re#% on getting at #east some popu#ar support. Ameri a8s tas5 wi## 4e to restore pu4#i safet% in *ra? and put in p#a e effe tive governing institutions that are run 4% *ra?is. *t wou#d a#so he#p if we invo#ved more troops from other ountries, to ma5e #ear that the war wasn8t an Ameri an p#ot to stea# *ra?8s oi# and denigrate *s#am, as the e>tremists argue.
31
Terror!sm 7 De"ense 02:22
<5 Cy*er atta # !s !ne)!ta*le $teven 3. /ucciQ 3.h.d *2(8s *ssue Iead for .%4er $e urit% 3rograms, 6%D2/0; </he .onf#uen e of .%4er
.rime and /errorism= http://www.heritage.org/:esear h/+ationa#$e urit%/h#1123. fm 'errorists will recogni,e the o ortunity the cyber world offers sooner or later3 'hey will also recogni,e that they need hel to ro erly e* loit it. *t is un#i5e#% the% wi## have the patien e to deve#op their own omp#ete#% independent apa4i#ities. At the same time, the high#% deve#oped, high#% apa4#e %4er rimina# networ5s want mone% and are #itt#e a4out the sour e. 'his is a marriage made in Hell3 'he threat of a full nationCstate attac), either cyber or cyber4enabled )inetic, is our most dangerous threat 3 Ae pra% deterren e wi## ontinue to ho#d, and we shou#d ta5e a## measures to shore up that deterren e. 'errorists will ne!er be deterred in this way3 'hey will continue to see) ways to successfully harm us, and they will (oin hands with criminal elements to do so3 A terrorist attac) ena4#ed 4% %4er rime apa4i#ities wi## now 4e an eighth group of %4er threats, and it will be the most li)ely ma(or e!ent we will need to confront3 $ome wou#d sa% that %4er rime is a pure#% #aw enfor ement issue, with no nationa# se urit% omponent. /hat is a du4ious JtruthJ toda%. /his is not a stati situation, and it wi## definite#% 4e more dangerous#% fa#se in the future. 8nless we get cyber crime under control, it will mutate into a !ery real, !ery dangerous national security issue with otentially catastro hic ramifications. *t wou#d 4e far 4etter to address it now rather than in the midst of a terrorist in ident or ampaign of in idents against one of our ountries. 'errorism enabled by cyber criminals is our most li)ely ma(or cyber threat3 +t must be met with all our assets.
?5 Terror!sts -ont 'se WCDs.Operat!onal r!s#s to h!gh 2rian Ken)ins, senior advisor to the president of the :A+! .orporation, 2006 <-n on?uera4#e +ation: Tnowing
our 0nem%, $trengthening 1urse#ves,= http://www.rand.org/pu4s/monographs/2006/:A+!H(DF5F.pdf $howmanship in arr%ing out spe ta u#ar atta 5s demonstrates prowess. O erations therefore must be successful. *t is not ne essar% that the atta 5ers survive)mart%rdom demonstrates their ommitment and adds to the enem%Gs a#arm )4ut the o eration must not be seen to fail3 Ambitious o erations must be weighed against ris)s of fai#ure, sin e fai#ure 4rings humi#iation to the atta 5ers and em4arrasses the enterprise. 0ven more serious#%, @ihadists 4e#ieve that DodGs wi## is e>pressed in su ess and fai#ure. /o su eed is to have DodGs support. 7ai#ure signa#s DodGs disapprova#. As a onse?uen e, @ihadist p#anners are onservative. /%pi a# of terrorist p#anning, the suita4i#it% of the operation omes first, feasi4i#it% se ond. .onsiderations for operationa# feasi4i#it% in #ude a ess to re#evant information, the a essi4i#it% of the target, the #eve# of se urit%, the avai#a4i#it% of re#ia4#e peop#e, ph%si a# re?uirements, omp#e>it%, and osts. 1#d p#a%4oo5s predominate. 6atastro hic attac)s with uncon!entional wea ons remain (ihadist ambitions, but determined fighters with con!entional e* losi!es remain the most reliable wea ons3 (u#tip#e atta 5s in rease death and destru tion, 4ut o erations with too many mo!ing arts ris) failure3 Kihadist lanners continue to thin) big but e*ecute conser!ati!ely3
32
DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn O 'pat!on *reeds terror
E,t 9 7 C'sl!m 1and
Anouar /ou)hars 6%22/0;CCdire tor of the enter for defense and se urit% po#i % 9 Ai#4erfor e -niversit% </here are man% wa%s to e>p#oit A#CXaeda8s vu#nera4i#ities= http://www.dai#%star. om.#4/arti #e.aspM editionHidY106 ategH idY56arti #eHidY10331E. JOccu ation breeds terror,J de #ared former *srae#i so#dier $eth 7reedman. JB!ery incursion, e!ery raid, e!ery curfew and collecti!e unishment, dri!es the moderates into the welcoming arms of the militants, who romise to return their honor and their wounded ride by fighting the o ressors7 fire with fire of their own.J 3rodding Ara4 regimes towards po#iti a# reform that is in #usive of *s#amist parti ipation is the se ond most effe tive antidote to po#iti a# radi a#ism.
33
E,t 2 7 %o root a'se
%o root a'se o" terror $wati :arashar CC Asso iate 7e##ow with the *nternationa# /errorism Aat h 3rogramme 2;. 0E. 200A
</errorism: /he Oroot ausesG= http://www.southasiaana#%sis.org/Z5.papers16Z5.paper1521.htm# 'he Nroot causes. debate es ecially in the current conte*t seems more li)e an eyewash to thrust the blame on articular regimes, cultures and societies, instead of a genuine attem t to loo) closely at the dee er issues underlying the roblem3 *t is ?uite onvenient for the -$ and its a##ies to argue, in the #ight of their fai#ures in *ra? and Afghanistan and to ur4 terrorism, that the roots of terror #ie in the 4a 5ward #oo5ing, fundamenta#ist, non demo rati so ieties whi h ontinue to 4reed terrorists. Are the -$ and its a##ies wi##ing to a ept our root auses @ Fe might argue and even rightfu##% so that it is Ameri a Gs po#i ies, Festern neo colonialism and im erialism and a hegemonic international system that are the real Nroot causes. of terrorism . Ai## it 4e a epta4#e if we #aimed that 3a5istan is the Oroot auseG of terrorismM *t is the o upation of *ra? , the Aestern support to the Jihadis fighting the soviets in Afghanistan and the un@ust e onomi po#i ies that have #ed to une?ua# so ieties that 4reed terrorism. 'he con!enient Nroot causes. li)e o!erty illiteracy, bac)wardness, fundamentalism, authoritarianism are hardly the considerations in sustaining terrorism or in winning recruits . /hus #i5e mu h of the de4ate on terrorism, even the Oroot ausesG de4ate has a#read% 4een defined.
3F
A2 Po)erty G Hoot Ca'se
Po)erty !s not the root a'se o" terror!sm.s!mple data (i hea# "adu Q 3.h.!, senior fe##ow at the 7oreign 3o#i % :esear h *nstitute. 2002 <the futi#e sear h for the root
auses of terrorism= http://www.un .edu/depts/dip#omat/ar hivesHro##/2002H07C0;/raduHfuti#e/raduHfuti#e.htm# 'hose who hold to < o!erty as the root cause< do so e!en though the data does not fit their model . 0ven #eaving aside mu#timi##ionaire 1sama 4in Iaden, the bac)grounds of the Se tember DD )illers indicates that they were without e*ce tion scions of ri!ilegeJ all were either affluent Saudis and Bgy tians, citi,ens of the wealthy Gulf statelets, or ri h sons of Ie4anon, trained in and fami#iar with the wa%s of the Aest)not e>a t#% the vi tims of povert% in (us#im di tatorships. (an% poor 0g%ptians, (oro ans, and 3a#estinians ma% support terrorists, 4ut the% do not)and annot)provide them with re ruits3 +n fact, Al Oaeda has no use for illiterate easants. /he% annot parti ipate in Aor#d /rade .enterC#i5e atta 5s, una4#e as the% are to ma5e themse#ves in onspi uous in the Aest and #a 5ing the edu ation and training terrorist operatives need. *ndeed, ever sin e the :ussian inte##e tua#s JinventedJ modern terrorism in the 1;th entur%, revo#utionar% vio#en e)terrorism is @ust one form of it)has 4een a virtua# monopo#% of the re#ative#% privi#eged. /errorists have 4een midd#e #ass, often upper #ass, and a#wa%s edu ated, 4ut never poor. /he $outh Ameri an /upamaros and (ontoneros of the 1;70s were a## midd#e #ass, starting as afe Ja o4ins and graduating into ur4an terrorism, as were their fo##owers among the Derman 2aaderC(einhof Dang, the *ta#ian :ed 2rigades, 7ran e8s A tion !ire te, the $andinista #eadership in +i aragua and, 4efore it, 7ide# .astro8s .u4an revo#utionaries. .onsidering the omposition of man% of the antig#o4a#ist groups toda%, it is a safe 4et that midd#e #ass, prosperous, and se#fCrighteous as the% are, the% wi## soon provide the re ruits of a new wave of terrorism in the Aest)as we ma% a#read% 4e seeing in the reviva# of *ta#%8s :ed 2rigades. 'o say that economic conditions are not the root cause of terrorism is not to say that the there are no conditions that correlate strongly to olitical !iolence and terrorism3 'here are henomena we should be concerned about in this regard, it is (ust that they are far less ob!ious than o!erty and much more com le* to address.
35
E,t < 7 Cy*er Terror!sm
45S5 !s !n reas!ngly )'lnera*le to y*er6terror!sm Tevin D. 6oleman, /e hno#%ti s, 6%22, 200; <*nformation $e urit%: /he Dood, /he 2ad and /he -g#%=
http://itC ostCredu tion.tm net. om/topi s/se urit%/arti #es/5EFE3CinformationCse urit%CgoodC4adCtheCug#%.htm 'he 8nited States is 4% far the most technology ad!anced country in the wor#d. 'hat status is what ma)es us so !ulnerable to %4er atta 5s, %4er rime and potentia# cyber terrorism. $e urit% must 4egin at the spe ifi ation and design #eve# of software deve#opment and ontinue on far after the program is de#ivered and in produ tion. A## too often the first thing to get ut when software deve#opment pro@e t go over 4udget or run #ate is testing. /hat has to stop and stop now. !ue to the issues presented a4ove, mu h of our riti a# infrastru ture wi## have to 4e rep#a ed to se ure them. /hat wi## drive the overa## osts into the tens of 4i##ions of do##ars over the ne>t severa# %ears. /he economic im act of a successful cyber attac) is difficult to calculate . A ording to a .ongressiona# :esear h $tud% into the sto 5 pri e impa t of %4er atta 5s, the% were a4#e to dedu e that a pu4#i a##% traded target &4usiness' of a su essfu# %4er atta 5 suffer #osses of 1ZC5Z in the da%s after an atta 5. /here are no figures avai#a4#e that represent the true impa t of a su essfu# %4er atta 5 on the nationGs riti a# infrastru ture, 4ut we shou#d #oo5 at the +ortheast 3ower 2#a 5out for guidan e. A stud% ondu ted 4% Iawren e 2er5e#e% +ationa# Ia4orator% resear hers Tristina "ama hiCIa.ommare and Joe 0to for the -.$. !epartment of 0nerg%Gs 1ffi e of 0#e tri /ransmission and !istri4ution estimates that electric ower outages and blac)outs cost the nation about =10 billion annually3 -ow add to that the mental im act that we e* erienced after the last terrorist attac) and the number becomes e!en higher. /he pro4#em of information se urit% must 4e addressed at an enterprise #eve#. Data is a !aluable asset and as such needs to be ro erly rotected3 Ae anGt @ust 5eep going at the se urit% pro4#em using a pie eCmea# approa h. "istor% has shown that this approa h is inade?uate. 1ne definition of insanit% is doing the same thing over and over again and e>pe ting different resu#ts[ 1rgani,ations need to ta5e a different approa h and esta4#ish a se urit% strateg% with programs that address ph%si a# and information omp#ian e, governan e and integrit%. Ae in the -nited $tates seem to wait unti# after something rea##% 4ad happens 4efore we do what is ne essar% to fi> the pro4#em. Ahat do %ou sa% we do something different for a hangeM
45S5 den!al o" !n"ormat!on se 'r!ty p'ts se 'r!ty at r!s# Tevin D. 6oleman, /e hno#%ti s, 6%22, 200; <*nformation $e urit%: /he Dood, /he 2ad and /he -g#%=
http://itC ostCredu tion.tm net. om/topi s/se urit%/arti #es/5EFE3CinformationCse urit%CgoodC4adCtheCug#%.htm 1ur attitude towards information security is one of our biggest issues. Ae seem to a ept these atta 5s and the #i5e#ihood of our s%stems 4eing ompromised as 4usiness as usua#. (an% professiona# * ta#5ed to at a re ent onferen e use to sa% <*t anGt 4e that 4ad.= +ow the% are a## sa%ing, <* anGt 4e#ieve it is this 4ad.= 'he dramatic increase in attac) so histication along with the e* losi!e growth in the number of attac)s organi,ations in the pu4#i and private se tor are e>perien ing ha!e combined to ma)e information security a critical issue for organi,ation of an% si,e. /hat 4eing said, %ou wou#d not e>pe t staff redu tions hitting information se urit%, 4ut the% are[ /he rapid de e#eration of our e onom% has made it ne essar% for organi,ations to redu e overhead. -nfortunate#%, information se urit% is in the overhead 4u 5et. .uts in staffing have in reased the ris5s of information se urit% 4rea hes. Aith the redu ed staffing mode#s, the time from an avai#a4i#it% of a software pat h unti# it has 4een tested and app#ied has in reased. 1ne pat h % #e &pat h avai#a4i#it% to app#i ation a ross a## omputers' too5 E1 da%s. $o for the E1 da% period, from when the vu#nera4i#it% was pu4#i a##% announ ed unti# the ompan% app#ied the pa t, ha 5ers ou#d have e>p#oited the vu#nera4i#it%. As */ support staff is ut further, the #ength of e>posure time wi## sure#% grow, thus in reasing the ris5 of 4eing ompromised. 'he re orts of com uter com romises that we see and hear about are only the ti of the iceberg3 'echnical staff often do not re ort or co!er u incidents for fear that they may lose their (obs or the 4rea h wi## ma5e them #oo5 4ad. *n one in ident, two staff mem4ers dis overed a ompromised server. 1ne #oo5ed at the other and said, <* donGt thin5 the% went an% were Q do %ouM= At that point the% 4egan omp#ete#% re4ui#ding the server. /he entire event from dis over% to when the re4ui#ding 4egan was under 5 minutes. *n doing so the% hid the 4rea h and destro%ed an% eviden e their might have 4een if the% had 4other to #oo5 further. * saw one report that suggests that 4etween 75 and E5 per ent of organi,ations are ompromised ea h %ear with on#% a4out 20 to 25 per ent of them reporting the in ident.
36
A2 Al6Iaeda
Al6Iaeda -!ll !ne)!ta*ly d!sappear.they ant *eat th!s ard Anouar /ou)hars 6%22/0;CCdire tor of the enter for defense and se urit% po#i % 9 Ai#4erfor e -niversit%
</here are man% wa%s to e>p#oit A#CXaeda8s vu#nera4i#ities= http://www.dai#%star. om.#4/arti #e.aspM editionHidY106 ategH idY56arti #eHidY10331E. 0ventua##%, Al4Oaeda is doomed to disa ear3 +ts e*cesses as e*em lified by its intransigence, indiscriminate brutality and dismissal of olitics as a er!ersion of religion automatically banish it to the fringes of $uslim societies3 Al4Oaeda7s hostility to owerful +slamist mo!ements #i5e "amas and "i,4u##ah, which deri!e their owers from the ballot bo*, de ri!es it from broadening its alliances3 +ts ategori a# o osition to democracy alienates it from the o!erwhelming ma(ority of $uslims who support su h a s%stem whenever given the opportunit%. $u h are the man% vu#nera4i#ities of A#CXaeda and its #oose groups of dieChard fo##owers. +n $orocco, Algeria, Bgy t and Saudi Arabia, Al4Oaeda7s wea)nesses ha!e already been e* osed . A num4er of surve%s have shown support for A#CXaeda and sui ide 4om4ings dropping signifi ant#%. *n (oro o, ma@or figures and theoreti ians of the Jihadist $a#afism #i5e (ohammad :afi5i, a#ias A4ou "afs, (ohammad 7i,a,i and "assan Tettani have pu4#i #% renoun ed terrorism and denoun ed its perpetrators as nonC(us#im. *n 0g%pt, one of A#C Xaeda8s founders, $a%%id *mam a#C$harif, who goes 4% the nom de guerre !r. 7ad#, #aun hed a fier e ideo#ogi a# atta 5 against 1sama 4in Iaden. Saudi Arabia has also seen its share of religious and intellectual re!olt against Al4Oaeda7s radicali,ation and methods3 Obama7s olicies are geared toward ca itali,ing on and accelerating Al4Oaeda7s internal di!isions and continuing loss of $uslim su ort . "is emphasis on ta 5#ing the main grievan es that A#CXaeda thrives on is a good starting point. 1f ourse, it wi## a## depend on po#i % e>e ution 4ut the president8s emphasis on reasona4#e negotiations with *ran rather than 4e##igerent mi#itarism and his ear#% engagement in the Ara4C*srae# onf#i t have ertain#% muddied A#CXaeda8s audio, video, and internet messages, at #east for now. /he new administration8s mi#itar% and in reased e onomi aid to Afghanistan, 3a5istan and other wea5 governments is a#so riti a# in he#ping them e>tend their writ over #arge swathes of their ungoverna4#e and underCgoverned areas. /he president and his team seem to understand that A#CXaeda an on#% 4e defeated if its narrative is shattered and #egitimate (us#im governments are empowered to provide for their iti,ens and po#i e their 4orders. Ameri a8s support for former 3a5istani mi#itar% #eader 3erve, (usharraf was shortCsighted. Authoritarian regimes might deli!er short4term stability but in the long4run they create the seeds of olitical radicalism3 Democracy might not always roduce results to the li)ing of the 8nited States, but it does ha!e a moderating effect on those who use re#igion as a referen e &(oro o8s *s#amists' or ideo#og% &(us#im 2rotherhood in 0g%pt'. *s#amists that are onstant#% harassed or thwarted 4% governments supported 4% the -nited $tates wi## adopt un ompromising ideo#ogi a# positions. $ome, as have a#read% happened in 0g%pt and a#so A#geria, wi## u#timate#% resort to vio#en e #o a##%, then internationa##%.
37
A2 3!olog! al:Chem! al
Too many o*sta les.te hn! al d!""! 'lt!es Audre% Turth 6ronin, $pe ia#ist in /errorism 7oreign Affairs, !efense, and /rade !ivision. (ar h 2E, 2005
</errorist (otivations for .hemi a# and 2io#ogi a# Aeapons -se: 3#a ing the /hreat in .onte>t= .:$ 'here are at least four reasons why terrorist grou s #i5e A# Xaeda might a!oid using chem4bio agents in attac)s against the 8nited States and its interests . 7irst and most important, the technical difficulties in carrying out such attac)s continue to be significant3 Aum $hinri5%o is a good e>amp#e of a group that had unusua##% favora4#e
ir umstan es for produ ing hemi a# and 4io#ogi a# weapons, in #uding mone%, fa i#ities, time and e>pertise, %et the% were una4#e to do so effe tive#%. $ome e>perts argue that Aum $hinri5%oGs e>perien e, whi h in #uded pro4#ems ranging from o4taining 4io#ogi a# seed u#tures to effe tive#% disseminating them to hemi a# #ea5s and a idents, is as easi#% a warning of the te hni a# ha##enges invo#ved as it is an e>amp#e for future groups.20 2or most nonstate actors, difficulties with acquiring materials, maintaining them,
transforming them into wea ons, and disseminating them effecti!ely are numerous3 Fhile man% technical ad!ances ha!e occurred in re ent %ears, argua4#% redu ing the 4arriers somewhat, there are still considerable obstacles to terrorist de!elo ment of chemical and biological wea ons.21
3!o6Chem -eapons not e""e t!)e Audre% Turth 6ronin, $pe ia#ist in /errorism 7oreign Affairs, !efense, and /rade !ivision. (ar h 2E, 2005
</errorist (otivations for .hemi a# and 2io#ogi a# Aeapons -se: 3#a ing the /hreat in .onte>t= .:$ $e ond, as mentioned a4ove, there are far easier and otentially more 9effecti!e; &at #east in terms of asua#t% num4ersE alternati!es to chemical and biological wea ons3 1n the rare o asions when the% have 4een used, .2A have not resu#ted in #arge death to##s, espe ia##% ompared to onventiona# weapons su h as tru 5 4om4s and individua# e>p#osive devi es.22 +t is worth bearing in mind that the attac)s of Se tember DDth accom lished mass destruction without any uncon!entional wea onry3 *f measured stri t#% in terms of their proven apa it% to 5i## peop#e or the fre?uen % of terrorist use in the past, .2A weapons are not the most worrisome.
Terror!sts an!mos!ty aga!nst WCD atta #s Audre% Turth 6ronin, $pe ia#ist in /errorism 7oreign Affairs, !efense, and /rade !ivision. (ar h 2E, 2005
</errorist (otivations for .hemi a# and 2io#ogi a# Aeapons -se: 3#a ing the /hreat in .onte>t= .:$ 'hird, the in entives and disincenti!es for indi!idual terrorists to use chemical and biological wea ons are com le* and may not be e*actly the same as those that guide the use of more con!entional wea ons . "ecent suicide attac)s indicate, among other things, an a arently growing willingness on the art of terrorist organi,ations to lan and condone the death of their own o erati!es in the servi e of the ause. *t is diffi u#t to hand#e man% hemi a# and 4io#ogi a# agents without putting the hand#er at ris5, espe ia##% in the a4sen e of the 5ind of topC?ua#it% e?uipment that is more ommon#% avai#a4#e to states. /ut instantaneous death in a dramatic e* losion is a far cry from the agony of a slow death from small o* or e* osure to a ner!e agent3 1f ourse, there are man% un5nownsP 4ut from an individua# perspe tive, the in entives and disincenti!es for dying in a 6/F attac) should not be assumed to be the same as those that factor into other ty es of attac) s. *ndeed, the
e>isten e of #arger num4ers of re#igious terrorists ou#d a tua##% imp#% a de reased #i5e#ihood of the use of hemi a# and 4io#ogi a# weapons. A#though this point shou#d not 4e overstated, vio#en e whose primar% aim is to 5i## as man% per eived enemies as possi4#e ma% not 4e #i5e#% to emp#o% these agents. *t is diffi u#t in most s enarios to e>e ute an atta 5 with hemC4io weapons that 5i##s a #arge num4er of peop#e.
%o reason ne,t atta # -!ll *e WCD Audre% Turth 6ronin, $pe ia#ist in /errorism 7oreign Affairs, !efense, and /rade !ivision. (ar h 2E, 2005
</errorist (otivations for .hemi a# and 2io#ogi a# Aeapons -se: 3#a ing the /hreat in .onte>t= .:$ 7ina##%, grou s tend to mimic re!ious successes . A#though terrorists do innovate in various wa%s,23 groups have most often preferred to use weapons that have a proven tra 5 re ord. 'here are no guarantees, but going strictly on the odds and the historical atterns of terrorist beha!ior, most e* erts osit that there is a higher li)elihood that the ne*t ma(or attac) will use con!entional not uncon!entional means3 2ut, again, the aveat is that terrorism see5s to sho 5.
3E
DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn %' lear terror!sm -!ll ne)er happen
ATE %' lear Terror!sm
!r. *an Storey is a 7e##ow at the *nstitute of $outheast Asian $tudies &*$0A$', $ingapore. "is resear h interests
in #ude A$0A+Gs re#ations with e>terna# powers, parti u#ar#% .hina and the -nited $tates, maritime se urit%, and the insurgen % in southern /hai#and. !r. $tore% has pu4#ished arti #es in .ontemporar% $outheast Asia, 3arameters, +ava# Aar .o##ege :eview, JaneGs *nte##igen e :eview, "arvard Asia Xuarter#%, Sa#e D#o4a# 1n#ine, .hina 2rief, /errorism (onitor, and /errorism 7o us."e has he#d positions at the AsiaC3a ifi .enter for $e urit% $tudies &A3.$$' in "awaii and !ea5in -niversit% in Austra#ia. !r. $tore% re eived his 4a he#orGs degree from "u## -niversit%, 0ng#andP his masterGs degree from the *nternationa# -niversit% of JapanP and his 3h.!. from the .it% -niversit% of "ong Tong. 1/2F/01 &<+u #ear terrorism: +ot going to happen= http://tota#won5err. om/15EF/nu #earCterrorismCnotCgonnaC happen *n this paper we wi## argue that the #i5e#ihood of nu #ear terrorist atta 5is so s#im as to render it virtua##% unthin5a4#e. .ontrar% to ontemporar% onventiona#. fa#se e?uiva#en es and a fundamenta# misreading of the wa% that re ent events imp#i ate our 4roader understanding of terrorist strateg%. /uilding on a combination of organi,ation theory and recent em irical wor) on the basic rationality of terrorist grou s and strategies, we ro ose an a roach to terrorist strategy that describes in formal and informal terms the rocess of strategic choice Pand articularly choice of certain strategic tools o!er others, a !ariable almost uni!ersally neglected in current a roachesE during terrorist cam aigns and suggests that nuclear terrorism remains im robable in the e*treme . A#though the names of a tors have hanged and terrorism has ome to dominate strategi thought a ross the g#o4e, America.s metro olitan centers ha!e no more to fear than they e!er ha!e from the ossibility of nuclear terrorism . *n this paper we wi## argue that the li)elihood of nuclear terrorist attac)s is so slim as to render it !irtually unthin)able. .ontrar% to ontemporar% onventiona# wisdom, our theori,ing demonstrates that there is no oneCtoCone #in5age 4etween a ?uisition and <use=.
3;
1egal!Fe Dr'gs Canada CP
CP Te,tE The Go)ernment o" Canada sho'ld permanently a*ol!sh !ts proh!*!t!on on !llegal dr'gs5 1egal!F!ng dr'gs 'ts terror!st "!nan e.end!ng terror!sm 0ugene Osca ella CC .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i %, 1 to4er 2;, 200D <"ow !rug 3rohi4ition 7inan es
and 1therwise 0na4#es /errorism= http://www. fdp. a/eoterror.htm Fe cannot maintain rohibition and yet still ho e to de ri!e terrorist and criminal organi,ations of the rofits associated with the drug trade. *t is as simp#e as that. 'he only measure with any realistic ho e of sto ing the flow of drugCre#ated money to terrorists is to dismantle drug rohibition3 After de ades of propaganda a4out the evi#s of drugs, ending prohi4ition seems an e>traordinar% and a#most unthin5a4#e so#ution. *t is not. +f 6anada is serious about attac)ing the financing of terrorism, it must get serious about abandoning rohibition3 /he efforts of this ommittee shou#d 4e dire ted at the admitted#% ha##enging tas5 of dismant#ing prohi4ition3 +t is com letely irrational and destructi!e to maintain rohibition while ac)nowledging that rohibition fosters the trade that is now the leading source of funding for many terroris t and rimina# organi,ations3 As #ong as we ontinue to pretend C and it is on#% pretending C that signifi ant#% redu ing drug profits through traditiona#, fai#ed, measures of supp#% and demand redu tion is a rea#isti possi4i#it%, we wi## ontinue to provide terrorists an a#arming#% simp#e sour e of enri hment. Fithout rohibition, the drug trade would not be a factor in terrorism3 /ecause of rohibition, the drug trade is the ma(or source of financing of terrorism3 Fe must decide which !ersion of drug olicy we want 4 one that fosters terrorism and enriches terrorists, or one that does not.
F0
1egal!Fe CP Sol)es WCD
CP sol)es WCDs 0ugene Osca ella CC .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i %, 1 to4er 2;, 200D <"ow !rug 3rohi4ition 7inan es
and 1therwise 0na4#es /errorism= http://www. fdp. a/eoterror.htm $ome terrorism costs relati!ely little to accom lish. .arr%ing out the $eptem4er 11 atta 5s in the -nited $tates ma% have ost on#% a few mi##ion do##ars.&2' Howe!er, many of the most feared forms of terrorism, the so4 called wea ons of mass destruction 4 4io#ogi a#, hemi a# and nu #ear C can be !ery e* ensi!e to roduce and deli!er3 7or e>amp#e, Aum $hinri5%o, a Japanese u#t, put a4out 30 peop#e and an estimated N30m into produ ing the hemi a# sarin that was re#eased in the /o5%o su4wa% in 1;;5.&3E :rofits from the roduction and sale of rohibited drugs can therefore be useful to terrorists lanning these more e* ensi!e forms of terrorism 3 Attempts 4% governments to #imit the finan ing of terrorist organi,ations genera##% fo us on two main themes: \ e#iminating sour es of finan ing, and \ redu ing the apa it% of terrorists to 5eep and move and #aunder mone% a4out the g#o4e. /his paper dea#s prin ipa##% with the first theme C eliminating the sources of financing for terrorists3 S ecifically, it deals with drug rohibition as an im ortant source of money for terrorism . *t e>p#ains how drug prohi4ition C not simp#% the drug trade, 4ut rather the drug trade under a system of rohibition C has become a ma@or, if not the ma(or, source of funding for many terrorist grou s3 *t argues further that fo using on traditiona# measures to suppress the drug trade, in #uding #aw enfor ement, rop su4stitution and measures to redu e the movement and #aundering of drug mone%, wi## fai# to signifi ant#% redu e the f#ow of drug mone% to terrorists. 'he analysis concludes that because these other methods of attac)ing the drug trade are ineffecti!e C and annot 4e made to 4e effe tive C governments must re onsider and, u#timate#%, dismant#e prohi4itionist drug #aws. "efusing to address the role of rohibition in financing terrorism will enable terrorist grou s to continue to build the resources they need to engage in e!en more e*tensi!e acts of terrorism than we ha!e witnessed to date.
F1
1egal!Fe CP E,t
A*sen e proh!*!t!on.terror!sts no longer ha)e money 0ugene Osca ella, .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i % N0D</he Iin5s 2etween !rug 3rohi4ition and
/errorism= http://www. fdp. a/terror.htm \ 1. Caws rohibiting drugs &Jdrug prohi4itionJ' ha!e enriched criminal organi,ations around the world by creating an enormously lucrati!e illegal mar)et &J4#a 5 mar5etJ' in drugs. :rohibition has also often hel ed finance terrorist grou s. *n 1;;F, :euters +ews Agen % ?uoted *nterpo#8s hief drugs offi er, *?4a# "ussain :i,vi, as sa%ing that J!rugs have ta5en over as the hief means of finan ing terrorism.J62 &"owever, :euters did not report whether (r. :i,vi gave a sour e for his estimate, so it annot 4e said with ertaint% that it is the main sour e of finan ing, a#though it is #ear#% a ma@or sour e for man% groups.' 'errorists and criminals, sometimes both made wealthier by rohibition, may also (oin forces if their interests coincide, creating an e!en greater threat to the countries they target3 "emember that it is drug rohibition that generates huge rofits for these grou s3 Fithout rohibition, the drug trade could not finance terrorism to any significant degree, since rofits from the legal sale of drugs would be a small fraction of the rofits that are generated in the blac) mar)et created by rohibition . :oliticians and po#i %ma5ers ty ically don7t a ear to understand CC or the% de#i4erate#% hoose to ignore CC this entra# point a4out how prohi4ition reates su h a #u rative 4#a 5 mar5et in drugs. 'hey often sim ly ma)e the claim that the drug trade, or drug use, su orts terrorism, without further e* lanation3 'hey com letely ignore the role of the laws they enact to rohibit drugs in ma)ing the selling of drugs so rofitable to terrorists in the first lace. /he fo##owing are e>amp#es of this 4#indness:
Con)ent!onal pol! y ma#ers o)erloo# legal!F!ng 0ugene Osca ella CC .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i %, 1 to4er 2;, 200D <"ow !rug 3rohi4ition 7inan es
and 1therwise 0na4#es /errorism= http://www. fdp. a/eoterror.htm 'he media, olice, olicyma)ers and oliticians often describe the roblem sim ly as the financing of terrorism through the drug trade3 'heir analysis sto s there. /he% ignore the ro#e of drug prohi4ition. :rohibition alone is what ma)es the drug trade so rofitable for terrorists3
We a
ess the *est !nternal l!n# to !nternat!onal se 'r!ty
0ugene Osca ella CC .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i %, 1 to4er 2;, 200D <"ow !rug 3rohi4ition 7inan es and 1therwise 0na4#es /errorism= http://www. fdp. a/eoterror.htm Drug traffic)ing has, throughout this century, been an international enter rise and hence an international roblem3 "owever, the e!er increasing scale of the traffic, the a arent efficiency of organi,ation and so histication, the !ast sums of money in!ol!ed and the increasing lin)s with transnational organi,ed crime and terrorist organi,ations constitute a threat which is increasingly serious in both its nature and e*tent . *##i it drug traffic)ing now threatens pea e and security at a nationa# and international le!el. *t affe ts the sovereignt% of some states, the right of se#fCdetermination and demo rati government, e onomi , so ia# and po#iti a# sta4i#it% and the en@o%ment of human rights.&21'
F2
Dr'g Coney Desta*!l!Fes =terror o'ntr!es>

Proh!*!t!on!st "ore!gn pol! !es desta*!l!Fe go)ernments o" all o'ntr!es 0ugene Osca ella CC .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i %, 1 to4er 2;, 200D <"ow !rug 3rohi4ition 7inan es
and 1therwise 0na4#es /errorism= http://www. fdp. a/eoterror.htm 'he ursuit of rohibitionist foreign olicies an generate serous consequential harms in the ountries where those po#i ies are imposed C defoliation and other en!ironmental harms due to cro eradication, ad!erse health consequences from the use of herbicides on drug cro s, #oss of #ive#ihood for a#read% desperate#% poor farmers. /ecause rohibition is often enforced selecti!ely, roduction and traffic)ing by some ideologically fa!ored grou s is tolerated, enhancing their ower3 'his enables them to brutali,e&22' the o ulation and destabili,e the otherwise democratic go!ernments3 6olombia is erha s the best e*am le . 2oth the #eftCwing guerri##as and the rightCwing parami#itaries in .o#om4ia are 5nown to profit e>tensive#% from the trade in o aine. &23' /hus, rohibitionist olicies both em ower those domestic terrorist grou s that are able to rofit from the drug trade and often create other hardshi s within the countries on whom those olicies are im osed3 :eo le undergoing such hardshi s can become hostile to the foreign owers that ha!e encouraged these rohibitionist olicies. /his hosti#it% an itse#f #ead to vio#ent a ts, sometimes against Aestern interests and nationa#s a4road, and sometimes against them in their home ountries.
F3
A2 CP !s St'p!d
That log! ('st!"y 9:99 0ugene Osca ella CC .anadian 7oundation for !rug 3o#i %, 1 to4er 2;, 200D <"ow !rug 3rohi4ition 7inan es
and 1therwise 0na4#es /errorism= http://www. fdp. a/eoterror.htm 'he e!ents of Se tember DD ha!e made it abundantly clear that we must do more than we ha!e been doing to address the causes and mechanisms of terrorism . "elying on the same ideas, showing the same reluctance to loo) at the real im act of drug rohibition, will only continue to facilitate the terrorism that has roc)ed countries in other continents, and that ma% have @ust 4egun to ro 5 our own.
FF
Warm!ng 7 de"ense
95 Glo*al -arm!ng !snt real Joseph I /ast, 3resident, "eart#and *nstitute, 2005 <0ight :easons Ah% D#o4a# Aarming *s a $ am,=
http://www.heart#and.org/Arti #e. fmMart*dY115FE Our most reliable sources of tem erature data show no global warming trend3 Satellite readings of temperatures in the #ower troposphere &an area s ientists predi t wou#d immediate#% ref#e t an% g#o4a# warming' show no warming since readings began 25 years ago3 'hese readings are accurate to within 030DQ6, and are consistent with data from weather by heat generated by nearby urban de!elo ment, and are sub(ect to human error3 balloons3 Only land4based tem erature stations show a warming trend, and these stations do not co!er the entire globe, are often contaminated
25 Warm!ng !s slo-.the!r !mpa t !s on the s ale o" ent'r!es ;5 Apo alypt! -arm!ng s enar!os are e,aggerated J"ans von Storch and +i o Stehr 01/2F/200A <"ow D#o4a# Aarming :esear h is .reating a .#imate of
7ear= http://www.spiege#.de/internationa#/spiege#/0,151E,3F2376,00.htm# /he pattern is a#wa%s the same. /he signifi an e of individua# events is turned into materia# suita4#e for media presentation and is then #ever#% dramati,ed. Fhen the outloo) for the future is discussed, the scenario that redicts the highest growth rates for greenhouse gas emissions 44 which, of ourse, comes with the most dramatic climatic consequences 44 is always selected from among all ossible scenarios . /hose predi ting signifi ant#% sma##er in reases in greenhouse gas #eve#s are not mentioned. B!ery rediction has to trum the last. (e#ting Antar ti i e is one of the urrent horror s enarios du @our. Aho 4enefits from thisM /he assumption is made that fear ompe#s peop#e to a t, 4ut we forget that it a#so produ es a rather shortC#ived rea tion. .#imate hange, on the other hand, re?uires a #ongCterm response. /he impa t on the pu4#i ma% 4e J4etterJ in the short term, there4% a#so positive#% affe ting reputations and resear h funding. 2ut to ensure that the entire s%stem ontinues to fun tion in the #ong term, each new claim about the future of our climate and of the lanet must be (ust a little more dramatic than the last. *t8s diffi u#t to attra t the pu4#i 8s attention to the #imateCre#ated e>tin tion of anima# spe ies fo##owing reports on apo a#%pti heat waves. /he on#% 5ind of news that an trump these 5inds of reports wou#d 4e something on the order of a reversa# of the Du#f $tream. All of this leads to a s iral of e*aggeration. 0a h individua# step in this pro ess ma% seem harm#ess, 4ut on the who#e, the 5now#edge imparted to the pu4#i a4out #imate, #imati f#u tuations, #imate shift and climatic effects is dramatically distorted3
F5
Warm!ng Hhetor! T'rn
The a""s phras!ng o" glo*al -arm!ng as an e,t!n t!on s enar!o ma#es !t more d!""! 'lt to sol)e 2@]rn Comborg CC the dire tor of the .openhagen .onsensus .enter Ju#% 1, 200& http://www.detnews. om/a
rti #e/200;0701/13*+*1+01/;0701031E/100E/opinion01/$topCs aringC5idsCa4outCg#o4a#Cwarming 'he continuous resentation of scary stories about global warming in the o ular media ma)es us unnecessarily frightened3 B!en worse, it terrifies our )ids3A# Dore famous#% depi ted how a seaC#eve# rise of 20 feet &si> meters' wou#d a#most omp#ete#% f#ood 7#orida, +ew Sor5, "o##and, 2ang#adesh and $hanghai, even though the -nited +ations estimates that sea #eve#s wi## rise 20 times #ess than that and do no su h thing.Ahen onfronted with these e>aggerations, some sa% the% are for a good ause, and sure#% there is no harm done if the resu#t is that we fo us even more on ta 5#ing #imate hange. A simi#ar argument was used when Deorge A. 2ush8s administration overstated the terror threat from $addam "ussein8s *ra?.2ut this argument is astonishing#% wrong. $u h e*aggerations do lenty of harm3 Forrying e*cessi!ely about global warming means that we worry less about other things, where we could do so much more good. Ae fo us, for e>amp#e, on g#o4a# warming8s impa t on ma#aria CC whi h wi## 4e to put s#ight#% more peop#e at ris5 in 100 %ears CC instead of ta 5#ing the ha#fC4i##ion peop#e suffering from ma#aria toda% with prevention and treatment po#i ies that are mu h heaper and dramati a##% more effe tive than ar4on redu tion wou#d 4e. B*aggeration also wears out the ublic7s willingness to tac)le global warming3 +f the lanet is doomed, eo le wonder, why do anything M A re ord 5F per ent of Ameri an voters now 4e#ieve the news media ma5e g#o4a# warming appear worse than it rea##% is3 A ma(ority of eo le now belie!es 44 incorrectly 44 that global warming is not e!en caused by human s. *n the -nited Tingdom, F0 per ent sa% g#o4a# warming is e>aggerated and 60 per ent dou4t that it is manCmade.
F6
Geopolymer! CP
CP Te,tE The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld o""er the ne essary !n ent!)es to en o'rage the 'se o" Geopolymer! ement !n the 4n!ted States5 Thats #ey to red' !ng em!ss!ons !r. Joseph Da!ido!its, 1;&? <A pra ti a# +ew Aa% to :edu e D#o4a# Aarming= June 30, 1
http://www.we# omenews.net/geopo#%mer.htm# 1ne reason that the -.$. has made #itt#e progress in meeting ommitments to redu e greenhouse gas emissions is that some new te hno#ogies designed to mitigate the pro4#em have not 4een afforded the priorit% that wou#d a##ow them to ompete in the mar5et. An e>amp#e is a remar)able cement%concrete technology called geo olymeric cement that can significantly reduce global 6O2 P ar4on dio>ide' emissions, while sol!ing a host of other roblems without creating new ones3 0missions of .12 from ement produ tion is in reasing at a mu h more rapid rate than a## other industria# sour es put together. 7ew outside of the onstru tion industr% are aware that the manufa ture of 3ort#and ement 4ased on rete, the materia# seen ever%where in 4ui#dings and pavements, emits greenhouse gases, espe ia##% .12. /y the year 2000, almost D0L of all global greenhouse gases will come from new construction with :ortland cement based concrete. As ountries deve#op, the% 4ui#d infrastru ture and housing that uti#i,e a4undant ?uantities of on rete. As g#o4a# deve#opment in reases, :ortland cement manufacturers can be e* ected to e*ert an increasingly greater influence on go!ernmental olicies regulating 6O2 emissions , a situation that needs to 4e orre ted as soon as possi4#e. /y the year 20DA, global 6O2 emissions from the manufacture of :ortland cement is e* ected to be 5,A00 million tonnes annually. /his vast amount is e?uiva#ent to 0uropeGs tota# urrent annua# .12 emissions. /his e?ua#s 67Z of present annua# -.$. .12 emissions &5,160 mi##ion tonnes'. .#ear#%, these figures show the dramati 4enefit that wou#d 4e rea#i,ed if a## ountries onverted to geopo#%meri on rete. $anufacturing geo olymeric cement generates fi!e &5' times less 6O2 than does the manufacture of :ortland cement3 Any country that con!erts to the manufacture of geo olymeric cement%concrete would eliminate 10L of the emissions generated from the cement and aggregates industries. +ew#% deve#oping ountries that e#e t to uti#i,e geopo#%meri on rete ou#d in rease their onstru tion rate five times without in reasing present .12 emissions.
F7
Geopolymer! CP 6 E,t
S-!t h "rom Portland to Geopolymetr! !s #ey to sol)e -arm!ng !r. Joseph Da!ido!its, 1;&? <A pra ti a# +ew Aa% to :edu e D#o4a# Aarming= June 30, 1
http://www.we# omenews.net/geopo#%mer.htm# B!en if a technology is clearly su erior, it is ver% diffi u#t for it to disp#a e an entren hed te hno#og%. /hus s ecial riority should be gi!en to ro!en technologies that can dramatically mitigate the tragedies resu#ting from the severe f#oods and droughts e>pe ted from g#o4a# warming. :riority status is es ecially needed in this case because the cement industry has been unwilling to embrace geo olymeric concrete or any other concrete that might threaten to dis lace :ortland cement / on rete. Ahi#e 3resident .#inton is pro4a4#% so far unaware of this matter, the re lacement of :ortland cement with geo olymeric cement will substantially reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, and shou#d 4e among the measures e>pe ted to 4e re ommended 4% him.
FE
Domest! $am!ne 7 de"ense 09:22
95 %e- d!seases -!ll -!peo't "ood s'ppl!es "o##% "amer ?%2 /0; <3#ant disease hits eastern -$ veggies ear#%, hard=
http://www.goog#e. om/hostednews/ap/arti #e/AIe?(5@-a:"B?S;w71F5J22.>$u^m5pu%X!;;6X/B03 .1+.1:!, +.". &A3' ) /omato p#ants have 4een removed from stores in ha#f a do,en states as a destructi!e and infectious lant disease ma)es its earliest and most wides read a earance ever in the eastern -nited $tates. Iate 4#ight ) the same disease that caused the +rish :otato 2amine in the D1>0s ) o urs sporadi a##% in the +ortheast, 4ut this year7s outbrea) is more se!ere for two reasonsJ infected lants ha!e been widely distributed by big4bo* retail stores and rainy weather has hastened the s ores7 airborne s read . 'he disease, whi h is not harmfu# to humans, is e*tremely contagious and e>perts sa% it most #i5e#% spread on garden enter she#ves to p#ants not invo#ved in the initia# infe tion. *t a#so an spread on e p#ants rea h their fina# destination, putting tomato and potato p#ants in 4oth home gardens and ommer ia# fie#ds at ris5. (eg ( Drath, professor of p#ant patho#og% at .orne## -niversit%, a##s #ate 4#ight Jworse than the 2u4oni 3#ague for p#ants.J J3eop#e need to rea#i,e this is robably one of the worst diseases we ha!e in the !egetable world,J she said. J*t8s ertain death for a tomato p#ant.J
25 $am!ne !ne)!ta*le 7 o!l )s5 "ood !e4ora $acMen,ie 6%D6/0; <14esit% and hunger: /he pro4#em with food=
http://www.news ientist. om/arti #e/mg20227121.E00Co4esit%CandChungerCtheCpro4#emCwithCfood.htm# -nfortunate#% not. Fe roduce our record har!ests by harnessing fossil4fuel energy for farming3 'hermodynamics rules: %ou an8t get something for nothing. Oil rices have 4egun to climb, and will )ee climbing as oil sources diminish3 $eanwhile, demand for food grows3 So food rices are on the rise, boosted further by climate change, demand for 4iofue#, and limits on soil and water. Higher food rices mean that the im o!erished eat less nutritiously C or simp#% #ess.
;5 Demograph! s -!ll es alate e)en the most m!nor d!saster Juniper :usso 'arascio, +ovem4er 26, 2001 <7amine in Ameri aM Ah% ;;Z of the -.$. *s in !anger of $tarvation=
http://www.asso iated ontent. om/arti #e/121E30;/famineHinHameri aHwh%H;;HofHtheHusHpg2.htm#M atY3
/his transition is a distressing one indeed. Fhile demogra hic shift from rural to urban lifestyles may seem li)e a blessing to many who #oathe the hard #a4or asso iated with rura#, agrarian #ife, it may s ell disaster for those who are struggling through life in the /ig 6ity, hundreds or even thousands of miles from their food sources3 !uring the Dreat !epression, former#% wea#th% e>e utives stood in #ine for hours waiting in ragged #othes for a handCout of hot soup, whi#e the rura# JpoorJ went a4out #ife as usua#, 4are#% noti ing the !epression. $urvivors of the !epression who #ived in agrarian regions often @o5ed that the% were Jtoo poor to noti e the sto 5 mar5et rashJ, 4ut the% were, in fa t, 4etter off than the ma@orit% of innerC it% wor5ers in that the% never went hungr%. As a resu#t of this, the oneCha#f of Ameri ans with a ess to their own homeCgrown foods were e>empt from the horrors of the Dreat !epression. -ow imagine that, instead of A0L of the o ulation suffering from the woes of an economic colla se, it was the &&32L who are not in!ol!ed in agriculture full4time3 'he com arison ma)es D&2& loo) li)e a wal) in the ar)3 Forse still, our food trans oration ser!ices are now fully de endent on massive amounts of etroleum for trans ort, and the distances of food trans oration ha!e increased from tens of miles to thousands, whi h ma5es the modern gro er% networ5 #oo5 even more fragi#e 4% omparison.
F;
Domest! $am!ne 7 de"ense 02:22
<5 Alt a's.+ealth6 are6"am!ne .#ar5 -ewhall 01.0;.200& <Ameri a8s hea#thC are famine is s#ow#% 5i##ing us= $a#t Ia5e /ri4une
/he famine has grown while insurance com anies charge higher remiums and reduce co!erage, whi#e emp#o%ers ut their ontri4utions and in rease dedu ti4#es, whi#e #egis#ators redu e (edi aid and .hi#dren8s "ea#th *nsuran e 3rogram 4udgets, and on and on. Fe are in a health4care famine3 $illions of us are suffering and millions more will suffer soon. (ore than 20,000 peop#e die ea h %ear in this famine 4e ause the% annot afford the pri e of forCprofit hea#th insuran e. /he famine wi## not end unti#, #i5e Ja o4, we open the granaries and give aid to the starving3 'he health4care famine will not end until we end the money4hoarding that health insurance com anies call <reser!es< and <administrati!e costs< and < rofits3< *t wi## not end unti# we open our 4#ind e%e and see the p#ight of our neigh4or. *t wi## not end unti# we #earn that to#erating a profitCma5ing midd#eman in the hea#thC are s%stem 4ui#ds a wa## 4etween patient and doctor3 +t will not end until we learn that good things for e!eryone can only be accom lished by the will of e!eryone. *t wi## not end unti# we pa% for hea#th are in the same wa% that we pa% for ever%thing e#se that we va#ue high#% CC our se urit%, our freedom, our #aws. +t will not end until we ha!e a national health4care system that co!ers e!eryone equally and is aid for by e!eryone equitably3 *t is time for nationa# sing#eCpa%er hea#th insuran e. *t is time to remove the profitCma5ing midd#eman from medi a# are. *t is time to see hea#th are for the pu4#i good that it is and not for the profita4#e 4usiness it has 4e ome. $upport (edi are for a##.
50
$am!ne 7 De"ense 0/nternat!onal2
D5 An !ent )ol anoes a'se "am!ne -ASA 1 to4er 200D </he 7ata# Attra tion of Bo# anoes= http://www.giss.nasa.gov/resear h/4riefs/stothersH06/
'he com lete human toll from these and other eru tions must be far greate r, however, perhaps in the mi##ions. /he reasons are tied, strange#% enough, to the upper atmosphere. :owerful eru tions in(ect sulfur gases into the stratos here, where the sulfur combines with water !a or to form sulfuric acid aerosols. 'hese tiny articles scatter sunlight 4a 5 to spa e and alter atmos heric circulation atterns. /he resu#t is that the 0arth8s surfa e oo#s and pre ipitation in reases 3 6ro s then fail to ri en ro erly, and famine and estilence follow in scarcity7s wa)e3 'his sequence of e!ents is )nown to ha!e ha ened after the se!en greatest !olcanic eru tions of the ast two millennia3
25 /CG e onom! models a'se "am!ne (i he# 6hossudo!s)y 2000 </he :ea# .ause 1f 7amine *n 0thiopia=
http://findarti #es. om/p/arti #es/miHm2F65/isH6H30/aiH656536F5/
$ore than eight million eo le in Bthio ia 44 representing 15 per ent of the ountr%8s popu#ation CC are loc)ed into 7famine ,ones73 8rban wages ha!e colla sed and unemp#o%ed seasona# farm wor)ers and landless easants ha!e been dri!en into abysmal o!erty3 /he internationa# re#ief agen ies on ur without further e>amination that #imati fa tors are the so#e and inevita4#e ause of rop fai#ure and the ensuing humanitarian disaster. Fhat the media tabloids fail to disclose is that CC despite the drought and the 4order war with 0ritrea CC se!eral million eo le in the most prosperous agri u#tura# regions ha!e a#so been dri!en into star!ation3 'heir redicament is not the consequence of grain shortages but of 7free mar)ets7 and 7bitter economic medicine7 im osed under the +$24Forld /an) sponsored $tru tura# Ad@ustment 3rogramme &$A3'.
;5 %o threshold to !mpa t6they ant pro)e ho- m' h "am!ne they need to "!, to sol)e the!r !mpa t <5 4g99 "'ng's -!ll a'se !ne)!ta*le "am!ne 6anwest -ews Ser!ice, 6%2A/0; <7ungus threat hangs over wor#d wheat produ tion=
http://www. anada. om/news/7ungus_threat_hangs_over_wor#d_wheat_produ tion/172EE50/stor%.htm# 1//AAA ) Scientists in 6anada and around the world are racing to find a way to sto a destructi!e fungus that threatens to wi e out 10 er cent of the world7s wheat cro , causing wides read famine and pushing the ost of su h stap#es as 4read and pasta through the roof. .anadian offi ia#s sa% that the air4orne fungus, )nown as 8g&&, has so far ro!ed unsto able, ma5ing its wa% out of eastern Afri a and into the (idd#e 0ast and .entra# Asia. +t is now threatening areas that account for more than one4third of the world7s wheat roduction and s ientists in +orth Ameri a sa% it8s on#% a matter of time 4efore the pest hits the 4read4as5et regions of +orth Ameri a, :ussia and .hina. J+ thin) it7s im ortant eo le start recogni,ing what a big threat this is3 'his could mean world famine3 /his is ?uite the dea#,J said :o4 Draf, a resear h s ientist with Agri u#ture and AgriC7ood .anada8s resear h entre in Ieth4ridge, A#ta. 'he 8nited -ations calls 8g&& <a ma(or threat< to the world7s food security.
<5 $ert!l!Fer d!)!de a'ses "am!ne Andrew .3 "e!)in, 6%D&, 200;, <7erti#i,er !ivide: /oo (u h, +ot 0nough= http://dotearth.4#ogs.n%times. om/200;/06/1;/ferti#i,erC
divideCtooCmu hCnotCenough/Mhp +ow a new analysis of agriculture atterns in three parts of the wor#d where orn is grown shows that there is a#so a g#aring < fertili,er di!ide.= /he authors write that o!eruse of fertili,er, articularly in 6hina, where chemical fertili,ers are hea!ily subsidi,ed, is generating #arge amounts of air po##ution, in #uding the greenhouse gas nitrous o>ide, and 4ig water po##ution pro4#ems. Among other findings, the authors said that ferti#i,er use on orn in northern .hina ou#d 4e ut in ha#f with no #oss of produ tion. /he -nited $tates has trimmed e> ess ferti#i,er use sin e a pea5 in the 1;;0Gs, the s ientists write, 4ut runoff and re#eases from #ivesto 5 operations sti## reate 4ig water pro4#ems, most nota4#% the Du#f of (e>i o <dead ,one= resu#ting from nutrients washing from fie#ds and #ivesto 5 around the (ississippi :iver watershed. &A separate stud% out this wee5 pro@e ts that this summerGs o>%genCstarved Du#f ,one wi## 4e parti u#ar#% #arge.' +n star) contrast, cornfields in Menya are star!ed for nutrients, a ording to the ana#%sis
in $ ien e, whi h was #ed 4% 3eter Bitouse5, a professor of 4io#og% at $tanford -niversit%. +n 200> Menyan corn farmers were using about D ercent of the fertili,er er acre that their counter arts in 6hina do . *n 2007, .e#ia
!ugger reported how (a#awi went from the 4rin5 of famine to 4e oming a orn e>porter in part through su4sidies for ferti#i,er.
51
$am!ne 7 De"ense 0/nternat!onal2
?5 Desert!"! at!on leads to prolonged "am!ne $unda% Gabriel 6%D?/0; </a 5#ing the effe t of desertifi ation= http://www.triumphnewspapers. om/ta 176200;.htm#
As for the im act of desertification, e>perts sa% that the most de!astating is its disru tion of the natural cycle of water and nutrients. +t also intensifies strong winds and wildfires . Studies a#so re!eal that the effects of dust storms and the sedimentation of water and streams can be felt thousands of )ilometres away from where the pro4#ems originated. /he ost of desertifi ation is high, and not @ust in e onomi terms as it constitutes a threat to biodi!ersity. +t can lead to rolonged e isodes of famine in countries that are a#read% impoverished and annot sustain #arge agri u#tura# #osses. 3oor rura# peop#e, who depend on the #and for surviva#, are often for ed to migrate or starve. Desertification does not only mean hunger and death in the de!elo ing world, it also increases the threat to global security for e!eryone3
52
3!o6"ort!"! at!on CP
The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld allo ate all ne essary reso'r es "or the resear h and appl! at!on o" plant *reed!ng *!o"ort!"! at!on te hnolog!es5 Go)ernment !n)estments !n *!o6"ort!"! at!on sol)es -orld h'nger !avid Mern 2006, !re>e# -niversit% </he :o#e of Deneti a##% (odified 7ood=
http://www.ude#.edu/D33./5ern2006.htm +n!estments in lant breeding research and dissemination are far #ower and potentia##% long lasting3 /enefits of agricultural research at a central location can be s read throughout the world and across time 3 /reeding for sta le lants with high mi ronutrient ontent in their seeds, referred to as Nbiofortification., treats the underlying cause of lac) of nutrients. A#though p#ant 4reeding an invo#ve re#ative#% #ong #ead times of EQ10 %ears 4efore nutritious varieties an 4e deve#oped and their adoption 4% farmers an 4e initiated, su h a strateg% is sustaina4#e on e 4reeding has 4een omp#eted, and seeds have 4een dispersed and adopted 4% farmers. During the research and de!elo ment stage the 8S can continue with their resent system of ro!iding hel 3 /iofortification has the otential to ro!ide co!erage for remote rural o ulations, which resent su lementation and fortification rograms may not reach, and it inherent#% targets the poor who onsume high #eve#s of stap#e foods and not mu h e#se. !eve#opment of varieties of ri e or wheat high in iron and ,in using onventiona# 4reeding might ost as mu h as NF2 mi##ion over 10 %ears, in #uding the osts of nutrition safet% and effi a % tests, the osts of distri4ution in se#e ted regions, and the osts of an eva#uation of nutritiona# and e onomi impa t. $u h an investment is pro@e ted to have far rea hing impa ts if effi a % and effe tiveness are a hieved. A large art of the costs will shrin) o!er time as the ma(or research and de!elo ment will occur in the !ery beginning and then as time goes on #ess mone% needs to go into these pro esses as the D( foods are fine tuned. /he NF2 mi##ion ost over 10 %ears is a N1.25 4i##ion differen e ompared to our urrent strateg%. *n one s ientifi mode# it was onservative#% estimated that in the #ong run &11C25 %ears' a tota# of >> million cases of anemia would be re!ented if nutritionally im ro!ed !arieties were to be ado ted on D0L of rice and wheat areas in /angladesh and +ndia P"unt 2002'. 'hat is a !ery big ste in the direction to relie!ing world hunger3
53
3!o6"ort!"! at!on CP 6 e,t
GCOs #ey to sol)e n'tr!t!on and -orld h'nger !avid Mern 2006, !re>e# -niversit% </he :o#e of Deneti a##% (odified 7ood=
http://www.ude#.edu/D33./5ern2006.htm 'he debate surrounding genetically modified foods much of the time comes down to the sub(ect of confronting world hunger3 A main goa# of G$ foods is that the% ma)e it ossible to sol!e world hunger. .riti s of this theor%, though, 4e#ieve that the rea#it% of D(1s is that the% wi## 4e ome, or a#read% are, a vi tim of our orporate wor#d, and that the wor#d hunger issue wi## never 4e approa hed. /his, though, isnGt an a urate riti ism and * wi## e>p#ain wh% short#%. 7irst * want to on entrate on how geneti a##% modified foods an he#p a##eviate famine in third wor#d ountries. As stated 4efore many countries de end on grains, s ecifically rice, as their main source of food . (an% of these ountries, the ones we are on erned with here, are povert% stri 5en third wor#d ountries. /ecause these eo le rely on rice for su h a 4ig part of their diets, it is im ortant that there is actually nutritional !alue in the rice3 /he pro4#em is that there natura##% isnGt a who#e #ot of nutritiona# nourishment in ri e and other grains. 'he biggest malnutrition roblem in these countries is iron deficiency and lac) of Iitamin A . 3eop#e ma% not fee# hungr%, 4e ause the% are eating, 4ut their 4odies are 4rea5ing down from anemia, whi h an #ead to poor e%e sight, impaired growth, ognitive deve#opment, higher rate of si 5ness, and even high morta#it%. *tGs 4e ause of a## this that the genera# pro4#em of poor dietar% ?ua#it% has 4een du44ed Ohidden hungerG. Genetic modification can sol!e this roblem3 'he otential benefits of im ro!ing the nutritional quality of foods are higher for low4 income countries, where food 4udgets a ount for twoCthirds or more of tota# e>penditures and where poor dietar% ?ua#it% and mi ronutrient ma#nutrition are widespread &$hun5er 2003'. (ost onsumers in ri h ountries have a ess to a re#ative#% ine>pensive supp#% of safe and hea#th% food.
5F
$ood S'rpl's $am!ne

45S5 S'rpl'ses desta*!l!Fe -orld agr! 'lt're (i he# 6hossudo!s)y 1;&A <D#o4a# 7ood $urp#uses Denerate 7amine= http://www.hartfordC
hwp. om/ar hives/2E/03;.htm# $in e the ear#% 1;E0s, grain mar)ets are deregulated under the supervision of the Aor#d 2an5, 8S grain sur luses are used &far more s%stemati a##% than in the pastE to destroy the easantry and destabili,e national food agriculture3 'he latter becomes, under these circumstances, far more !ulnerable to the !agaries of drought and en!ironmental degradation3 Similarly, subsidi,ed beef and dairy roducts im orted &dut% free' from the 0uropean .ommunit% ha!e led to the demise of Africa7s nomadic astoral economy. 0uropean 4eef imports to Aest Afri a in reased seven fo#d sin e 1;EF with the effe t of disp#a ing #o a# #eve# #ivesto 5 produ ers. *n the $ahe#, the deregu#ation of the grain mar5et under the supervision of the Aor#d 2an5 was initiated at the height of the 1;E3CEF drought with devastating so ia# onse?uen es.
55
+'man H!ghts Promot!on 6 De"ense
95 3'rma and S'dan erode h'man r!ghts red!*!l!ty Joshua $ura!chi) June 2;, 200& </he A4andonment of !emo ra %=
http://on#ine.ws@. om/arti #e/$212F631F2FE05570521.htm# (an% human rights acti!ists ha!e been shoc)ed at the administration7s a arent willingness to consider easing sanctions on /urma and Sudan3 /he 14ama presidentia# ampaign was s ornfu# of 2ush8s hand#ing of the 5i##ings in $udan8s !arfur region, whi h 2ush #a4e#ed as geno ide, 4ut sin e ta5ing offi e, the administration has 4een aught f#atCfooted 4% $udan8s re ent ousting of internationa# humanitarian organi,ations. Ahi#e it is hard to see any di lomatic benefit in soft4 edaling human rights in /urma and Sudan, neither has Obama anything to gain olitically by easing u on regimes that are re!iled by Americans from Ceft to "ight. 0ven so ardent an admirer of the 3resident as o#umnist 0. J. !ionne, the first to dis ern an <Obama DoctrineJ in foreign po#i %, onfesses to J?ua#msJ a4out Jthe re#ative#% short shriftJ this do trine Jhas so far gi!en to concerns o!er human rights and democracy3<
25 45S5 ap!tal p'n!shment pol! !es are the greatest h'man r!ghts )!olat!ons :i hard .. Dieter, 0>e utive !ire tor, 2002 </he !eath 3ena#t% and "uman :ights: -.$. !eath 3ena#t% and
*nternationa# Iaw= !eath 3ena#t% *nformation .enter. Doog#e $ ho#ar. -owhere do the rinci les of 83S3 law and the ideals of human rights meld more com letely than around the issue of innocence. /he on ern a4out mista5es in apita# ases is the most powerfu# driving for e towards a reC eva#uation of the death pena#t% in the -.$. toda%. $upreme .ourt Justi es, #egis#ators, onservative po#iti a# #eaders and ommentators have a## e>pressed deep on erns a4out reve#ations of inno ent peop#e on death row in re ent %ears. 2rom a human rights7 ers ecti!e, the danger of e*ecuting an innocent erson has layed a )ey role in the abolition of the death enalty in other countries366 $urprising#%, this issue has on#% 4een periphera##% e>p#ored in -.$. ourts. Ahi#e it is ertain#% true that gui#t or inno en e is the u#timate fo us of a## rimina# pro edures, defendants who are onvi ted genera##% ha##enge their onvi tion tangentia##% 4% pointing to unfair or un onstitutiona# pro edures used in their arrest or tria#. A bold claim of sim le innocence is both rare and disfa!ored.67
;5 G'antanamo l!m!ts h'man r!ghts promot!on Suri Orlo! et al Q "e#ens5i federation for human rights, June 200? <-$ Advo a %: /he Duantanamo 0ffe t=
'he olices symboli,ed by Guantanamo ha!e had rofound and otentially long4lasting im acts not only on 8S leadershi on but also on the broader rotection of in the OS6B region. A4ove a##, they ha!e seriously undermined or e!en re!ersed erce tions of the 8S as an e*am le of a go!ernment res ectful of and as an essentia# a##% of the regionGs demo rati a##% oriented ivi# so iet% movements, thereby wea)ening America.s ability to contribute to the ad!ancement of in the region.
56
E,t ; 7 Gtmo
G'antanamo has o6opted e)ery glo*al h'man r!ghts e""ort.!n add!t!on !t o't-e!ghs any e""ort o" the plan Suri Orlo! et al Q "e#ens5i federation for human rights, June 200? <-$ Advo a %: /he Duantanamo 0ffe t=
'he olices symboli,ed by Guantanamo ha!e had rofound and otentially long4lasting im acts not on#% on -$ #eadership on 4ut a#so on the 4roader prote tion of in the 1$.0 region. A4ove a##, the% have serious#% undermined or even reversed per eptions of the -$ as an e>amp#e of a government respe tfu# of and as an essentia# a##% of the regionGs demo rati a##% oriented ivi# so iet% movements, there4% wea5ening Ameri aGs a4i#it% to ontri4ute to the advan ement of in the region (ore spe ifi a##%, the following trends ha!e been identified in this contribution: ` 'he credibility of the 8S as a ro onent of human rights has been se!erely damaged and it can no longer effecti!ely address roblems such as torture , ar4itrar% detention and disappearan es in other ountriesP ` 'he 8S is ercei!ed generally to ha!e down layed human rights in its foreign olicies and to have a##owed se urit% and other issues to ta5e pre eden e over human rights in 4i#atera# po#iti a# dia#oguesP ` 'he le!erage of the 8S to address egregious abuses such as those er etrated in the name of fighting terrorism in .he hn%a and -,4e5istan has been greatly diminishedP ` Go!ernments with inferior human rights records ha!e been emboldened by the 8S e>amp#e of ir umventing human rights prin ip#es and have sought to @ustif% their own po#i ies 4% arguing that the% are on#% doing what the -$ is doingP ` +onCdemo rati regimes have found a onvenient opportunit% to reinfor e harges of po#iti a# 4ias and dou4#e standards in the -$ approa h to human rightsP ` /he -$ and other western governments have 4een a used of see5ing to medd#e in the interna# affairs of ountries of the former $oviet -nion when #eve#ing riti ism of human rights onditions in these ountries, a#though the% themse#ves vio#ate internationa# ru#esP ` Authorities of ountries in a wea5 position to ha##enge the -$ have 4een pressured to a##ow se urit% interests to override human rights on erns in individua# ases in the <war on terror=P ` "es ect for the 8S and the 8S model of democracy has waned, and nationalist mo!ements ha!e o enly e* loited alleged 8S abuses to fuel anti4American sentiments in their countriesG ` -$ is per eived to have withdrawn support for <po#iti a##% sensitive= a tivities 4% ivi# so iet% groups in the regionP ` "uman rights +D1s have 4een a used of promoting po#iti a# interests of the -$ and other western ountries when a epting grants from foreign donorsP ` 'hose in!ol!ed in efforts to romote human rights ha!e faced a more hostile wor)ing en!ironment due to growing cynicism and disillusionment about human rights, often reinforced by negati!e go!ernment ro aganda3
57
So"t Po-er Ans-ers
95 /raD, A*' Ghra!*, G'antanamo, +ad!tha, Hend!t!ons, Tort're, 8!olat!on o" Gene)a on)ent!on are all alternate a'sal!t!es to so"t po-er de l!ne 3ame#a "%de SmithCC resear h asso iate and tea hes a #ass on pu4#i dip#oma % at Deorgetown -niversit%8s $ hoo# of 7oreign $ervi e, 200? </he "ard :oad 2a 5 to $oft 3ower=, Georgetown Journal of International
Affairs /he 3ew :esear h .enter8s June 2006 D#o4a# Attitudes 3ro@e t demonstrates what other po##s have 4een sa%ing in re ent %ears: world ublic o inion has turned ferociously against the 8nited States . 7avora4#e opinion has
p#ummeted in near#% a## ountries surve%ed in 0urope, Asia, and espe ia##% the (idd#e 0ast. /he -nited $tates has never 4een as unpopu#ar in Aestern 0urope. 0ven in the -nited Tingdom F1 per ent of those po##ed thin5 the -nited $tates is a greater threat to wor#d pea e than *ran. (ost ountries po##ed now view .hina more favora4#% than the -nited $tates. *n /ur5e%, a +A/1 a##% ountr%, on#% 12 per ent of those po##ed have a favora4#e opinion of the -nited $tates CC down from 52 per ent in 2000. *n *ndonesia favora4#e opinion de #ined from 75 per ent in 2000 to 15 per ent in 2003, and it has risen to 30 per ent toda% hief#% 4e ause of our tsunami assistan e. *n not a sing#e ma@orit%C(us#im popu#ation ountr% po##ed in 2002 did a ma@orit% 4e#ieve that Ara4s arried out the ;/11 atta 5sP these same ma@orities support 1sama 4in Iaden and evin e s%mpath% for sui ide 4om4ers. Across the globe eo le belie!e that the +raq war ma)es the world
more dangerous, and this erce tion undercuts su ort for the o!erall war on terrorism3 American actions at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo, and Haditha combine with 83S3 renditions, defense of torture, and !iolations of the Gene!a 6on!entions to blac)en the 83S3 image3 *n the past, when foreign attitudes fau#ted the -.$. government, the Ameri an peop#e sti## en@o%ed favora4#e ratings, 4ut this has 4een hanging: 4etween 2002 and 2005 favora4i#it% ratings of Ameri ans fe## in nine of twe#ve ountries po##ed. As :oger .ohen memora4#% put it, the world has <sto ed buying the American narrati!e.J A ata#ogue of further omp#aints omp#etes the pi ture. Forld o inion faults the /ush administration for its unilateralism and reem tion, unflinching su ort of +srael, and scorn for international organi,ations. /he 2ush administration8s decision to withdraw from the Myoto :rotocol and its dismissal of the threat of global warming ha!e been met with dismay by )ey Asian and 0uropean allies. Additional irritants include sting% assistan e to the wor#d8s poor in omparison with other wea#th% ountries and the slow and ineffecti!e res onse to Matrina, which made the 83S3 go!ernment a ear less generous and evenChanded than Ameri a #aims to 4e....
25 So"t po-er doesnt sp!ll o)er to other !ss'es $tephen /roo)s and Ai##iam Fohlforth, 3rofessors Dovernment Q !artmouth, NA &3erspe tives
on 3o#iti s 3:50;C52F' !rawing on rationa# hoi e theor%, !owns and Jones show that a far more ompe##ing theoreti a# ase an 4e made that states have mu#tip#e reputations)ea h parti u#ar to a spe ifi agreement or issue area. 7or this reason, the% find that <the reputationa# onse?uen es of defe tion are usua##% more 4ounded= than institutiona#ist s ho#arship urrent#% presumes.= 67 +f America has, for e>amp#e, one re utation associated with the 8- and another regarding the F'O, then lac) of com liance with the former organi,ation will in no way dire t#% undercut its a4i#it% to gain coo eration in the latter3 As !owns and Jones note, viewing states as having mu#tip#e reputations <he#ps to e>p#ain wh%, despite the preva#en e of the unitar% reputation assumption, e*am les of a stateGs defection from an agreement in one area &for e>amp#e, environment' (eo ardi,ing its re utation in e!ery other area &for e>amp#e, trade and se urit%' are virtua##% none*istent in the #iterature.=61 'his on #usion is consistent with the two most detailed studies of re utation in *:, whi h de isive#% under ut the notion that states have a genera# reputation that wi## strong#% inf#uen e how other states re#ate a ross different issue areas.6; *n the end, the urrent #a 5 of an empiri a# or theoreti a# @ustifi ation for the notion that states arr% a sing#e reputation means that we have no 4asis for a epting the institutiona#istsG argument that Ameri a must endorse mu#ti#atera#ism a ross the 4oard 4e ause to do otherwise has onse?uen es that endanger the entire institutiona# order. /hat, together with theor%Gs #a 5 of pur hase on the issues of oordination osts and 4argaining power, inva#idates the institutiona#ist argument a4out the high ost of uni#atera#ism.
;5 Plan ant s'sta!n so"t6po-er "ore)er, 'npred! ta*le e)ents !n the "'t're -!ll 'n!ntent!onally damage 45S5 red!*!l!ty
5E
Death Penalty CP
The 4n!ted States $ederal Go)ernment sho'ld esta*l!sh pol! es thatE J Proh!*!t the e,e 't!on o" (')en!le o""enders J Proh!*!t e,e 't!on o" the mentally !mpa!red J d!s o'rage d!s r!m!nat!on !n appl! at!on o" the death penalty5 ap!tal p'n!shment re"orm promotes h'man r!ghts a*road Amnesty +nternational -$A. "uman :ights 3o#i % 3aper &7e4ruar%, 1;11'
http://www.thirdwor#dtrave#er. om/"umanZ20:ightsZ20!o uments/Amnest%H-$"uman:ights3o#.htm# 'here is an ad!erse relationshi between ca ital unishment and e*isting international human rights standards. /he -niversa# !e #aration of "uman :ights states in Arti #e 5: J+o one sha## 4e su4@e ted to torture or to rue#, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punish meet.J *n addition, im osition of the death enalty in the 8nited States and other countries which still ermit ca ital unishment results in arbitrary and discriminatory e*ecutions. /he -nited $tates has a responsi4i#it% to review the e>isten e of dis rimination in the administration and app#i ation of apita# senten ing. 'he 8nited States can romote human rights abroad by demonstrating its commitment to rotecting human rights at home. 'he 8nited States is one of the member states of the 8nited -ations3 +t shows little sign, however, of (oining the world trend toward abolishing state4sanctioned )illing3 'herefore, the 8nited States contra!enes the 8nited -ations declaration that <in order to guarantee fully the right to life, ro!ided for in Article 5 of the -niversa# !e #aration of "uman :ights,< member states should rogressi!ely see) to restrict <the number of offenses for which ca ital unishment may be im osed with a !iew to the desirability of abolishing this unishment in all countries3< Amnest% *nternationa# -$A a##s on 83S3 Go!ernment officials to commit themsel!es to wor) toward abolition of the death enalty in the 8nited States and spe ifi a##% to: \ 3rohi4it the e>e ution of @uveni#e offenders, a pra ti e whi h ontravenes the *nternationa# .ovenant on .ivi# and 3o#iti a# :ights and the Ameri an .onvention on "uman :ights. \ 3rohi4it e>e ution of the menta##% impaired, a pra ti e whi h ontravenes the guide#ines of the -nited +ations 0 onomi and $o ia# .oun i#. \ 0#iminate dis rimination in app#i ation of the death pena#t%.
5;
Death Penalty CP 6 E,t
He"orm!ng the death penalty sp!lls o)er.leg!t!m!Fes h'man r!ghts treat!es a*road :i hard .. Dieter, 0>e utive !ire tor, 2002 </he !eath 3ena#t% and "uman :ights: -.$. !eath 3ena#t% and
*nternationa# Iaw= !eath 3ena#t% *nformation .enter. Doog#e $ ho#ar. 'he 83S3 is already a arty to a number of fundamental human rights treaties that im act ca ital unishment. /o some e>tent, the 83S3 has isolated itself from the most direct effects of these treaties through reser!ations or by in!o)ing domestic law. 2ut the 83S3 is committed to the underlying human rights rinci les of these treaties and these instruments can ser!e as a starting oint for reforming and restri ting the death enalty from a human rights ers ecti!e3 /he issue of inno en e has parti u#ar ramifi ations for the -.$. death pena#t%. /he impa t of over 100 peop#e who fa ed e>e ution wa#5ing free has raised mora#, #ega#, and onstitutiona# ?uestions in the -.$. +t also ro!ides an o ening for those who a roach the death enalty from a human rights ers ecti!eJ e!ery country committed to the reser!ation of human rights will want to a!oid any unnecessary measures which threaten innocent life3 Ahi#e that u#timate ?uestion is 4eing sett#ed, there is am le room for reform and restrictions on the death enalty . :e ent -.$. $upreme .ourt de isions have demonstrated an openness to the opinion of other nations in eva#uating the evo#ving standards of de en % that wi## u#timate#% determine the 4oundaries of a epta4#e punishment. Aithin this framewor5, man% perspe tives shou#d 4e we# ome.
The 45S5 needs to re)!se ap!tal p'n!shment !n order to promote h'man r!ghts :i hard .. Dieter, 0>e utive !ire tor, 2002 </he !eath 3ena#t% and "uman :ights: -.$. !eath 3ena#t% and
*nternationa# Iaw= !eath 3ena#t% *nformation .enter. Doog#e $ ho#ar. 'he thesis of this a er is that international law and an analysis based on human rights are useful means to address the death enalty in the 83S3 Although the 83S3 uses other terms in rotecting basic rights, and has carefully insulated itself from )ey human rights treaties regarding the death enalty, there is now a new o enness to discuss the roblems of ca ital unishment. 3arti u#ar#% around the issue of inno en e, criticism of the death enalty within the 83S3 and the concerns of the international human rights community stand on common ground3 *f the -.$. is headed toward the a4o#ition of the death pena#t%, the ne>t few %ears wi## 4e ru ia# in determining whether that pro ess is rapid, or drawn out over man% de ades.
The death penalty e)en damages spe !"! pol! !es.l!#e e,trad!t!ng :i hard .. Dieter, 0>e utive !ire tor, 2002 </he !eath 3ena#t% and "uman :ights: -.$. !eath 3ena#t% and
*nternationa# Iaw= !eath 3ena#t% *nformation .enter. Doog#e $ ho#ar. .ha##enging the death enalty is not seen solely as an internal matter among nations3 $any 0uropean countries, a#ong with .anada, (e>i o, and $outh Afri a, ha!e resisted e*traditing ersons to countries li)e the 8nited States unless there are assurances that the death enalty will not be sought. /he .oun i# of 0urope has threatened to revo5e the -.$.8s o4server status un#ess it ta5es a tion on the death pena#t%.1E (e>i o has re ent#% 4egun a program to provide #ega# assistan e to its foreign nationa#s fa ing the death pena#t% in the -.$. As dis ussed more fu##% 4e#ow, these (e>i an iti,ens were usua##% not afforded their rights under the Bienna .onvention on .onsu#ar :e#ations. /his same vio#ation #ed 3aragua% and Derman% to pursue re#ief at the *nternationa# .ourt of Justi e in the "ague for their foreign nationa#s fa ing e>e ution in the -.$.
60
D!sease 7 De"ense 09:22
95 D!sease spread -ont a'se e,t!n t!on !r. .#aren e :eters and 6hrystal CC !ire tor of 2iodefense and 0merging *nfe tious !iseases 9 -/, and !r. :ona#d, .hairman of Deneti s (edi ine 9 .orne##, 7!." 3o#iti a# /rans ripts, 2005<-.$.
:03:0$0+/A/*B0 .":*$/13"0: .1W &:C.A' "1I!$ "0A:*+D 1+ .1-+/0:*+D /"0 2*1/0::1:*$( /":0A/=, 3C15 30/0:$: * thin5 we have one e>amp#e from the movement of the 6onquistadors to the -ew Forld. /he% brought measles, small o* and a !ariety of other diseases with them3 'hey didn7t wi e out the +ndians, 4ut the% destro%ed their ivi#i,ation and were instrumenta# in the $paniards 4eing a4#e to on?uer the +ew Aor#d with re#ative#% few peop#e. * thin5 we have something going on right now with $A:$ that we don8t 5now e>a t#% what the end of it8s going to 4e, 4ut we a#read% 5now that Asian e onomies are suffering tremendous#%. (% predi tion is that the% wi## not 4e a4#e to ontro# it in .hina. *f that8s true, then we will be dealing with re eated introductions in this country for the indefinite future so that we ma% see a hange in our wa% of #ife where we are ta5ing temperatures in airports, in addition to ta5ing %our shoes off and putting them through the WCra% ma hine. And we ma% see emergen % rooms re4ui#t so that if %ou have a ough %ou go in one entran e and go into a negative pressure u4i #e unti# %our $A:$ test omes 4a 5. So + thin) that whi#e wi ing out human life is e*tremely unli)ely, we have unengineered e>amp#es of 4ugs that have made great impa ts on ivi#i,ations. .1W: !r. .r%sta#M .:S$/AI: 'he natural e*am les of what you suggested were, as hundreds of years ago, with small o* and also with the lague3 'he lague wi ed out one4third of the ci!ili,ation 3 Ae now have treatments for ordinan es &ph' #i5e the p#ague 4e ause the% were engineered to 4e resistant. And if the% infe ted a num4er of peop#e and had the apa4i#it% of 4eing spread rapid#% from individua# to individua#, it wou#d ause enormous havo . * agree with the pane# CC + don7t thin) it would wi e out ci!ili,ation, 4ut the onse?uen es to our so iet% wou#d 4e enormous.
25 A"" ant sol)e e)ery d!sease h'* glo*ally. o'ntr!es !n A"r! a, h!na, /nd!a -!th poor p'*l! health systems tr!gger the!r !mpa t ;5 Ere negat!)e 7 a )!r's has ne)er a t'ally #!lled o"" any spe !es 0d "egis, Author of <Birus Dround êro=, N&? +ew Sor5 /imes, <3athogens of D#or%=, 5C1E, #/+'
!espite su h horrifi effe ts, !r. Peters is fair#% antiCapo a#%pti when it omes to the u#timate import of viruses. 6hallenging the wides read erce tion that e*otic !iruses are doomsday agents bent on wi ing out the human s ecies, he notes that "we ha!e not documented that !iruses ha!e wi ed out any s ecies .J As for the notion
that we8re surrounded 4% JnewJ diseases that never 4efore e>isted, he #aims that Jmost new diseases turn out to 4e o#d diseasesJP one t%pe of hantavirus infe tion, he suggests, goes 4a 5 to A.!. ;60. And in ontrast to the popu#ar 4e#ief that vira# epidemi s resu#t from man5ind8s destru tion of the environment, !r. 3eters shows how the e#imination of a vira# host8s ha4itat an eradi ate a 5i##er virus and prevent future epidemi s. /his is what happened when the Aswan !am, omp#eted in 1;71, destro%ed the f#oodwater ha4itat of the Aedes aeg%pti mos?uitoes, arriers of :ift Ba##e% fever virus: JAfter the Aswan !am was onstru ted, there was no more a##uvia# f#ooding. . . . Aithout a f#oodwater mos?uito, the virus an8t maintain itse#f over the #ong hau#. . . . 2% 1;E0, :ift Ba##e% fever had essentia##% disappeared in 0g%pt.J $ti##, !r. 3eters isn8t tota##% averse to doomsda% thin5ing, and in his fina# hapter he #a%s out his own fi tiona# disease s enario, in whi h a m%ster% virus from Austra#ia sudden#% 4rea5s out in a 2ang5o5 s#um. /hrow in (a#thus, haos theor% and the high mutation rates of :+A viruses, and soon he8s got the wor#d teetering on the 4rin5 of vira# ho#o aust in the finest "o##%wood tradition. 2ut he doesn8t 5now ?uite what to ma5e of his own s enario. "e offers Jone va#id, simp#ified e?uation to des ri4e what we an e>pe t from viruses in the futureJ: mutating viruses p#us a hanging e o#og% p#us in reasing human mo4i#it% add up to more and worse infe tious diseases. /wo pages #ater, though, he sa%s that Jit is impossi4#e to gauge how the a tions of man wi## impa t on emerging infe tious diseases.J *f that is true, it dis redits the ver% e?uation he8s given us. *n the end, he presents no #ear or onsistent pi ture of the overa## threat posed 4% the viruses he dis usses. 'he em irical fact of the matter
is that today7s most glamorous !iruses CC (ar4urg and 04o#a 44 ha!e )illed minuscule numbers of eo le com ared with the staggering death rates of athogens that go bac) to disease antiquity . (ar4urg virus, dis overed in 1;67, has 4een 5nown to 5i## @ust 10 peop#e in its 30C%ear histor%P 04o#a has 5i##ed appro>imate#% E00 in the 20 %ears sin e it appeared in 1;76. 2% ontrast, ma#aria, an an ient i##ness, sti## 5i##s a wor#dwide average of one mi##ion peop#e annua##% CC more than 2,700 per da%. (ore than three times as man% peop#e die of ma#aria ever% da% than have 4een 5i##ed 4% 04o#a virus in a## of histor%. Set it8s 04o#a that peop#e find Js ar%J[
61
D!sease 7 De"ense 02:22
<5 Deadly m'ted d!sease !mposs!*le. ant *e e)eryth!ng (a# o#m Gladwell 44+ew Sor5 4ureau hief of /he Aashington 3ost, 1;&A /he +ew :epu4#i Ju#% 17, #e>is
* ou#d go on, 4ut the point is o4vious. Any microbe ca able of wi ing us all out would ha!e to be e!erything at onceJ as contagious as flu, as durable as the cold, as lethal as Bbola, as stealthy as H+I and so doggedly resistant to mutation that it would stay deadly o!er the course of a long e idemic3 /ut !iruses are not, well, su erhuman3 'hey cannot do e!erything at once3 +t is one of the ironies of the analysis of alarmists su h as 3reston that they are all too willing to oint out the limitations of human beings, but they neg#e t to point out the limitations of microsco ic life forms3
?5 Te hnology -!ll 're all d!seases.stem ells "an Dingchao, Ju#% ;, 2001 <.an Ae .ure A## !iseases *n /he 7utureM= http://www.handing hao. om/ anCweC
ureCa##CdiseasesCinCtheCfuture/ +ow #etGs 4e 4a 5 to the tit#e, can we cure all diseases in the futureM /his is a omp#i ated ?uestion, it is diffi u#t to ma5e an definite answer for it, 4ut one thing is sure, as long as we don.t sto researching and we ha!e fair eyes on e!erything, we will ha!e ability to cure most diseases in the future3 And now we ha!e ability to e* and the great results of stem cell research, we will use them erfectly in the coming years, this wi## 4e a great news in medi a# industr%. $o now we ha!e enough faith to belie!e we will ha!e enough ability to cure all disease in the future.
62
Satell!te CP
CP Te,tE The Center "or Earth O*ser)!ng and Spa e Hesear h sho'ld olla*orate -!th the %at!onal Aerona't! s and Spa e Adm!n!strat!on to esta*l!sh d!sease s'r)e!llan e satell!tes that 'se remote sens!ng data mon!tor!ng Disease surveillance key to minimize outbreaks Di#4erto Iicente et al 2002 </he :o#e of a sate##ite inte##igent s%stem in the deve#opment of a dedi ated hea#th and
environment spa e 4ased mission= http://www.isprs.org/ ommission1/pro eedings02/paper/000E7.pdf Satellite remote sensing for disease sur!eillance will lay a ma(or role in ublic health in the oming %ears. A#though the a4i#it% to predi t epidemi out4rea5s is sti## #imited 4% urrent resear h and te hno#og% , satellite remote sensing has the otential to become an im ortant tool for assisting e idemiologists in locating areas where disease outbrea)s are li)ely to occur3 'his will permit the optimi,ation of resour es and sa!e li!es, es ecially in de!elo ing countries where hea#th re#ated resour es are #imited and disease out4rea5s have farC rea hing so ia# and e onomi onse?uen es. *n order to ma5e sate##ite sensors re#ia4#e too#s for epidemio#ogi a# resear h, we need to improve upon the apa4i#ities of the urrent sensors, whi h are providing data on 5e% epidemio#ogi a# varia4#es. /he most usefu# remote sensing s%stems for pu4#i hea#th app#i ations wi## re?uire instruments whi h an integrate data and information among spe tra#, spatia# and tempora# hara teristi s of remote#%Csensed images and disease ve tor profi#es. 'he ultimate goal of an o timal sensor system, howe!er, is to achie!e the ca ability of using remote sensed data to monitor areas in real time and redict disease outbrea)s so that effecti!e re!enti!e actions may be ta)en. /his goa# ou#d 4e a omp#ished through the reation of a dedi ated mission omprised of a o##e tion of instruments and sensors tuned to a ?uire information dire t#% re#ated to the disease organisms, ve tors, reservoirs, hosts, geographi spe ifi ations, and environmenta# varia4#es asso iated with hea#th pro4#ems. 'o ta)e ad!antage of the intelligent s ace4based remote sensing systems otentially a!ailable by 20D0 and beyond, we ro ose to initiate the rocess of selecting the ideal suite of measurements needed for the deve#opment of a dedi ated "ea#th and 0nvironment sate##ite mission. 'he ro(ect will combine the fle*ibility and e* ertise in data management and roduct generation ro!ided by the 6enter for Barth Obser!ing and S ace "esearch &.01$:' in the Deorge (ason -niversit% &D(-' and its long4standing relation with the -ASA Goddard S ace 2light 6enter &D$7.'.
63
Satell!te CP E,t
Remote sensing stops pandemics before they occur Jennifer /ender 64-o!4200? <+A$A te hno#og% he#ps predi t and prevent future pandemi out4rea5s=
"esearch resented at the American Society of 'ro ical $edicine and Hygiene $eeting in :hiladel hia3 http://www.eure5a#ert.org/pu4Hre#eases/2007C11/asotCnth110607.php Fith the hel of D> satellites currently in orbit and the -ational Aeronautics and S ace Administration.s P-ASAE A lied Sciences :rogram, scientists ha!e been able to obser!e the Barth.s en!ironment to hel redict and re!ent infectious disease outbrea)s around the world3 'he use of remote sensing technology aids s ecialists in redicting the outbrea) of some of the most common and deadly infectious diseases today su h as 04o#a, Aest +i#e virus and :ift Ba##e% 7ever. /he a4i#it% of infe tious diseases to thrive depends on hanges in the 0arthGs environment su h as the #imate, pre ipitation and vegetation of an area. 'hrough orbiting satellites, data is collected daily to monitor en!ironmental changes3 'hat information is then assed on to agen ies su h as the 6enters for Disease 6ontro# and 3revention and the !epartment of !efense who then a ly the data to redict and trac) disease outbrea)s and assist in ma)ing ublic health olicy decisions3 </he use of this te hno#og% is not on#% essentia# for the future of ur4ing the spread of infe tious diseases,= e>p#ains John "a%nes, pu4#i hea#th program manager for the +A$A 0arth $ ien e App#ied $ ien es 3rogram. <+A$A sate##ites are a#so a ostCeffe tive method for operationa# agen ies sin e the% are a#read% in or4it and in use 4% s ientists to o##e t data a4out the 0arthGs atmosphere.= "emote sensing technology not only hel s monitor infectious disease outbrea)s in highly affected areas, but also ro!ides information about ossible lague4carrying !ectors CC su h as inse ts or rodents CC g#o4a##% and within the -.$. /he 7our .orners region, whi h in #udes .o#orado, +ew (e>i o, Ari,ona, and -tah, is a high#% sus epti4#e area for p#ague and "anta virus out4rea5s, and 4% understanding the mi>ture of vegetation, rainfa## and s#ope of the area, s ientists an predi t the food supp#% of disease transmitting ve tors within the region and the threat the% ause to humans. 2e ause p#ague is a#so onsidered a 4ioterrorism agent, -ASA sur!eillance systems enable scientists to deci her if an outbrea) was caused by natural circumstances or was an act of bioterrorism . A articular infectious disease being targeted by -ASA is malaria, which affects 5004A00 million ersons worldwide, lea!ing >0 ercent of the world at ris) of infection3 'he $alaria $odeling and Sur!eillance :ro(ect utili,ing -ASA satellite technology is currently in use by the Armed 2orces "esearch +nstitute of $edical Sciences in 'hailand and the 83S3 -a!al $edical "esearch 8nit located in +ndonesia3 Data collected at these locations is combined and used to monitor en!ironmental characteristics that effect malaria transmission in Southeast Asia and other tro ical and subtro ical regions3 $alaria sur!eillance ro!ides ublic health organi,ations with increased warning time to res ond to outbrea)s and assistance in the re aration and utili,ation of esticides, which leads to a reduction in drug resistant strains of malaria and damage to the en!ironment3 9-ASA satellite remote sensing technology has been an im ortant tool in the #ast few %ears to not only ro!ide scientists with the data needed to res ond to e idemic threats quic)ly, but to a#so he#p redict the future of infectious diseases in areas where diseases were ne!er a main concern ,= sa%s (r. "a%nes. <.hanging environments due to g#o4a# warming have the a4i#it% to hange environmenta# ha4itats so drasti a##% that diseases su h as ma#aria ma% 4e ome ommon in areas that have never 4een previous#% atCris5.=
6F
Satell!tes 7 %e- Systems &ey
New Systems key to public health management Di#4erto Iicente et al 2002 </he :o#e of a sate##ite inte##igent s%stem in the deve#opment of a dedi ated hea#th and
environment spa e 4ased mission= http://www.isprs.org/ ommission1/pro eedings02/paper/000E7.pdf /he 5e% to using :$ in future human hea#th studies are having a urate, afforda4#e, re#ia4#e, and a essi4#e sour es of sate##ite derived geoph%si a# parameters. At the same time there is a need to continue de!elo ing and de loying new instrument technology that ro!ide better insight into roblems3 +ew instrument te hno#og%, including hy er4 s ectral, SA" interferometers, and motion sensing synthetic a erture radar need to be analy,ed for a lication in human health research3 Systems such as BOS and -:OBSS that incor orate multi4satellite systems, data roduction facilities and data archi!e and distribution abilities, need to continue. /here is a#so a need to ontinue wor5ing with the histori a# sate##ite data, su h as AB"::, improving the a ura % of produ ts and merging them with data from the newer sate##ites. +n both cases the distribution of the data needs to be fle*ible enough to su ort different data formats and ma ro(ections . .ross a#i4ration of instruments and a#gorithms is riti a# to these efforts and shou#d 4e a 5e% area of resear h for future instrument de!elo ment3 'he ability to cross calibrate with res ect to instrument, s atial resolution, and time would allow com arison of data that is now !ery difficult if not im ossible . Ahi#e the deve#opment of a omp#ete#% dedi ated hea#th and environment spa eC4ased mission ma% not 4e possi4#e 4% 2010, mu h an 4e done to e>tra t the ne essar% information from the urrent and future sate##ite missions. /his in #ude #in5ing 4asi resear h, pro essing apa4i#ities, training and outrea h with operationa# hea#th and environmenta# app#i ations and esta4#ishing stronger onne tions 4etween the :$ data/produ t generation enters and de ision support s%stems #i5e the .enter for !isease .ontro# &.!.' and the 3an Ameri an "ea#th 1rgani,ation &3A"1'. $u h a tions wi## permit the optimi,ation of the resour es urrent#% avai#a4#e for hea#th and environmenta# app#i ations and a##ow ne essar% hanges in the p#anning phase of the oming missions to a ommodate the needs of operationa# app#i ations in these fie#ds. 1n the other hand, the e>perien e gained in the management, organi,ation and de#iver% of remote sensing data as we## as produ t generation and integration 4% institutions #i5e the .enter for 0arth 14serving and $pa e :esear h &.01$:' in the Deorge (ason -niversit% &D(-' are ru ia#. 2% fo using on resear h done from sate##ite p#atforms, in #uding data, asso iated information te hno#ogies and app#i ations as we## as fundamenta# s ien e, .01$: wor5s as an interdis ip#inar% resear h enter. *t provides needed infrastru ture, in #uding organi,ationa# and #ogisti support to resear h pro@e ts fa##ing natura##% within the fo us of hea#th and environmenta# issues.
65
T3 7 De"ense
95 1og! ./" T3 !s already dr'g res!stant then the A"" !s too late to sol)e 25 8a !nes -!ll sol)e T3 Candry and Heilman .0A \asso iate dire torC po#i % and program operations, +ationa# Ba ine 3rogram
1ffi e, -.$. !epartment of "ea#th and "uman $ervi es,\\dire tor of the !ivision of (i ro4io#og% and *nfe tious !iseases at the +ationa# *nstitute of A##erg% and *nfe tious !isease, <7uture !ire tions *n Ba ines: /he 3a%offs 1f 2asi :esear h= 3romise of new te hno#ogies. /he pa%offs from these standard approa hes are now 4eginning to p#ateau. *n fa t, most of the <easy< !accines ha!e been de!elo ed, and man% ha##enges #ie ahead for new and improved va ines. +ew te hno#ogies ma% provide stronger, 4roader, and more dura4#e immune responses than those indu ed 4% some ear#ier va ines. +ew va ines are a#so #i5e#% to e>p#oit genomi s and highCthroughput s reening approa hes that are 4ased on omputationa# methods. /hese methods wi## a##ow for deve#opment of rationa##% 4ased approa hes that se#e t potentia# antigens more effe tive#% and pre ise#%. +n addition, future !accines will use these new tools to get around the challenges of the remaining infectious diseases . Kn2L /hese ha##enges in #ude the inherent a4i#it% of man% viruses to hange &antigeni variation', as is seen with "*B and inf#uen,aP the need to deve#op va ines that re#% on e##C4ased immunit% for prote tion for infe tions su h as tu4er u#osisP and too#s for addressing a pathogen8s a4i#it% to outsmart the immune s%stemCCimmune evasion strategies, su h as seen with hepatitis .. Kn3R +m act of new immune conce ts3 "esearch on the immune system has hel ed identify new ways of fighting infections and is hel ing define the mechanisms needed for successful immuni,ation 3 (ost urrent#% #i ensed va ines prote t 4% produ ing neutra#i,ing anti4odies, made 4% the 2 e##s of the immune s%stem. 1ne of the advantages of stimu#ating this arm of the immune s%stem is that it an 4e easi#% measured. :esear hers 4e#ieve that va ines against man% of the infe tions that are of highest priorit% &"*B, /2, and ma#aria' wi## need to have the other arm of the immune s%stemCCthe e##u#ar omponent, or / e##sCCpu##ed into a tion. KnF R 7or the first time in si>t% %ears, new '/ !accines are in clinical trials. Kn5L
;5 %e- treatments "or dr'g res!stant stra!ns (i hae# 6arter, /uesda%, 6%&, 200;, http://www.aidsmap. om/en/news/2E!;;!03C!;F3CF!36C;F55C 5!0FA31;7A33.asp 9-ew drug for $D"4'/ does well in trial;
'$620? is a safe and effecti!e drug for the treatment of multidrug4resistan t tuberculosis P/2', the results of a randomised, lacebo4controlled trial ublished in the Kune >th edition of the -ew Bngland Kournal of $edicine ha!e shown3 :atients who recei!ed the drug were significantly more li)ely to ha!e a negati!e culture result after eight wee)s than patients who re eived standard se ondC#ine /2 treatment.
<5 /nd!a has K o" all ases.plan doesnt rea h û4eda Hamid 6%1 0; <$mo5ing, drin5ing in reases ris5 of /2: $tud%= 0>press 2u,,
*t is a disease that affe ts thousands a ross the ountr% and %et gets neg#igi4#e attention. +ndia as a country has 2A er cent of the world.s tuber u#osis cases, a statisti that a ording to e>perts is on#% in reasing. /o date, the disease remains a ma@or ause of death in rura# *ndia.
66
T3 7 Alt Ca'ses 09:22
Se)eral Alternate Ca'sal!t!es to T3 7 #eep !n m!nd they ha)e to -!n the A"" sol)es e)ery s!ngle one o" these glo*allyE 95 So'th A"r! a Pr!sons i3o3l 6%50 <$A prisoners over rowded= http://www.io#. o.,a/inde>.phpMsetHidY16 #i 5HidY156artHidYnw200;
06301;51F02E6.F;7712Umore. Doog#e 'here are currently DDA ?A5 sentenced offenders ser!ing time in South Africa7s risons , .orre tiona# $ervi es (inister +osiviwe (apisaC+?a5u#a said on /uesda%.1pening de4ate in the +ationa# Assem4#% on her department8s 4udget vote, she to#d (3s there were a further F; F77 awaitingCtria# prisoners he#d 4ehind 4ars./he #arge num4er of awaitingCtria# prisoners was one of the main reasons many risons were o!ercrowded.J2%
!e em4er #ast %ear, 6F E70 A/!s &awaitingCtria# detainees' had 4een diverted from our s%stem. KA tota# ofL F; 072 offenders had a#so 4enefited from our paro#e and onversion pro esses.J*n spite of these measures, the num4er of A/!s ontinues to in rease, primari#% due to the fa t that 77 per ent of KthemL do not have Kmone% forL 4ai# and annot 4enefit from these a#ternatives.J/he other ontri4uting fa tor is that there is an in reasing num4er of offenders serving senten es in e> ess of 10 %ears, espe ia##% in the 10CtoC15 %ear 4ra 5et./his is a#so worsened 4% an in rease in peop#e serving #ife#ong senten es in our fa i#ities./he effe t of these rea#ities is that we e>perien e a signifi ant 4urden on our a4i#it% to manage over rowding,J she said.$pea5ing during the de4ate, !emo rati A##ian e orre tiona# servi es spo5esperson James $e#fe said it was ne essar% to tr% Jto the e>tent possi4#e and responsi4#eJ to redu e the inf#ow into prisons.J+ot ever%one who offends 4e#ongs in prison, and this app#ies in parti u#ar to %oung, firstCtime and nonCvio#ent offenders.J7or appropriate offenders, suspended senten es #in5ed to ommunit% servi e wi## 4e mu h more 4enefi ia# than in ar eration, with the additiona# 4enefit of redu ing over rowding and redu ing osts.JSet our prisons are fu## of inmates who are serving senten es for shop#ifting and e##phone theft,J he said.2riefing the media at 3ar#iament ear#ier on /uesda%, (apisaC+?a5u#a said an additiona# 20 000 J4ed spa esJ had 4een reated in prisons over the past 15 %ears, 4ut the over rowding persisted./his was the resu#t of a 75 per ent in rease in the prison popu#ation over the same period.:esponding to a ?uestion, she said 1; 061 of senten ed offenders were "*B positive./he Afri an .hristian !emo rati 3art%8s $teve $wart to#d mem4ers prisons were 1F3,3 per ent over rowded in Januar% 200;, ho#ding a tota# of 16F 51E inmates.JO!ercrowding remains a ma(or roblem, and is the root cause of
health roblems and the s read of diseases, such as tuberculosis and "*B and Aids in ertain prisons.J
25 Poor nat!ons Associated :ress 1 t 25, 200? <7ighting drugCresistant /2 spread from hospita#s=
http://afp.goog#e. om/arti #e/AIe?(5h%7T-d51..1D+TEg^f*pp@3ss?,A 3A:*$ &A73' ) An e idemic of deadly drug4resistant tuberculosis has s read from South African hos itals , 4ut a mi> of simp#e preventative measures ou#d ut the num4er of future ases in ha#f, a ording to a stud% re#eased 7rida%.0>tensive#% drugCresistant &SD"E tu4er u#osis has emerged o!er the last decade as a ma(or health concern around the world, es ecially in oorer nations3Ahi#e a ounting for on#% a tin% fra tion of the nine mi##ion new ases of /2 reported ea h %ear, SD" tuber u#osis is on the rise, a ording to the Aor#d "ea#th 1rganisation &A"1'.
;5 C!s'se o" med! !ne HS'A' Q "ea#th /e hno#ogies $ervi es/ /e hno#og% Assessment /e>t. 1 to4er 16, 2001 <.hapter 6 C $ummar%
$tatement on /u4er u#osis= http://www.n 4i.n#m.nih.gov/4oo5s/4v.f giMridYhstat5.se tion.25EEE "ow did mu#tidrugCresistant tu4er u#osis deve#opM $ulti le reasons account for the increased incidence of $D"4'/, but se!eral factors warrant comment3 Drug resistance has de!elo ed rimarily as a result of noncom liance with rescribed anti4'/ thera y among atients with acti!e tuberculosis . (an% patients were started on appropriate therap%, 4ut ade?uate and omp#ete medi a# fo##owup did not o ur. $u h fo##owup must 4e onsistent#% arried out to ensure ongoing omp#ian e, omp#etion of therap%, and su essfu# out omes. 7ai#ure to do this #eft man% persons in the ommunit% with partia##% and unsu essfu##% treated /2. /his unsu essfu##% treated popu#ation 4e ame the sour e of (!:C/2.
67
T3 7 Alt Ca'ses 02:22
<5 1a # o" early dete t!on HS'A' Q "ea#th /e hno#ogies $ervi es/ /e hno#og% Assessment /e>t. 1 to4er 16, 2001 <.hapter 6 C $ummar%
$tatement on /u4er u#osis= http://www.n 4i.n#m.nih.gov/4oo5s/4v.f giMridYhstat5.se tion.25EEE A second factor has been the failure of health care wor)ers to sus ect a case of acti!e tuberculosis and ra idly isolate infectious '/ atients3 :atients who are not recogni,ed as ha!ing acti!e '/ may e* ose other ersons to the disease both in the hos ital and in the community. Among "*BCinfe ted persons, the onse?uen es of failing to recogni,e ossible e* osure or acti!e disease ha!e been de!astating3 *n addition, the absence of ro er !entilation on hos ital wards and in out atient facilitie s, as we## as in an% of a num4er of other are fa i#ities, has led to the s read of '/ in hospita#s, prisons, home#ess she#ters, and other settings.
6E
4ltra)!olet l!ght CP
CP Te,tE The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld allo ate the ne essary reso'r es to !n rease the 'se o" 4ltra)!olet l!ght ster!l!Fat!on systems !n hosp!tals5 Ster!l!Fat!on o" hosp!tal a!r )!a 48C !s #ey to red' !ng the spread o" T3 !avid Gutierre, CC staff writer 6%& <-B Iights in "ospita#s .ou#d :edu e $pread of /2 4% 70 3er ent=
http://www.natura#news. om/026F1FHhospita#sHhospita#Hdisease.htm# &+atura#+ews' Sterili,ation of hos ital air with ultra!iolet light could reduce the internal s read of tu4er u#osis P'/' 4% as much as ?0 ercent, a ording to a stud% pu4#ished in the @ourna# 3Io$ (edi ine./2 is a high#% ontagious respirator% disease that infe ts near#% nine mi##ion peop#e around the wor#d ea h %ear, 5i##ing two mi##ion of them. /he disease is an in reasing pu4#i hea#th threat as anti4ioti resistant strains ontinue to 4e ome more ommon.JFhen eo le are crowded together in a hos ital waiting room, it may ta)e (ust one cough to infect se!eral !ulnerable atients, said resear her :od 0s om4e of *mperia# .o##ege Iondon. J1ur previous resear h showed that o ening windows in a room is a sim le way to reduce the ris) of tuber u#osis transmission, 4ut this is #imateCdependent CC you can7t o en the windows in the intensi!e care ward of a $i4erian hospita#.J8ltra!iolet46 P8I6E light is already commonly used to sterili,e em ty o erating rooms or ambulances. *n prior studies, 8I6 light has ro!en effecti!e at )illing both normal and drug4resistant strains of '/ bacteria by damaging their D-A3
6;
4ltra)!olet 1!ght CP E,t5
4ltra)!olet l!ghts red' e the spread o" T3 !avid Gutierre, CC staff writer 6%& <-B Iights in "ospita#s .ou#d :edu e $pread of /2 4% 70 3er ent=
http://www.natura#news. om/026F1FHhospita#sHhospita#Hdisease.htm# 'he sim le inter!ention of using ultra!iolet P8IE lights near the ceiling together with fans may reduce the s read of tuberculosis P'/E in hos itals, and air treatment with negative ioni,ers ma% a#so 4e effe tive, a ording to resear h pu4#ished in 3Io$ (edi ine.'/ transmission in o!ercrowded health care facilities is an im ortant ublic health roblem, es ecially in low resource settings, popu#ations affe ted 4% "*B, and locations where drug4resistant '/ occurs frequently.
+osp!tals are the *read!ng gro'nd "or T3 Associated :ress, (ar 17, 200& <-B #ight an ,ap /2 in hospita#s: stud%=
http://www.goog#e. om/hostednews/afp/arti #e/AIe?(5imdaH4DTDF!%6h1(.v6+u!( >êA Snee,ing or coughing s rays '/ bacteria into the air in tiny dro lets that can infect !isitors, health care wor)ers and other atients3 JFhen eo le are crowded together in a hos ital waiting room, it may ta)e (ust one cough to infect se!eral vu#nera4#e atients,J said :oderi 5 0s om4e, a resear her at *mperia# .o##ege Iondon and #ead author of the stud%.
70
A!ds 7 De"ense 09:;2
95 There !s no 're "or A/Ds A#e van Gelder CC +etwor5 !ire tor at *nternationa# 3o#i % +etwor5, 200?C10C11 </here8s no ure for A*!$=
http://www.po#i %networ5.net/main/arti #e.phpMarti #eHidYE66 Iara Santoro writes as if there were a cure for A+DS, saying chea co ies of medicines would hel atients3 8nfortunately, there is no cure, (ust alliati!e care that an pro#ong #ife 4ut on#% if stri t#% adhered to and monitored under #ini a# onditions. *t is the #a 5 of those #ini a# onditions, of staff who an pres ri4e the right drugs to the right peop#e, that is the 4iggest pro4#em in poor ountries. /he wrong drugs to the wrong peop#e wi##, at 4est, 5i## them or, at worst, he#p "*B to mutate and 4e ome even harder to treat.
25 Se)eral Alternate a'sal!t!es A5 %on6 onsens'al se, !anie# Fhelan N&& *nternationa# .entre for :esear h on Aomen, <Dender and "*B/A*!$: /a5ing sto 5 of
resear h and programmes, (ar h Another manifestation of male ower and control is nonconsensual se*, whi h research has shown to be a pervasive rea#it% of ado#es ent gir#s and womens #ives and whi h is in reasing#% 4eing re ogni,ed as a barrier to reducing their ris) of H+I infection3 0#ias and "eise high#ight the growing 4od% of eviden e whi h shows that man% woman are fre?uent#% denied the freedom to ontro# their se>ua# 4ehaviour and are for ed to have inter ourse against their wi## 4oth within and outside of onsensua# unions K35R3 +n these circumstances, artner reduction and condom use are unrealistic re!enti!e o tions for women. 7or ado#es ent women, se>ua# oer ion is high#% orre#ated with teen pregnan %. 7or adu#t women, it is asso iated in genera# with hroni pe#vi pain and unspe ifi g%nae o#ogi a# and ps% ho#ogi a# pro4#ems. +n a study of female youth in South Africa, it was found that 30Z of gir#s first inter ourse was for ed, ?DL had e* erienced se* against their will, and 11Z had 4een raped K36L. .:
35 +'man tra""! #!ng !n As!a :anga Sirilal Aug 22, 200? <"uman traffi 5ing he#ps spread "*B/A*!$ in Asia: -+=
http://www.reuters. om/arti #e/hea#th+ews/id-$I22325220070E22 .A4out 500,000 women and children are traffic)ed across Asia each year, accelerating the s read of H+I%A+DS, the -nited +ations said on Aednesda%. J'raffic)ing 333 contributes to the s read of H+I by significantly increasing the !ulnerability of traffic)ed ersons to infection ,J said .ait#in AiesenCAntin, "*B/A*!$ regiona# oordinator, Asia and 3a ifi , for the -nited +ations !eve#opment 3rogramme &-+!3'. J2oth human traffi 5ing and "*B great#% threaten human deve#opment and se urit%.J (a@or human traffic)ing routes run between -e al and +ndia and between 'hailand and neighbors li)e Caos, 6ambodia and $yanmar3 (an% of the vi tims are %oung teenage gir#s who end up in prostitution. <'he lin) between human traffic)ing and H+I%A+DS has only been identified fairly recently ,J AiesenCAntin to#d the *nternationa# .ongress on A*!$ in Asia and the 3a ifi .
C5 Gender /neD'al!ty
+3: <Aomen8s :ights and $pread of A*!$ in $. Afri a= http://www.npr.org/temp#ates/stor%/stor%.phpM stor%*dY3360015 B* erts say culturally ingrained gender inequality is contributing to the s read of A+DS3 Fomen often say they are terrified to admit to their husbands that they7re H+I ositi!e , even though their hus4ands aused the infe tion. Jennifer $ hmidt e>amines the cultural dynamic in South Africa that is ma)ing it difficult to sto the s read of A+DS3
D5 Dr'g 'se (ar% O7Hara 20 Apri# 200& http://www.guardian. o.u5/so iet%/200;/apr/20/hivCaidsCdrugs, Ju#% 13, 200>
-on4sterile in(ection of drugs is one of the most efficient ways of transmitting the H+I !irus3 B!en with considerable in!estment by the Global 2und and others in the romotion of harm reduction , it remains stubbornly re!alent com ared with other forms of transmission, articularly in countries outside Sub Saharan Africa.
71
A!ds 7 De"ense 02:;2
E5 H'ss!an dr'g r!s!s "a%#e% Kar!is Q wor5s for :ussian harit%, A%D2 200; <:ussiaGs heroin epidemi ma5es Aids ris5 spira#=
http://www.sos hi#drensvi##ages.org.u5/ harit%Cnews/russiaCheroinCspira#sC.htm. Drug use in "ussia is at e idemic le!el so serious that it threatens the nation.s e*istence, one of the ountr%Gs top offi ia#s has admitted.J*t8s a threat to our nationa# se urit%, our so iet%, and our ivi#isation itse#f,J said Bi5tor *vanov, :ussia8s top drugs offi ia#, at a meeting with reporters. 'here are more than two million drug addicts in "ussia, a ording to #atest estimates. /hat amounts to one addi t for ever% 50 :ussians of wor5ing age , a le!el that is u to eight times higher than in B8 countries. (ost of these peop#e are addi ted to heroin whi h is rea hes the ountr% on its route from Afghanistan, through entra# Asia, and a ross the #ong 4order from Ta,a5hstan into :ussia. /here are peop#e addi ted to heroin a ross :ussia8s 11 timeC,ones, and the ountr%8s antiC drugs 4od% sa%s that :ussia now uses more heroin than an% other ountr% in the wor#d. (r *vanov, who is #ose#% #in5ed to :ussian 3rime (inister, B#adimir 3utin, 4#amed the o upation of Afghanistan and the Jwar on terrorJ for :ussia8s epidemi . "e was toda% &Aednesda%' due to a## for more g#o4a# oCoperation in so#ving pro4#ems in Afghanistan at a spe ia# -nited +ations session on drugs, reported /he *ndependent newspaper. /oth go!ernment and ublic health officials agree that the e idemic of heroin addiction in "ussia has reached terrifying ro ortions that could in the long run ro!e de!astating3 2ut whi#e the government hints that the Aestern intervention in Afghanistan is the ause of :ussia8s drugs risis, some riti s claim the olicy on drugs is a contributing to the e idemic3 'he country doesn.t use methadone as a substitute to treat addicts and needle and syringe e*changes are highly contro!ersial3 'his dri!es other de!astating e idemics in the country, such as he atitis 6 and H+I%Aids3 "ussia has one of the fastest4growing H+I e idemics in the worl d, with more than one mi##ion peop#e thought to 4e "*B positive in the ountr%. /en %ears ago, the epidemi was main#% spread within the drugCusing ommunit%, 4ut now more than ha#f of new ases are se>ua##% transmitted, as the disease spreads a ross the popu#ation at #arge.
$5 Cathol! 3an Cife site -ews, !e em4er 3, 2005 O!o tors Aithout 2orders .harges Bati an8s AntiC.ondom $tand "e#ps
$pread of A*!$= http://www.#ifesitenews. om/#dn/2003/de /03120302.htm# BA/*.A+, !e em4er 3, 2003 &Iife$ite+ews. om' C 2anatic condemnations of the Iatican7s ro4life stand against contrace tion are e* ected from ro4abortion grou s su h as 8.atho#i s for a 7ree .hoi e8 however, toda% the :resident of the international council of $edecins $ans 7rontieres &!o tors Aithout 2orders' accused the Iatican of s reading A+DS3 </y not su orting the use of condoms and not ad!ocating the use of condoms as one of the re!entati!e measures, * wou#d sa% that the 6atholic 6hurch is hel ing the s read of a deadly disease,J said the group8s president (orten :ostrup. /he omments ome after the Bati an re#eased a five page do ument mar5ing Aor#d Aids !a% +ovem4er 30. /he do ument signed 4% .ardina# Javier Io,ano 2arragan, president of the 3ontifi a# .oun i# for "ea#th 3astora# .are invited the internationa# ommunit% and governments in genera#, and the .hur h in parti u#ar, to fight the dreaded disease with po#i ies whi h respe t human dignit%. J3romote ampaigns to sensiti,e and edu ate peop#e &a4out "*B/A*!$' C 4ased not on po#i ies whi h feed immora# and hedonisti wa%s of #ife, whi h in turn favor the spread of the evi#, 4ut instead 4ased on those re#ia4#e riteria and authenti human and spiritua# va#ues on whi h one an 4ase a re#evant edu ation of prevention, one in favor of the u#ture of #ife and of responsi4#e #ove. *n this wa% the virtue of hastit% is manifested as the most important and effe tive prevention in fighting "*B/A*!$,J said the do ument. "ostru told "euters, <condoms are one of the best ways of re!enting the disease3 Ae are sure#% not opposed to 4ehaviora# hanges3 /ut to ad!ocate against the use of condoms as a re!entati!e measure 333 is totally unacce table from a mora#, ethi a# and medical ers ecti!e.J
72
A!ds 7 De"ense 0;:;2
G5 4nreg'lated Porn !nd'stry Timi Yoshino and :ongCDong Cin 6%D2 **. http://www.#atimes. om/news/#o a#/#aCmeCpornChiv12C200; L
J"umor is ram ant when the words 7H+I7 and 7 orn7 are in the same sentence ,J she said. (it he## said A*(8s #ini has 4een a #eader in promoting prevention and testing. 2ut, she added, Jwe are not the po#i e department of the industr% nor wish to 4e.J 3u4#i statements from #ini representatives downp#a%ing the in ident CC whi h one #ini offi ia# a##ed Jnot a ma@or eventJ CC drew some riti ism. J'his industry screams for regulation,J said (i hae# Aeinstein, president of the Ios Ange#esC4ased A*!$ "ea#th are 7oundation. J.a#C 1$"A needs to re?uire that ondoms 4e used in an% fi#m. Sesterda%.J 'he ositi!e H+I test has concerned health officials and A+DS acti!ists because the Ialley is one of the leading roducers of ornogra hy in the world, with a4out 200 roduction com anies that em loy about D,200 eo le who wor) as adult erformer s, and a4out 5,000 others. Aith some of the nation8s #argest pornograph% produ ers 4ased in the Ba##e%, any disease has the otential to s read quic)ly. 'he D6 un ublici,ed H+I cases were not in!estigated by county ublic health officials, part#% 4e ause priva % ru#es 4efore 2006 prevented the dis #osure of the names of "*BCinfe ted individua#s to government agen ies. 2e ause no government investigation of those ases too5 p#a e, it is un #ear whether those performers ontra ted "*B at wor5 or e#sewhere.
73
A2 A!ds !n A"r! a
A!ds !n A"r! a !s m!s al 'lated !r. J. Hardie June, 2001 <"*B/A*!$ statisti s in Afri a are e>aggerated=
http://www.newvision. o.ug/!/E/21/635;27 2urther e!olution of the A+DS story requires an understanding of how subHSaharan Africa statistics on H+I and A+DS are obtained3 A+DS is diagnosed in Africa using the /angui Definition ./his re#ies on the presen e of pro#onged fevers, weight #oss of at #east 10Z and pro#onged diarrhoeaQ ommon onditions in Afri a.A ositi!e H+I test is not required3 :o ulation estimates are less than reliable for many African countries3 Ahen "*B nonCspe ifi anti4od% tests are emp#o%ed the% are performed on pregnant women.'he results, using the crude o ulation estimates, are then e*tra olated into infection and death rates for entire African countries3'hese factors grossly e*aggerate the number of NH+I. and NA+DS. cases3 *t is on#% orre t that -+A*!$ shou#d use the same riteria to a# u#ate "*B/A*!$ statisti s in Afri a as it emp#o%s in deve#oped ountries.-nti# this o urs attempting to e?uate e> essive#% high infe tion rates in su4Q$aharan Afri a to parti u#ar widespread u#tura# and se>ua# pra ti es is an e>er ise in futi#it%.
7F
A2 A!r*orne:C'tat!on
A/DS -ont go a!r*orne 7 !ts an !ne""! !ent -ay to !n"e t !mm'ne ells Judith 2einberg, (edi ine 9 -C.in inatti, 200D<As5 the e>perts a4out opportunisti infe tions,=
http://www.the4od%. om/7orums/A*!$/*nfe tions/Ar hive/2asi *nformation/XF1152.htm# H+I is not airborne and is unli)ely to become so3 +ts biology is oriented toward infecting a certain ty e of white blood cell3 being inhaled into the lungs isn7t a !ery efficient way of encountering ' hel er lym hocytes3 /his on ern is the resu#t of someone8s fears getting the 4est of them.
%o e)!den e a!ds -!ll m'tate 6entre for H+I%A+DS -etwor)ing, 200A -niversit% of Twaû#uC+ata#, http://www.hivan.org.,a/ am
pussupport/7AXs.aspU16 As "*B/A*!$ is a vira# disease, how #ong wi## it ta5e 4efore the virus hanges its shape and 4e ome air4orneM 'here is no e!idence to suggest that H+I will mutate and become an airborne athogen3 Sim ly due to the fact it is a !irus, does not mean that this would occur3 (u#tip#e viruses re?uire onta t for transmission and are not spread via the air4orne/inha#ation route &e.g.: herpes, "3B, et R.'.
75
E,t A"r! a
Calar!a s'per harges o'r arg'ment Tenned% Abwao E !e em4er 2006 <(a#aria #in5ed to atastrophi spread of A*!$ in Afri a=
http://www.s idev.net/en/news/ma#ariaC#in5edCtoC atastrophi CspreadCofCaidsCinCa.htm# K+A*:12*L :esear h in Ten%a indi ates that the ra id s read of H+I%A+DS across Africa could be lin)ed to malaria./he wor5 has important imp#i ations for pu4#i hea#th po#i ies in su4C$aharan Afri a, high#ighting the need to ta 5#e 4oth diseases together.'here is considerable geogra hical o!erla 4etween "*B/A*!$ ) whi h infe ts over F0 mi##ion peop#e in Afri a ) and ma#aria, whi h auses 500 mi##ion #ini a# infe tions ea h %ear.3eop#e with 4oth ma#aria and "*B/A*!$ are more #i5e#% to transmit the "*B virus, a ording to the stud% pu4#ished in the @ourna# $ ien e toda% &E !e em4er'. /his ma% have promoted the rapid spread of the disease in su4C$aharan Afri a.<Fe ha!e always )nown the relationshi between Kmalaria and H+I%A+DSL, but we did not )now the im act it had on the s readJ now we ha!e a reference oint,J sa%s A%u4 (an%a, an epidemio#ogist with the Ten%an +ationa# (a#aria .ontro# 3rogramme. Fhen someone with H+I%A+DS contracts malaria, it creates a surge in their blood le!els of H+I, ma)ing them more than twice as li)ely to transmit the !irus to a se*ual artner.An "*B infe tion a#so ma5es someone more sus epti4#e to ma#aria, whi h the resear hers sa% ma% have a e#erated the spread of ma#aria in areas where "*B is preva#ent./he team, #ed 4% Iaith A4uC:addad of the -niversit% of Aashington in $eatt#e, -nited $tates, used a mathemati a# mode# to e>amine how these intera tions affe t the spread of 4oth diseases./he% tested their mode# on data gathered from Tisumu, Ten%a, and found that the intera tion 4etween the diseases was to 4#ame for man% thousands of "*B infe tions and a#most a mi##ion ma#aria episodes sin e 1;E0.JAhi#e "*B/A*!$ is predominant#% spreading through se>ua# inter ourse, this 4io#ogi a# oCfa tor indu ed 4% malaria has contributed considerably to the s read of H+I by increasing transmission robability er se*ual act,J sa%s A4uC:addad.
76
A2 So'th Ch!na Corn!ng Post 09:22
3en6A*raham !s a total ha # John 6rewdson Q3u#it,er pri,e winner 07/31/200D <$ ientifi gadf#% weaves intri ate tapestr% of de eit= 04s o
/en4Abraham has used his relationshi s, however ephemera#, with the high and mighty to forge connections with the friends of friends and acquaintances3 His ur orted credentials as a child4 rodigy ph%si ian have #ent BenCAbraham an aura of e* ertise on such urgent ublic health issues as an er and A+DS, affording him un aralleled access to im ortant olitical figures, the media and wealthy in!estors on three continents . J"e has this a4i#it% to ta#5 a4out an%thing and ever%thing,J said one man whose fami#% 4efriended BenCAbraham for severa# %ears. J"e is one of the most harming, one of the most amusing, one of the most entertaining, 4e#ieva4#e peop#e. "e an r% in a sp#it se ond. "e an seem as so#emn as the pope. /he ne>t se ond he an 4e heerfu# and show %ou the 4est time. "e8s a genius. 0ver%one fe#t the% were dea#ing with an e> eptiona# inte##igen e.J
3en6A*rahamn d!dnt grad'ate h!gh s hool John 6rewdson Q3u#it,er pri,e winner 07/31/200D <$ ientifi gadf#% weaves intri ate tapestr% of de eit= 04s o
/he distin tion that for mu h of his #ife has set Avi BenCAbraham apart is found in the 1;E7 edition of the Duinness 2oo5 of Aor#d :e ords: J/he %oungest to re eive a !o tor of (edi ine degree is Avi BenCAbraham &4. +ov 1E, 1;57, TfarC$a4a, *srae#' who graduated with the (! summa um #aude on (ar F, 1;76 from the -niv of 3erugia, *ta#%, at the age of 1E %ears 3 months. 2enCA4raham has used that signa# distin tion, dressed up with a photograph of the 1EC%earCo#d do tor in a white #a4 oat, to gain entree into e>a#ted ir #es of wea#th and power and to persuade dignitaries, investors and the media that he is one of a 5ind. +ever mind that 2enCA4raham8s e#e4rated entr% in the Duinness 2oo5 of Aor#d :e ords vanished after three %ears in print. J*t was never a tua##% a epted as a re ord,J sa%s a Duinness spo5esman, +ei# "a%es. JAe never rea##% re eived enough do umentation to 4a 5 it up.J 1f this there is no dou4t: Avi BenCAbraham does have a degree in medi ine and surger% from the -niversit% of 3erugia. 2ut more than 100 interviews and hundreds of pages of do uments o4tained 4% the /ri4une paint a pi ture of a %oung *srae#i 4o% who, des ite his record as an indifferent student and his a arent failure to e!en graduate from high school, managed to con!ince a owerful +talian rofessor that he was a geniu sC and then to foo# *ta#ian authorities into 4e#ieving hat he had fu#fi##ed the a ademi re?uirements for 4e oming a do tor at the age of 1E. +afta#i (anheim, who taught 2enCA4raham hemistr% at the 7irst "igh $ hoo# of "er,e#%ia, remem4ers nothing out of the ordinar% a4out the %oung man, Jnot at a##.J 2ut someone at his high s hoo# se#e ted 2enCA4raham to attend a on eCaCwee5, threeChour #ass at /e# Aviv -niversit% for %oungsters with an aptitude for math. 1ver the %ears, the program has spawned severa# wor#dC #ass mathemati ians. 2ut Avi /en4 Abraham didn7t ro!e an outstanding u il3 <-obody remembers him,< says Dan Bmir, the retired mathematics de artment chairman3 <'he really good ones you do remember3< A#though the program invo#ved no e>aminations and arried no a ademi redit, it offered the opportunit% to enro## in rea# math ourses at the universit% the fo##owing %ear. 2ut when /en4Abraham tried to register, he was told that he first needed to graduate from high school3
77
A2 So'th Ch!na Corn!ng Post 02:22
3en A*rahams a "ra'd.!n ase yo' d!dnt already real!Fe John 6rewdson Q3u#it,er pri,e winner 07/31/200D <$ ientifi gadf#% weaves intri ate tapestr% of de eit= 04s o
'he e* eriment, which made headlines around the world, invo#ved the transp#anting of 4one marrow from a 4a4oon to a $an 7ran is o A*!$ patient, Jeff Dett%. /he idea 4ehind the transp#ant te hni?ue, deve#oped 4% !r. $u,anne *#dstadt of the -niversit% of 3itts4urgh, was that 4e ause 4a4oons are resistant to the human A*!$ virus, 4a4oon 4#ood e##s might he#p onfer immunit% in humans. AagnerC2arta5 re a##ed 4eing instructed by /en4 Abraham to send +ldstadt a chec) for =DA,0003 J"e fe#t 4% giving it to this professor, he wou#d own her,J AagnerC2arta5 said. A ording to *#dstadt, who vague#% re a##s having met BenCAbraham on e, the he 5 was one of Jman%, man%J donations in support of her wor53 /en4Abraham7s ress release claimed he would <ta)e art< in the trans lant3 2ut a ording to !r. $tephen !ee5s, the surgeon who a tua##% performed the pioneering operation at the -niversit% of .a#ifornia (edi a# .enter, /en4Abraham was nowhere near the o erating room. J"e ame to $an 7ran is o on his own,J !ee5s said. J"e was in the hospita#, 4ut that was it. "e 5ind of fo##owed us around. "e wanted to 4e in the room, 4ut we refused to #et him. After it was over, he disappeared.J A ording to AagnerC2arta5, /en4Abraham and *#dstadt #ater Jhad a real fallout, because /en4Abraham claimed that what she was doing was his wor). "e #aimed that he was the ata#%st of this 4a4oon transp#ant3< 'he trans lant ultimately ro!ed unsuccessful. 2ut following /en4Abraham7s announcement, the pri e of Structured /iologicals stoc) rose by 5D ercent3 Iisiting Hong Mong a few days later, /en4Abraham recounted the trans lant e>periment he hadn8t o4served for the South 6hina $orning :ost3 J*t was a remar5a4#e da%,J he to#d the paper. JAs * stood in the hospita# room, wat hing this simp#e 4#ood infusion, it was as if whi#e Dett% was a epting death with ever% drop, he was re eiving hope. *t was as if with ever% drop, histor% was hanging.J
7E
C!r 'm !s!on CP
CP Te,tE The go)ernment o" S-aF!land, !n ooperat!on -!th /srael! s'rgeons and the World +ealth Organ!Fat!on, sho'ld !n!t!ate and e,pand a glo*al male !r 'm !s!on ampa!gn5 The program already e,!stsL !t ('st needs to *e e,panded Maiser 2amily 2oundation 0F +ov 2001 <$wa,i#and *n reases (a#e .ir um ision 0fforts /o .ur4 $pread
1f "*B= Swa,iland is leading African countries in romoting male circumcision to curb the s read of H+I with the hel of +sraeli surgeons, the A3/$an Jose (er ur% +ews reports. 'he country began to romote male circumcision in res onse to studies showing that the rocedure could reduce a man7s ris) of contracting H+I by u to 60Z, a ording to the A3/(er ur% +ews. A ording to -nited +ations mode#ing studies, ma#e ir um ision in su4C$aharan Afri a ou#d prevent 5.7 mi##ion new "*B ases and 3 mi##ion "*B/A*!$Cre#ated deaths over 20 %ears. 'he For#d Hea#th Organi,ation and other agen ies are ro!iding technical su ort to hel the Swa,i go!ernment im lement the circumcision cam aign and increase the number of men recei!ing the rocedure, the A3/(er ur% +ews reports. /eams of *srae#i surgeons, #ed 4% *non $ hen5er of the Jerusa#em A*!$ 3ro@e t, have trained 10 $wa,i do tors on how to safe#% and effi ient#% perform the operation with #imited resour es. $wa,i#and is the on#% ountr% in whi h the *srae#i ph%si ians have trained #o a# hea#th wor5ers on the pro edure, a#though other ountries CC in #uding +ami4ia, :wanda and âm4ia CC have as5ed the group to ondu t simi#ar training programs, a ording to the A3/(er ur% +ews.
E)en tho'gh !r 'm !s!on !s not per"e t.!t o'ld s'*stant!ally slo- the spread o" A/Ds (arni Ieff Mottle and .are% Sargent August 17, 2006 <.ir um ising Adu#t (en (a% $#ow the $pread of
A*!$= http://www.5aisernetwor5.org/dai#%reports/hea#thpo#i %. 44 Health officials say they may recommend wides read circumcision of adult men as a way to slow the s read of A+DS, a disease that 5i##ed 2 mi##ion peop#e in Afri a #ast %ear. :ositi!e findings in research results due to 4e reported ne>t %ear could lead the Forld Health Organi,ation to suggest the rocedure , said Tevin !e .o 5, dire tor of the agen %8s "*B and A*!$ programs. 6ircumcision re!ented 6 of D0 otential infections with H+I, the virus that auses A*!$, among 3,300 men in $outh Afri a, a stud% found #ast %ear. 6ircumcision might sto as many as 2 million infections with H+I over 10 %ears in su4C$aharan Afri a, according to a FHO analysis3 Ahi#e su h eviden e he#ped resear hers in Ten%a enro## more than 2,000 parti ipants in their stud%, widespread adoption ma% not 4e eas% in a## parts of Afri a, said Iovemore Dwan,ura, a professor at the -niversit% of îm4a4we who studies A*!$.aa/here are strong traditiona# 4e#iefs that don8t tie up with ir um ision,88 Dwan,ura said in an interview at the 16th *nternationa# A*!$ .onferen e in /oronto. aa*t8s going to 4e an uphi## tas5.88 6ircumcision may be one of the most effecti!e short4term solutions to re!ent the s read of H+I , said hea#th offi ia#s and e#e4rit% advo ates who spo5e at the onferen e, in #uding former -.$. 3resident 2i## .#inton and (i rosoft .orp. founder 2i## Dates. *t wou#d ost a4out N50 per adu#t ma#e.
7;
C!r 'm !s!on E,t
C!r 'm !s!on an red' e the spread o" A/Ds 'p to @0M !ona#d D. $c-eil, (ar h 2;, 200? <A.".1. -rges .ir um ision to :edu e $pread of A*!$=
http://www.n%times. om/2007/03/2;/hea#th/2;hiv.htm# 'he For#d Hea#th Organi,ation officially recommended circumcision as a way to re!ent heterose*ual transmission of the A+DS virus %esterda%, setting the stage for donor agencies to begin aying for the o eration. 'he grou acted after three clinical trials in Menya, 8ganda and South Africa, o!erseen by the national health agencies of the 8nited States and 2rance, found that male circumcision reduced the ris) of infection of men through heterose>ua# se> by about 60 ercent. -o countries ha!e yet ado ted circumcision as art of their A+DS re!ention lans, <4ut * hope this re ommendation wi## #ead some to do so,= said !r. Tevin !e .o 5, dire tor of the ".*.B.CA*!$ department of the Aor#d "ea#th 1rgani,ation. *n some southern Afri an ountries with ver% high A*!$ rates, su h as Iesotho and $wa,i#and, !r. !e .o 5 said, he has a#read% heard ane dota# reports that men were as5ing private do tors for the operation. Carge donors, in #uding the D#o4a# 7und to 7ight A*!$, /u4er u#osis and (a#aria, and the 3residentGs 0mergen % 3#an for A*!$ :e#ief, ha!e a#read% indicated that they will be willing to ay for circumcisions if countries as) for money and an demonstrate that the operations wi## 4e done safe#% and with the right ounse#ing. *t is ru ia#, the hea#th organi,ation said, that men 4e taught that the% an sti## at h the virus and pass it on even if the% are ir um ised, and so shou#d sti## #ower their ris5 further 4% having no se> or se> with fewer partners and 4% using ondoms. /he organi,ationGs re ommendation represents a triumph for a few pu4#i hea#th e>perts who argued for %ears ) in the fa e of s5epti ism from prominent s ientists ) that circumcision had a rotecti!e effect3 'hey had noticed that A+DS rates were lower in African regions where it was common, su h as (us#im areas. 2ut, unti# the re ent #ini a# tria#s, it was impossi4#e to onvin e mainstream e>perts that the #ower rates were not 4e ause of other fa tors, #i5e po#%gam% or harsh pena#ties for e>tramarita# se> under $hariah, the #ega# ode of *s#am 4ased on the Toran.
C!r 'm !s!on o'ld s'*stant!ally red' e +/8 rates Aamer $adhani, /ri4une $taff Ariter, +ovem4er 1;, 1;&& <.ir um ision urged as wa% to onfine A*!$
spread= http://www.aegis.org/news/ t/1;;;/./;;1101.htm# 'he international pu4#i hea#th community could hel reduce H+I infection rates in Africa and Asia and otentially sa!e millions of li!es by romoting the use of male circumcision there, a ording to an epidemio#ogist at the -niversit% of *##inois at .hi ago.:o4ert 2ai#e%, a professor of epidemio#og% and anthropo#og% at -*., said /hursda% he has omp#eted resear h with !anie# "a#perin, assistant ad@un t professor at the -niversit% of .a#ifornia at $an 7ran is o, that indi ates Afri an and Asian so ieties that traditiona##% do not perform ma#e ir um ision want the pro edure avai#a4#e in their ountries.Se!eral studies o!er the last D0 years ha!e shown that male circumcision hel s re!ent H+I infection , 4ut the internationa# pu4#i hea#th ommunit% has shied awa% from pushing the pro edure in Afri a and Asia over on erns that it wou#d #ash with u#tura# and re#igious mores in nonC ir um ising ountries.A ording to 2ai#e% and "a#perin8s resear h, the ris) of H+I infection is two to eight times higher for uncircumcised men3
E0
C!r 'm !s!on N Condoms:a*st!nen e
C!r 'm !s!on more e""e t!)e then ondoms and a*st!nen e Maiser Daily Health 27 Apr 2006 <.ir um ision, 7ide#it% (ore 0ffe tive "*B 3revention (ethods /han
.ondoms, A4stinen e, :esear hers $a%= http://www.medi a#newstoda%. om/arti #es/F22F2.php :romoting ma#e ircumcision and fide#it% to one artner seems to be more effecti!e at curbing the s read of H+I than romoting abstinence and condom use, 8SA+D researcher and te hni a# adviser !anie# "a#perin said last wee), the .hi ago /ri4une reports. As "a#perin and other resear hers ana#%,e 20 %ears of studies on "*B/A*!$ throughout Afri a, the% have tried to Jput aside intuitions, emotions, ideo#ogies and #oo5 at the eviden e in as o#dhearted a wa% as we an,J "a#perin said. !uring a spee h at a meeting of the $outhern Afri an "*B .#ini ians $o iet% in Johannes4urg, $outh Afri a, "a#perin said he and his o##eagues dis overed that regular se* artners rarely use condoms, and abstinence merely delays H+I infection among %oung peop#e by one or two years. 7or e>amp#e, ondom use in Dhana and $enega# seems to have he#ped in the redu tion of the spread of the "*B, whi h in those ountries is parti u#ar#% preva#ent among ommer ia# se> wor5ers and their partners. "owever, ondom use in $outh Afri a and 2otswana has had #itt#e effe t in redu ing those ountries8 "*B epidemi s CC whi h have rea hed the genera# popu#ation CC 4e ause regu#ar se> partners rare#% use ondoms onsistent#%. *n omparison, faithfu#ness to one partner has wor5ed at redu ing "*B preva#en e in -ganda and Ten%a, a ording to "a#perin. 2e ause a person is more #i5e#% to transmit "*B during the first three wee5s of ontra ting the virus, an "*BCpositive person who has @ust one partner during that time is #i5e#% to pass the disease to that one person. /ut if an H+I4 ositi!e erson in the highly infectious stage has many se*ual artners at a time, <the !irus s reads li)e wildfire< as those peop#e in turn have se> with other peop#e, "a#perin said3 +n addition, circumcision has been shown to reduce male4to4female H+I transmission by 60L to ?AL &Doering, .hi ago /ri4une, F/23'. A stud% pu4#ished in the +ovem4er 2005 issue of 3Io$ (edi ine of men #iving in $outh Afri a finds that ma#e ir um ision might redu e the ris5 of men ontra ting "*B through se>ua# inter ourse with women 4% a4out 60Z. (a#e ir um ision might a#so redu e the ris5 of "*B transmission from "*BCpositive men to their fema#e partners, a ording to a stud% of oup#es in :a5ai, -ganda &Taiser !ai#% "*B/A*!$ :eport, 2/;'.
E1
?0 State C!r 'm !s!on Sol)en y
States an la'n h !r 'm !s!on ampa!gnsL theyre ('st not 7 %e- Oor# Pro)es Maiser Daily "ea#th, 200A <-.$. .ampaign /o 3romote .ir um ision Aou#d 2e 83remature,8 /ime *s :ight
7or !ia#ogue 1n *ssue, Ietter /o 0ditor $a%s= http://www.5aisernetwor5.org/dai#%reports/hea#thpo#i %. 'he -ew Yor) 6ity De artment of Health and $ental Hygiene <has not lanned, de!elo ed or announced a cam aign to encourage at4ris) men to get circumcised,< 4ut the department is Jen ouraging peop#e to dis uss and stud% this issue,J it% "ea#th .ommissioner /homas 7rieden writes in a +ew Sor5 /imes #etter to the editor &7rieden, +ew Sor5 /imes, F/12'. -+A*!$ and the Aor#d "ea#th 1rgani,ation #ast month re ommended the pro edure as a wa% to he#p redu e the spread of "*B in response to growing eviden e that routine ma#e ir um ision ou#d redu e a man8s ris5 of ontra ting "*B through heterose>ua# se>. A ording to fina# data from two +*"Cfunded studies ondu ted in -ganda and Ten%a pu4#ished in the 7e4. 23 issue of the @ourna# Ian et, routine ma#e ir um ision ou#d redu e a man8s ris5 of "*B infe tion through heterose>ua# se> 4% 65Z. /he +ew Sor5 .it% hea#th department has 4egun as5ing ommunit% organi,ations and ga% advo a % groups to dis uss ma#e ir um ision with mem4ers and has re?uested that the "ea#th and "ospita#s .orporation, whi h runs hospita#s and #ini s in the it%, provide ir um isions at no ost for men who #a 5 hea#th insuran e. 'he administration of -ew Yor) 6ity $ayor $ichael /loomberg said it has not decided if it will ursue the cam aign &Taiser !ai#% "*B/A*!$ :eport, F/6'. J2e ause ir um ision has the potentia# to de rease "*B transmission 4% more than ha#f,J the health de artment ho es that men who want to recei!e the rocedure <will ha!e access to it,< 7rieden writes. A ampaign to promote ir um ision in the -.$. wou#d 4e Jpremature without stronger eviden e, 4ut the time is right for a ommunit%wide dia#ogue,J he on #udes &+ew Sor5 /imes, F/12'.
E2
S-!ne $l' 09:;2
95 %o pandem! .the W5+5O p'rposely man!p'lates !ts de"!n!t!ons to attra t attent!on (i hae# 2umento 6%D& CC dire tor of *ndependent Journa#ism 3ro@e t, where he spe ia#i,es in s ien e and hea#th
issues. http://networ5.nationa#post. om/np/4#ogs/fu## omment/ar hive/200;/06/1;/mi hae#CfumentoCtheCwhoCsC fa4ri atedCpandemi .asp> 'he organi,ation8s definition for <influen,a andemic< once required <se!eral, simultaneous e idemics worldwide with enormous num4ers of deaths and i##ness3< /ut in 200A, it romulgated a new one that !irtually ignores case numbers and com letely ignores deaths. +ow it re?uires Jsustained hains of humanCtoChuman transmission #eading to ommunit%Cwide out4rea5sJ in two parts of the wor#d, with this addition: /he ause must 4e an anima# or humanCanima# f#u virusP the #atter 5nown as a Jgeneti reassortment.J 'hus, under the 2005 definition, J ommunit%Cwide out4rea5sJ of swine flu in two South American countries and somewhere in 6hina could qualify as a andemic3 -o deaths required 3 $eanwhile, a ure human flu that )illed 20 million eo le would not qualify3 /he o4vious presumption is that viruses with anima# genes pose a greater threat. 2ut that8s Ja matter of faith more than s ien e,J sa%s James .hin, a -niversit% of .a#ifornia, 2er5e#e% epidemio#ogist who was in harge of survei##an e and ontro# of ommuni a4#e diseases at the A"1 in the #ate 1;E0s. *ndeed, the s ien e indi ates the presumption is fa#se. $in e 1;;7, there have a#so 4een si> onfirmed human out4rea5s from four different nonC"5+1 avian f#u strains, together ausing mere#% ;6 onfirmed ases and one death. 7#u transmission from pigs to pig wor5ers is apparent#% routineP %et a 2007 review of the (edIine !ata4ase found on#% 50 ases severe enough to ma5e the medi a# #iterature. /he A"1 first warned of an "5+1 avian f#u pandemi in 200F, pro@e ting up to 150 mi##ion deaths when it 4e ame readi#% transmissi4#e among humans. Set a 2007 stud% found that "5+1 CC though it8s 4een ru44ing shou#ders with humanit% at #east sin e its 1;5; dete tion in $ ottish hi 5ens CC was man% mutations awa% from su h a transmission a4i#it%. Ae were a#so repeated#% warned that if "5+1 reassorted with human f#u, the om4ination wou#d pa 5 together the a##eged severit% of the 4ird virus and the infe tiousness of the human one. Set a 2006 .enters for !isease .ontro# and 3revention stud% found the opposite: that a geneti a##% engineered reassortment given to ferrets CC the 4est anima# mode#s for human f#u CC produ ed mi#der and #ess infe tious f#u than did pure "5+1. :eassortment didn8t reate a Jsuper f#uJ 4ut rather a ;ECpound wea5#ing. As to humanCpig h%4rids, a 1;76 +ew Jerse% "1+1 swine f#u out4rea5 in the dead of winter, when f#u is most ontagious, infe ted @ust 230 so#diers, 5i##ing one, on a rowded Arm% 4ase. 'he FHO )nows its definition is faulty3 /he organi,ation8s "and4oo5 for Journa#ists sti## states: JA pandemi virus an emergeJ 4% adapting Jduring human infe tions.J And the A"1 has warned that one wa% avian f#u ou#d 4e ome pandemi is through a pure#% human mutation. 2ut it also )nows its allegedly <ine!itable< andemic, des ite its half4 decade fear cam aign, has !irtually no chance of materiali,ing3 'he swine flu outbrea) ga!e the FHO a chance to sal!age its re utation, by sim ly swa ing the word <a!ian< for <swine3<
25 S-!ne "l' part!es spread s-!ne "l' -Y' O inion ?%D/0; <$wine 7#u 3arties= http://s hott.4#ogs.n%times. om/200;/07/01/swineCf#uCparties/
Social gatherings staged to s read swine flu, with the aim of contracting the !irus before it becomes more !irulent3 As rumors of peop#e attending <swine f#u parties= ir u#ated in the -.T3, the /ritish $edical Association warned arents against !oluntarily e* osing their children to the !irus . As /he /e#egraph reported:2or many years, arents ha!e deliberately e* osed their children to laymates with chic)en o* in order to allow them to ha!e the once4only disease at a con!enient time3 -o firm e!idence has emerged of such e!ents ta)ing lace with swine flu and Dr "ichard Kar!is, of the 2ritish (edi a# Asso iation, warned parents against staging su h events.
E3
S-!ne $l' 02:;2
;5 S-!ne $l' 8a !ne noAssociated :ress 6%50 O; <Bi a# surges on su essfu# swine f#u va ine tests=
http://www.for4es. om/feeds/ap/200;/06/30/ap6603556.htm# 2iopharma euti a#s ompan% Bi a# *n . said /uesda% that animal tests of a otential swine flu !accine were successful3*n the pre #ini a# tests, Bi a# said all mice and rabbits who were in(ected with the !accine were rotected from the flu !irus3 *t said 75 per ent of the anima#s rea hed or surpassed the prote tion thresho#d after one dose. Iical said it is ready to mo!e on to large scale manufacturing for testing on humans on e it gets the ne essar% funding./he $an !iego ompan%8s shares #im4ed on the news, rising F5 ents, or 20 per ent, to N2.65 in heav% afternoon trading.:odman 6 :enshaw ana#%st :eni 2en@amin noted the speed of the va ine8s deve#opment, as Bi a# re eived a samp#e of swine f#u from the .enters for !isease .ontro# and 3revention on Apri# 30, short#% after the "1+1 strain emerged.<'hese results ro!ide additional !alidation for Iical7s technology latform, demonstrating not only efficacy and but also s eed in generating a !accine to an influen,a strain that emerged in Apri# 200;,J he wrote.
<5 All dr'g res!stant stra!ns d!e o't !ona#d D. $c-eil 6%2& Q<:esistant 7#u $train /urns -p in !enmar5 4ut !oesnGt Iast Iong=
http://www.n%times. om/200;/06/30/hea#th/30g#o4.htm#Mhpw 'he atient a ears to ha!e reco!ered without infecting anyone else, and e>perts said the re ent histor% of 'amiflu resistance made it unli)ely that the short4li!ed Danish strain would ha!e been good at s reading to others3An e>e utive of :o he, the $wiss ma5er of /amif#u, he#d a te#ephone news onferen e to des ri4e the progress of the Danish atient, who a arently de!elo ed the resistant strain while being rotecti!ely treated with a low 'amiflu dose 4e ause a #ose onta t had the swine f#u. Doctors switched treatment to a different 4ut re#ated drug, :e#en,a, and the atient reco!ered.*n the past, /amif#uCresistant strains of the seasona# f#u have 4een found in Japan, whi h has used more than ha#f the wor#dGs supp#% of the drug ea h %ear. 2ut those strains were wea5 and did not spread. A 'amiflu4resistant strain of the HA-D bird flu was also isolated from a Iietnamese atient 4eing treated with #owCdose /amif#u in 2005, but it also died out3
?5 A!r tra)el means s-!ne "l'e has spread to 9@< o'ntr!es (i5e Stobbe 6%2& <$tud% harts swine f#u8s spread through air trave#=
http://www.goog#e. om/hostednews/ap/arti #e/AIe?(5h@d."r3E2S/7ser5v!6.,/T1a,6w!;;FJ6D02 A/IA+/A &A3' # +n a startling measure of (ust how widely a new disease can s read, researchers accurately lotted swine flu7s course around the world by trac)ing air tra!el from $e*ico 3 /he resear h was 4ased on an ana#%sis of f#ight data from (ar h and Apri# #ast %ear, whi h showed more than 2 mi##ion peop#e f#ew from (e>i o to more than 1,000 ities wor#dwide. :esear hers said patterns of departures from (e>i o in those months varies #itt#e from %ear to %earP swine f#u 4egan its spread in (ar h and Apri# this %ear. :assengers tra!eled to D6> countries, 4ut four out of five of those went to the -nited $tates. 'hat fits with the ath of the e idemic a year later. /he findings were reported (onda% in the +ew 0ng#and Journa# of (edi ine. /he resear h shows promise in fore asting how a new ontagion might unfo#d, indi ated one government hea#th offi ia# who praised the wor5. JAe share a ommon interest in this issue: *f we map the g#o4a# air#ine distri4ution networ5, an we anti ipate, on e a virus emerges, where it is #i5e#% to show up ne>tMJ as5ed !r. (artin .etron of the -.$. .enters for !isease .ontro# and 3revention. "e #eads .!.8s division of g#o4a# migration and ?uarantine. /he new swine f#u virus was first reported in the -nited $tates in midCApri#, 4ut the first #arge out4rea5 was in (e>i o at a4out the same time. "ea#th offi ia#s 4e#ieve ases of the new virus were ir u#ating in (e>i o in (ar h. Scientists ha!e long assumed a relationshi between air tra!el and s read of the !irus3 2ut the new research for the first time confirmed the relationship, said !r. Tamran Than, who #ed the stud%. "e is a resear her at $t. (i hae#8s "ospita# in /oronto.
EF
S-!ne $l' 0;:;2
@5 S-!ne "l' annot *e onta!ned !n the 4& $am Cister, "ea#th 0ditor, 6%26 http://www.timeson#ine. o.u5/to#/#ifeHandHst%#e/hea#th/arti #e657;151.e e
Swine flu is s reading so ra idly in some arts of the country that the disease cannot be contained and local authorities are mo!ing to 9outbrea) management;, the Go!ernment said %esterda%. /he po#i % of #osing s hoo#s is stopping in areas worst affe ted 4% the "1+1 virus, su h as the Aest (id#ands and Iondon. .#ini a# diagnosis of the disease, rather than swa44ing and #a4orator% onfirmation, is a#so 4eing adopted in <hotspot= areas to #essen pressure on resour es, and antivira# treatments are 4eing given on#% to peop#e with s%mptoms. +t comes as -HS Direct is being o!erwhelmed with calls from mem4ers of the pu4#i worried a4out f#u infe tions. A re orded message te##s a##ers that the servi e is dea#ing with emergen % ases on#%. *n Iondon and the Aest (id#ands, the new po#i % means swa44ing wi## ta5e p#a e on#% for a sma## num4er of ases to 5eep tra 5 of how strong the virus is. !o tors wi## a#so use the drug /amif#u more se#e tive#%, rather than pres ri4ing it as a pre aution for an%one who has ome into onta t with a swine f#u vi tim. :e#ated Iin5s And% 2urnham, the "ea#th $e retar%, and $ir Iiam !ona#dson, the .hief (edi a# 1ffi er, said that the ontainment phase, #ed 4% the "ea#th 3rote tion Agen %, had stopped in some areas. /hese were now pursuing an out4rea5 management po#i %, #ed 4% the strategi hea#th authorities and #o a# hea#th trusts. (r 2urnham said that after a meeting of ministers this wee5 the !epartment of "ea#th had written to a## the strategi hea#th authorities to a#ert them to the possi4i#it% of a shift to out4rea5 management. </he vast ma@orit% of these ases have shown on#% mi#d s%mptoms, though some ases have 4een more serious,= he said. <1ur approa h has fo used on ontaining the spread and wor5ing with the #o a# +"$ to identif% ases, iso#ate them as ?ui 5#% as possi4#e, treat them with antivira#s and treat those around them and offer proph%#a ti treatment to those around them. /his is ver% resour eCintensive, 4ut it has 4een high#% su essfu#.= "e added that, a#though ontainment had wor5ed we##, the !epartment of "ea#th had never 4een under an% i##usions that it wou#d 4e a4#e to prevent the spread indefinite#%. $o far, 3,5;7 ases of swine f#u have 4een onfirmed in 2ritain 4ut the true figure is thought to 4e higher. 'he number of confirmed cases in Scotland increased by DDD yesterday ) the largest one4day rise since the outbrea) began3 A## ases in $ ot#and are sti## 4eing onfirmed 4% #a4orator% tests and the Dovernment has not moved to out4rea5 management. "owever, a spo5eswoman said it is tr%ing to 4ui#d more f#e>i4i#it% into the s%stem so staff an 4etter dea# with the num4er of ases.
E5
E,t ? 7 A!r tra)el
Pre"er o'r e)!den e 7 90M a 'ra y (i5e Stobbe 6%2& <$tud% harts swine f#u8s spread through air trave#=
http://www.goog#e. om/hostednews/ap/arti #e/AIe?(5h@d."r3E2S/7ser5v!6.,/T1a,6w!;;FJ6D02 $ore than &0 ercent of the time, Mhan and his colleagues accurately matched air traffic !olumes to which countries did and did not suffer swine flu outbrea)s as a result of air traffic3 /he top 11 destination ities from (e>i o were a## in the -nited $tates. Ios Ange#es was the #eader, re eiving a4out ; per ent of a## passengers from (e>i o, and +ew Sor5 .it% was se ond, with a4out 5 per ent. *n ontrast, the on#% $outh Ameri an entr% in the top F0 destination ities was 2uenos Aires, at +o. 22. 3assengers were even fewer when it ame to ities in neigh4oring Duatema#a and other .entra# Ameri an ountries. 'he data show not only how disease s reads out of $e*ico, but also that air tra!el is mainly among more industriali,ed countries , e>perts said. A se ond stud% re#eased 4% the @ourna# found a sharp rise in pneumonia ases in nonCe#der#% (e>i ans from #ate (ar h to #ate Apri#. +orma##%, on#% a4out a third of severe pneumonia ases in (e>i o are in peop#e ages 5 to 5;. 2ut during the re ent swine f#u out4rea5, more than 70 per ent were in that %ounger age group.
E6
E,t @ 7 4& Spread
A't'mn s'per harges o'r l!n#.s-!ne "l' -!ll !n rease $am Cister, "ea#th 0ditor, 6%26 http://www.timeson#ine. o.u5/to#/#ifeHandHst%#e/hea#th/arti #e657;151.e e
$ir Ciam em hasised that many arts of the country were still in the containment hase, 4ut he a#so warned that there could be 9tens of thousands of cases; of swine flu each wee) by the autumn because the !irus was more li)ely to thri!e in the colder months. <Ae sti## thin5 we are heading for the #argest surge of ases in the autumn and winter,= he said.
E7
S-!ne $l' T'rn

The 9ACs pol! y !s ('st s are monger!ng.th!s leads to a pan! o" s-!ne "l' that a'ses people to stop spend!ng and ollapses the e onomy (i5e Smith, Apri# 2; 0& <$wine 7#u is e>aggerated and overh%ped= http://www.e>aminer. om/>C6265C
2ur#ingtonC.onservativeC0>aminerb%200;mFd2;C$wineC7#uCisCe>aggeratedCandCoverh%ped 'he reason these scare stories, including the resent anic o!er Swine 2lu, are otentially more dangerous than the contagions that s ar)ed the alarm in the first lace, is twofold3 2irst, if you scare eo le badly enough, they7ll sto s ending money . 2% that, * mean they7ll refuse to buy certain roducts that ha!e been targeted by the scare3 :emem4er (ad .ow in the -TM After a resurgen e in the fear of an out4rea5 of 2ovine $pongiform 0n epha#opath% in 1;;5 Q aided 4% a s reaming media Q 2ritain8s meat industr% had pra ti a##% ground to a ha#t. Fe7re constantly warned that a global andemic will ha!e de!astating effects on economies, but nobody e!er mentions the economic de!astation wrought by baseless fearmongering3
Glo*al n' lear -ar Aa#ter :usse## $ead, +3X8s 2oard of Advisors, +ew 3erspe tives Xuarter#%, $ummer D&&2, p.30
if the g#o4a# e onom% stagnatesCor even shrin5sM *n the ase, we wi## fa e a new period of internationa# onf#i t: $outh against +orth, ri h against poor, :ussia, .hina, *ndiaCthese ountries with their 4i##ions of peop#e and their nu #ear weapons wi## pose a mu h greater danger to wor#d order than Derman% and Japan did in the 830s.
Ahat
EE
State /mm'n!Fat!on CP
The "!"ty state go)ernments o" the 4n!ted States sho'ld adm!n!ster and oord!nate a s-!ne "l' !mm'n!Fat!on ampa!gn, !n oord!nat!on -!th the Center "or D!sease ontrol !n the 4n!ted States5 A s-!ne "l' !mm'n!Fat!on ampa!gn an *e !n!t!ated.!ts ('st 'n lear -ho -!ll adm!n!ster !t Associated :ress 6%26 <.!. e%es 600 mi##ion doses of swine f#u shots=
http://www.msn4 .msn. om/id/31571F76/ns/hea#thCswineHf#u/ A/IA+/A C A otential fall swine flu immuni,ation cam aign may in!ol!e an un recedented 600 million doses of !accine, though offi ia#s said 7rida% the% havenGt figured out how to administer so man% doses or a urate#% tra 5 side effe ts if a seasona# va ine is given simu#taneous#%. /he swine f#u ampaign ou#d far e #ipse the rough#% 115 mi##ion doses of seasona# f#u va ine distri4uted ea h %ear, offi ia#s said at a nationa# va ine advisor% ommittee meeting. +o fina# de ision has 4een made a4out whether a swine f#u va ination ampaign wi## ta5e p#a e or whether a## Ameri ans wou#d get immuni,ations. Health officials said that a swine flu !accination cam aign could be only a few months away, and that as man% as 60 million doses could be ready by Se tember. /he timing depends on how fast a va ine an 4e produ ed and tested, however. "owever, health officials are clearly getting ready for a massi!e !accination effort, and worr% that i##nesses ou#d ontinue or even a e#erate in the fa## or winter. 3reparation dis ussions dominated a threeCda% meeting in At#anta of the Advisor% .ommittee on *mmuni,ation 3ra ti es, a pane# that guides -.$. va ination po#i %.
States sol)e *est at adm!n!ster!ng )a !nes."le,!*!l!ty on a lo al le)el /om "andall 6%26 <$wine 7#u (u#tip#eC$hot Ba ine (a% 1verwhe#m $tates=
http://www.4#oom4erg. om/apps/newsMpidY2060112F6sidYaB*00gW##f,X 'he 6D6 hasn.t yet determined the role state agencies will lay in disseminating the !accine, and it will be wor)ing with states to ensure fast distribution, she said. <3ro4a4#% each state will decide what wor)s best3 'here may be some states that lean toward the ublic sites and others that lean more toward the ri!ate ,= $anto#i said. /ecause swine flu is a new !irus, most eo le ha!e no natural immunity3 'he first shot ro!ides an initial e* osure, and the second shot boosts antibody le!els in the body, $ haffner said.
E;
$l' 7 Gener!
95 $l' )a !ne !s -!dely a)a!la*le GAO $ep 2E, 200> <*nfe tious !isease 3reparedness: 7edera# .ha##enges in
:esponding to *nf#uen,a 1ut4rea5s= http://www.gao.gov/hte>t/d0F1100t.htm# 7or the 200FC05 f#u season, .!. is re ommending that a4out 1E5 mi##ion Ameri ans in these atCris5 popu#ations and other target groups re eive the va ine, whi h is the primar% method for preventing inf#uen,a. 2lu !accine is generally widely a!ailable in a !ariety of settings, ranging from the usua# ph%si ians8 offi es, #ini s, and hospita#s to retai# out#ets su h as drugstores and gro er% stores, wor5p#a es, and other onvenien e #o ations. $illions of indi!iduals recei!e flu !accinations through mass immuni,ation cam aigns in nonmedical settings, where organi,ations su h as visiting nurse agen ies under ontra t administer the va ine.K7ootnote FL *t ta5es a4out 2 wee5s after va ination for anti4odies to deve#op in the 4od% and provide prote tion against inf#uen,a virus infe tion. .!. re ommends 1 to4er through +ovem4er as the 4est time to get va inated 4e ause the f#u season often starts in #ate +ovem4er to !e em4er and pea5s 4etween #ate !e em4er and ear#% (ar h. "owever, if inf#uen,a a tivit% pea5s #ate, va ination in !e em4er or #ater an sti## 4e 4enefi ia#.
25 %ormal "l' has *een aro'nd "or a 9000 year, ma#e them pro)e -hy no- !s #ey
;0
States Sol)en y 7 $l'
States an address "l' pandem! s !orse% Griffith T 0die Cau, $taff Ariters, Jan. 1;, 2006 ,<$tate readies pandemi response=
http://www.sa 4ee. om/50F/stor%/6307.htm# "eflecting dee ening concern that a deadly flu andemic could reach .a#ifornia at any time, state health officials Aednesda% released a draft res onse lan that tac)les e!erything from setting up ?uarantine stations to rationing antiCvira# drugs to managing an a umu#ation of orpses. Fide4ranging as it is, the res onse lan is (ust a first ste . 1ffi ia#s at ever% #eve# of government fa e a #ength% toCdo #ist that 4egins with onvin ing the pu4#i that the threat to hea#th and the e onom% is rea#. J/he 4iggest ha##enge is getting peop#e to thin5 the unthin5a4#e,J said state hea#th servi es dire tor $andra $hewr%. JAe fee# we have a responsi4i#it% to get peop#e ta#5ing a4out it.J +oting that as man% as one of three .a#ifornians ou#d 4e ome i## in an inf#uen,a pandemi , $hewr% said su h an event wou#d 4e Jthe greatest pu4#i hea#th ha##enge of our time.J "ea#th offi ia#s wor#dwide have 4een on heightened a#ert sin e a nast% f#u strain that stri5es hi 5ens and other 4irds, 5nown as "5+1, 4egan spreading to peop#e. $in e 2003, the Aor#d "ea#th 1rgani,ation has ta##ied 1FE human ases of avian inf#uen,a, resu#ting in 7; deaths. $o far, the ases have o urred on#% in Asia and C most re ent#% C /ur5e%. /here is no eviden e the feared f#u 4ug is present in +orth Ameri a, and so far, the virus appears to 4e transmitted to humans on#% 4% dire t onta t with infe ted 4irds. *f this strain evo#ves to 4e ome easi#% transmissi4#e 4etween peop#e and remains high#% viru#ent, the germ ou#d trigger a pandemi . 7#u viruses that norma##% infe t other spe ies of anima#s are a 4ig threat when the% J@umpJ to humans 4e ause humans have not had a han e to deve#op immunit%. Ahi#e the seasona# f#u 5i##s 36,000 peop#e a %ear in the -nited $tates, a f#u t%pe apa4#e of ausing a pandemi ou#d 5i## that man% in .a#ifornia a#one, hea#th e>perts predi t. 'he new state lan e* ands a more general one de!elo ed in 200D and iggybac)s on the federal go!ernment7s andemic flu res onse lan re#eased in +ovem4er. After fie#ding pu4#i omments, state hea#th offi ia#s wi## issue a fina# p#an in the spring. /he .a#ifornia p#an sets up a survei##an e s%stem to dete t the virus within state 4orders and to ontro# the disease on e it infe ts humans or other anima#s. *t in #udes measures to sto 5pi#e and distri4ute the antiCvira# drug /amif#u, and it a##s for strategies to ramp up avai#a4i#it% of emergen % supp#ies, hea#th are personne# and fa i#ities apa4#e of housing si 5 peop#e. A f#u pandemi ou#d #ast we## over a %ear and J ou#d 5i## the most vigorous and produ tive among us,J warned !r. D#ennah /ro het, $a ramento .ount% pu4#i hea#th offi er and president of the .a#ifornia .onferen e of Io a# "ea#th 1ffi ers. /he e onomi impa t wou#d 4e signifi ant, 4e ause 4usinesses as diverse as movie theaters and gro er% stores ou#d 4e for ed to temporari#% #ose. /he% ou#d have too few emp#o%ees or ustomers wi##ing to ta5e the han e of 4e oming infe ted in su h pu4#i p#a es. /he a tua# hea#th impa t wou#d depend on the a4i#it% of va ines and drugs to prevent and om4at the i##ness, how we## the virus is ontained and C most signifi ant#% C the spe ifi hara teristi s of a virus that doesn8t %et e>ist. 2e ause an a tua# pandemi f#u strain has not 4een identified, the response p#an does not detai# the a tions to 4e ta5en in an out4rea5. 2ut it does provide a guide from whi h #o a#, state and federa# agen ies wou#d oordinate their response, and it out#ines the responsi4i#ities of the pu4#i and private se tors a#i5e. /he p#an wou#d 5i 5 in upon the first onfirmed dete tion of the virus in a person in the -nited $tates or eviden e of sustained humanCtoChuman transmission of the virus an%where in the wor#d. -nder that s enario, the go!ernor could declare a state of emergency and health officers could ta)e ste s to sto the disease from s reading. 7or e>amp#e, the% ou#d ?uarantine an%one who had onta t with an infe ted individua#. /he% ou#d #ose s hoo#s and restri t a ess to other pu4#i p#a es and s hedu#ed events. 'hey could disseminate a!ailable su lies of anti4!iral drugs3 'hey could set u ma)eshift hos itals or clinics3
State go)ernors an order emergen y "l' shots !an Corent, 7e4ruar% 200A <$horing up the va ine s%stem=. Doog#e
Emergency orders3 +n at least D> states, go!ernors or chief health officials issued emergency orders to gi!e flu shots to riority grou s only3 'he orders conformed to 6D6 recommendations that the !accine be reser!ed for seniors 6A years old or older, all infants from si* to 25 months of age, regnant women, eo le with certain chron4ic illnesses, residents of long-term care facilities, adults caring for infants less than six months of age, children two to 18 years of age receiving chronic aspirin therapy, and health care wor)ers providing direct patient care. ;1
+epat!t!s C 7De"ense 09:22
95 +ep C has *een aro'nd "or ent'r!es.ma#e them pro)e -hy no- !s #ey 25 +ep C !s de reas!ng
Arthur Schoenstadt &(!', <"epatitis . $tatisti s,= (ed/B. (a% 1F, 200&. Appro>imate#% 300 mi##ion peop#e wor#dwide are infe ted with the hepatitis . virus. About 53& million eo le in the 8nited States ha!e chronic he atitis 63 'his re resents about D31 ercent of the o ulation. "ow .ommon *s "epatitis .M 'he number of he atitis 6 cases has been decreasing since its ea) in the D&10s3 6urrently, there are fewer than 50,000 cases of he atitis 6 diagnosed each year3
;5 Egypt !s a +ep C5 t!me *om* .am $cgrath 5 (a% 200& <0g%pt: Bira# /ime 2om4 $et to 0>p#ode= http://a##afri a. om/stories/200;05060002.htm#
.airo ) +t is a health crisis of alarming ro ortions. -p to nine million Bgy tians ha!e been e* osed to he atitis 6, and tens of thousands wi## die ea h %ear un#ess the% re eive a #iver transp#ant. "ea#th authorities are ta5ing steps to stop the spread of the 4#oodC4orne virus, 4ut must a#so ontend with higher #iver fai#ure morta#it% rates as the disease advan es in those infe ted de ades ago. J/he preva#en e of hepatitis . is not growing, 4ut the impa t of an out4rea5 in the 1;60s and 70s is appearing now as a #ini a# out ome,J sa%s !r. (ostafa Tama# (ohamed, professor of ommunit% medi ine at Ain $hams -niversit% in .airo. JIiver disease has 4e ome the num4er one hea#th are priorit% for the ountr% and wi## ontinue to 4e so for the ne>t de ade. A4out 70 per ent of a## #iver deaths here are due to hepatitis ..J Bgy t has the highest re!alence of he atitis 6 in the world, the #ega % of a we##Cintended hea#th ampaign that went horri4#% wrong. *n the 1;60s, the government turned to modern medi ine in the hope of eradi ating 4i#har,ia, a waterC4orne parasite that has p#agued 0g%ptian farmers sin e the dawn of time. *n a tragi iron%, the tartarCemeti in@e tions given to 0g%ptians #iving in rura# areas ured their 4i#har,ia, 4ut spread another dead#% disease among the popu#ation, the hepatitis . virus &".B'. J At that time, bilhar,ia treatment was administered intra!enously,J re a##s !r. :efaat Tame#, a prominent surgeon and spe ia#ist in tropi a# diseases. J/here were no disposa4#e s%ringes, so once the needle got infected, the disease s read quic)ly from one erson to another.J (i##ions of 0g%ptians were inadvertent#% infe ted with ".B 4efore the Aor#d "ea#th 1rganisation &A"1' sponsored antiC4i#har,ia ampaign was shut down in 1;E2. $ ientists on#% dis overed the hepatitis . virus in 1;E7, and it was another de ade 4efore the% proved that its high preva#en e in 0g%pt was a onse?uen e of the mass treatment ampaign. Ahi#e 0g%ptian hea#th are wor5ers adopted disposa4#e need#es in the 1;E0s, ".B ontinued to spread due to improper 4#ood s reening and poor h%giene pra ti es. J/here is a #a>it% in pre autions in 0g%pt,J sa%s Tame#. J3eop#e are are#ess or ignorant where 4#ood is invo#ved, and this has fa i#itated the transmission of ".B.J /he resu#ts of a nationa# surve% re#eased #ast month show that eight to nine mi##ion 0g%ptians, more than 10 per ent of the popu#ation, have 4een e>posed to hepatitis ., of whi h appro>imate#% 5.5 mi##ion are hroni arriers. *n some rura# areas over ha#f the adu#t popu#ation arries ".B anti4odies. A4out 30 per ent of peop#e infe ted with ".B spontaneous#% #ear the virus from their s%stem within si> months, a ording to studies done in 0g%pt. /he rest deve#op hroni hepatitis, whi h in a4out a ?uarter of ases #eads to irrhosis and #iver fai#ure in 20 to 30 %ears. Bgy t7s !iral time bomb is about to go off. !o tors estimate that some 50,000 Bgy tians die each year of H6ICre#ated #iver fai#ure C a figure that is ro(ected to climb as the disease rogresses in those who contracted it during the D&6>412 anti4bilhar,ia cam aign. JAe e>pe t the num4er of morta#ities wi## pea5 in 2012,J sa%s !r. Aahid !oss, head of the +ationa# .ommittee for the .ontro# of Bira# "epatitis &+..B"', a government 4od% formed to fight the disease.
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+epat!t!s C 7De"ense 02:22
<5 H'ss!an dr'g spreads +ep C "a%#e% Kar!is Q wor5s for :ussian harit%, A%D2 200; <:ussiaGs heroin epidemi ma5es Aids ris5 spira#=
http://www.sos hi#drensvi##ages.org.u5/ harit%Cnews/russiaCheroinCspira#sC.htm. Drug use in "ussia is at e idemic le!el so serious that it threatens the nation.s e*istence , one of the ountr%Gs top offi ia#s has admitted.J*t8s a threat to our nationa# se urit%, our so iet%, and our ivi#isation itse#f,J said Bi5tor *vanov, :ussia8s top drugs offi ia#, at a meeting with reporters. 'here are more than two million drug addicts in "ussia, a ording to #atest estimates. /hat amounts to one addi t for ever% 50 :ussians of wor5ing age , a le!el that is u to eight times higher than in B8 countries. (ost of these peop#e are addi ted to heroin whi h is rea hes the ountr% on its route from Afghanistan, through entra# Asia, and a ross the #ong 4order from Ta,a5hstan into :ussia. /here are peop#e addi ted to heroin a ross :ussia8s 11 timeC,ones, and the ountr%8s antiC drugs 4od% sa%s that :ussia now uses more heroin than an% other ountr% in the wor#d. (r *vanov, who is #ose#% #in5ed to :ussian 3rime (inister, B#adimir 3utin, 4#amed the o upation of Afghanistan and the Jwar on terrorJ for :ussia8s epidemi . "e was toda% &Aednesda%' due to a## for more g#o4a# oCoperation in so#ving pro4#ems in Afghanistan at a spe ia# -nited +ations session on drugs, reported /he *ndependent newspaper. /oth go!ernment and ublic health officials agree that the e idemic of heroin addiction in "ussia has reached terrifying ro ortions that could in the long run ro!e de!astating3 2ut whi#e the government hints that the Aestern intervention in Afghanistan is the ause of :ussia8s drugs risis, some riti s claim the olicy on drugs is a contributing to the e idemic3 /he ountr% doesnGt use methadone as a su4stitute to treat addi ts and need#e and s%ringe e> hanges are high#% ontroversia#. 'his dri!es other de!astating e idemics in the country, such as he atitis 6 and "*B/Aids. :ussia has one of the fastestCgrowing "*B epidemi s in the wor#d, with more than one mi##ion peop#e thought to 4e "*B positive in the ountr%. /en %ears ago, the epidemi was main#% spread within the drugCusing ommunit%, 4ut now more than ha#f of new ases are se>ua##% transmitted, as the disease spreads a ross the popu#ation at #arge.
;3
%eedle E, hange CP
CP Te,tE The Go)ernment o" A'stral!a sho'ld s'*stant!ally e,pand !ts domest! syr!nge6e, hange programs a*road5 A'stral!an needle e, hange programs are #ey to red' !ng +ep 6 C Maiser Daily "ea#th 3o#i % :eport 200A <+eed#eC0> hange 3rograms "ave .ur4ed "*B, "epatitis . Among
*!-s *n Austra#ia, $hou#d 2e 0>panded, 1pinion 3ie e $a%s= http://www.5aisernetwor5.org/dai#%reports/hea#thpo#i % 'he Australian go!ernment7s needle4e*change rograms ha!e <earned recognition around the world< for hel ing to curb the s read of "*B and he atitis 6 among in(ection drug users, whi#e defi ien % of su h programs in other ountries is an e>amp#e of Jideo#og% sometimes getKtingL in the wa% of saving #ives,J Austra#ian +ationa# Affairs 0ditor (i5e $te5etee writes in an opinion pie e3 'he Australian go!ernment has funded needle4e*change rograms since the D&10s and has 4udgeted a4out N2E.5 mi##ion from 200F to 2007 for state4 and territory4run rograms at 3,000 sites CC in #uding drug treatment enters, hea#th #ini s, pharma ies and vending ma hines CC a ross the ountr%, a ording to $te5etee. 2etween 1;;E and 1;;;, 52 million needles were distributed in Australia, whi h has a popu#ation of 20 mi##ion, $te5etee writes, adding that a4out EZ of "*BC positive peop#e in Austra#ia have a histor% of in@e tion drug use whi#e a4out oneCthird of -.$. "*B ases are among *!-s and their se>ua# partners. /he Jintuitive o4@e tion to need#eKCe> hangeL programs KisL that the% en ourage drug use, Kwhi hL @ust happens to 4e wrong,J $te5etee writes, adding that Australia should allow such rograms in risons, where an estimated ?0L of women and >AL of men are li!ing with he atitis 6. JGo!ernments should continue to loo) for ways to sto the flow of damaging drugs,J $te5etee sa%s, adding, J2ut until they succeed, they should de!ote more resources to doing what actually wor)s 44 curbing the most harmful effects of drug useJ &$te5etee, Austra#ian, 2/23'.
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%eedle E, hange Sol)en y E,t
%eedle e, hange !s #ey to red' e +ep C Drug Alliance -etwor), $ay 22, 2006. 9Sterile Syringe Access P-eedle B*changeE;
http://www.drugpo#i %.org/redu ingharm/need#ee> han/ +ncreasing sterile syringe a!ailability through needle e*change rograms , pharma % sa#es, and ph%si ian rescri tion reduces needle sharing among in(ection drug users, which decreases transmission of "*B/A*!$ and he atitis3 -eedle e*change rograms and pharma % sa#e of s%ringes ha!e also been shown to increase safe dis osal of used syringes. *n addition, these programs provide in@e tion drug users with referra#s to drug treatment, deto>ifi ation, so ia# servi es, and primar% hea#th are. +n(ection drug use is associated with a high ris) of infection by blood4borne diseases such as "*B and he atitis 6. $in e the A*!$ epidemi 4egan, 3FZ of a## reported ases in the -nited $tates have 4een among in@e tion drug users and their se>ua# partners. -p to 75Z of new A*!$ ases among women and hi#dren are dire t#% or indire t#% a onse?uen e of in@e tion drug use. êroCto#eran e drug po#i ies, whi h in man% states rimina#i,e 4oth the possession of s%ringes and the distri4ution of steri#e s%ringes, e>a er4ate the pro4#em. /hese po#i ies resu#t in the reCuse and sharing of ontaminated s%ringes, spreading 4#oodC4orne diseases and reating poor hea#th onditions.
;5
A'stral!a Glo*al A!d

A'stral!a an g!)e glo*al a!d 6ommonwealth of Australia 2/05/05 <Aor5ing for a 4etter wor#d C the ro#e of Austra#ian foreign aid=
http://www.g#o4a#edu ation.edna.edu.au/ar hives/se ondar%/ asestud/e onomi s/2/ausCforCaid.htm# 'he Australian Go!ernment7s aid rogram aims 8to advan e Austra#ia8s nationa# interest 4% assisting deve#oping countries to reduce o!erty and achie!e sustainable de!elo ment7 . /he idea is to he#p peop#e in #ow in ome/deve#oping ountries raise their standard of #iving and to use their resour es more effe tive#% to promote sustaina4#e e onomi growth. Ahi#e in Austra#ia there is some re#ative povert%, Austra#ians in genera# have a ess to hea#th are, an edu ation s%stem, safe water and sanitation as we## as unemp#o%ment and si 5ness 4enefits. /he ma@orit% of peop#e in deve#oping ountries do not have these advantages. *n man% of these ountries, one 4a4% in ten does not survive. A ess to edu ation is #imited and there are fewer han es of finding paid emp#o%ment. And peop#e who have a @o4 earn so mu h #ess than Austra#ian wor5ers. 7or e>amp#e, the average in ome of peop#e #iving in *ndonesia is a4out 6Z of that in Austra#ia. 3eop#e in .hina earn on#% 3Z on average of what we do. $ome of these differen es are high#ighted in /a4#e 1. One im ortant moti!ation for o!erseas aid is based on humanitarian com assion3 Australians belie!e in a fair go for all3 7urther, Australia7s commitment to assisting with e onomi deve#opment o!erseas reflects a realisation that in an increasingly globalised world, it is in our self4interest to hel . +ot to do so wou#d harm our e onom%. 2% promoting e onomi growth in deve#oping ountries, the aid program he#ps foster e onomi and po#iti a# sta4i#it% and e>pands trade and investment opportunities for Austra#ia. Austra#ia is situated in a deve#oping part of the wor#d. 1ur standard of #iving is mu h higher than the vast ma@orit% of our neigh4ours in Asia and the 3a ifi *s#ands. /he prosperit% of our region is #ear#% in Austra#ia8s nationa# interest C we pride ourse#ves on 4eing a good neigh4our.
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State H!ghts:$ederal!sm CP
The 4n!ted States $ederal Go)ernment sho'ld permanently a*ol!sh the department o" ed' at!on5 El!m!nat!ng the DOE sol)es states r!ghts 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
'he 6onstitution ro!ides no authority whatsoe!er for the federal go!ernment to be in!ol!ed in education3 Bliminating the de artment on those grounds would hel to reestablish the original understanding of the enumerated owers of the federal go!ernment3
Ed' at!on !s nat'rally a state r!ght 6ato <.ato "and4oo5 for .ongress= 2005 http://www. ato.org/pu4s/hand4oo5/h410E/inde>.htm#
Kames $adison, who roclaimed that the owers of the federal go!ern4 ment should be few and enumerated, would be shoc)ed at what the resident and 6ongress are doing today in re#ation to an aspe t of fami#% #ife that was never intended to ome under the ontro# of .ongress, the Ahite "ouse, or an% federa# agen % 3 6ongress should ta)e the enlightened !iew, consistent with that of the nation.s 2ounders, and draw a line in the sand that won.t be crossed3 Bducation is a matter reser!ed to the states, eriod
;7
Patr!ar hy 7 De"ense 09:;2
95 %o threshold to !mpa t.the ase !snt large eno'gh to sol)e all the !mpa ts o" patr!ar hy 25 Patr!ar hy annot *e e,pla!ned *y a s!ngle a'sal!ty
$teven Goldberg &.hairman of the !epartment of $o io#og%, .it% .o##ege, .it% -niversit% of +ew Sor5', </he Iogi of 3atriar h%,= Dender *ssues. $ummer 1;&&. <3atriar h% is a resu#t of the re?uirement of a hunting u#ture, or .hristianit%, or apita#ism, et .= +f it is to be at all ersuasi!e, an e* lanation of uni!ersality must 4e parsimoniousP the e>p#anation must in!o)e a causal factor common to the !arying societies that e*hibit the uni!ersal institution3 Kust as the e* lanation in terms of ca italism fails to e* lain atriarchy in the many non4ca italist societies, so do e* lanations in terms of any single factor other than the hysiological fail to e* lain the host of societies for which that factor does not a ly. +onChunting, nonC.hristian, nonC apita#ist, et . so ieties are a## patriar ha#. A sing#eC ause theor% of the #imits onstraining ever% so iet% need not, of ourse, 4e the neuroendo rino#ogi a# one * suggest. 2ut the few a#ternative parsimonious e>p#anations fai# on empiri a# grounds.
;5 Patr!ar hy !s not the root a'se o" all !mpa ts .at $aguire of 0B0 1n#ine, an on#ine feminist news sour e June ; 200A http://eve.envirowe4.org/whatHis/main.htm#
+t assumes atriarchy is the root cause of all our roblems. Fhile the atriarchal mindset is certainly accountable for much of human5ind8s dysfunctionality, atriarchy is only A,000 years old3 0merging theories from thin5ers #i5e .he##is D#endinning ontend that our dis#o ation from nature &and hen e from ourse#ves' goes 4a 5 at #east 20,000 %ears ago when humans moved from the gatherer/hunter stage to that of domesti ating p#ants and anima#s. As such, we ha!e come to belie!e that anthro ocentrism and spe iesism) the im ulse to conquer and control nature#are concei!ably a more accurate source of today.s roblems than is atriarchy per se.
<5 Patr!ar hy !s !ne)!ta*le."em!n!sts adm!t A##an .. 6arlson 0F/22/01 </he +atura# 7ami#% !im#% $een through 7eminist 0%es= &(A F;:F, 7a## 2007'
http://www.firstprin ip#es@ourna#. om/print.asp>Marti #eY5;76#o Y46t%peY 4tp :atriarchy is ine!itable, as the more g#oom% of the feminist theorists ha!e admitted. $%#via Falby summari,es: <Aomen are no #onger restri ted to the domesti hearth, 4ut have the who#e so iet% in whi h to roam and 4e e>p#oited.= K36L She errors only in failing to recogni,e the real source of atriarchy and to a reciate her real choice. 3a#eoanthropo#ogists now 5now that even 4efore the first hominids on the Afri an savanna had gone 4iCpeda#, these promising reatures were on@uga#P that is, the% were pairing off in #ong term 4onds, where the fema#es traded se>ua# e> #usivit% for the provisioning and prote tion provided 4% individua# ma#es. A ording to .. 1wen Iove@o%, these so ia# inventions of marriage and fatherhood)not e>pansion of the 4rain ase)were the decisi!e ste s in human e!olution, and they occurred well o!er three million years ago . K37L -othing im ortant has changed since3 Fomen cannot successfully raise children on their own3 Fhen they try to do so in large numbers, the results are o!erty, !iolence, and misery &for proof, simp#% visit the average Ameri an ur4an ghetto'. Fomen need some entity that will hel them gain food, clothing, and shelter and that wi## ontro# the 4o%s. /here are on#% two pra ti a# options: either the private patriar h &who is, in the end, simp#% the onventiona# hus4and', a figure who is adept at 4readwinning and taming the #adsP or the pu4#i patriar h &i.e., the we#fare state', whi h provides food stamps, pu4#i housing, and da% are su4sidies and eventua##% @ai#s a #arge share of the 4o%s. /he first hoi e is ompati4#e with hea#th, happiness, wea#th reation, and po#iti a# #i4ert%. /he se ond hoi e is a sure path to the servi#e state. /he +ew Sor5 /imes
;E
Patr!ar hy 7 De"ense 02:;2
?5 The athol! h'r h re!n"or es patr!ar hy 3eter .. $orea 2) <.atho#i 3atriar h% from /owards a Ii4era# .atho#i ism 3s% ho#og% and 7our Aomen=
$.( 3ress., pp.;6C110. http://www.womenpriests.org/tea hing/morea.asp A atriarchal agenda, according to which women are held to be inferior to men and only what men do is im ortant, characteri,es much of :oman .atho#i histor%. /his agenda is not onfined to the .atho#i .hur h and hara teri,es mu h 5. /he Adam and 0ve stor% seems part#% a m%th a4out #i4eration and a4out ever% personGs attempt to mature to ps% ho#ogi a# freedom. 0ve is to 4e ongratu#ated rather than 4#amed, sin e her diso4edien e stri5es a 4#ow for freedom from patriar h%Gs repressive power. :atriarchal societies are characteri,ed by men ha!ing authority o!er women, as in fami#ies where ma#es, #i5e Adam, have power over wives and hi#dren 3 :atriarchy is hierarchical, stresses ine?ua#it%, in #ines to into#eran e and wishes to dominate. 2ishops and priests have traditiona##% addressed #a% .atho#i s as O(% hi#dG, and in re ent times the patriar ha# power e>er ised 4% the .atho#i .hur h has 4een more paterna#P 4ut su4mission is sti## e>pe ted. "istor% shows that in the ast the institutional church has always been ready to resort to coercion and !iolence when necessary3 :atriarchy, as e!idenced in the church, is characteri,ed by middle4aged and e#der#% males e*ercising authority o!er youth as well as women, and is threatened 4% growth in the power of women and the %oung. 3atriar h% emphasi,es dut%, what one ought and ought not to do, and praises and 4#ames a ording#%. /he hus4andGs or fatherGs #ove has to 4e earned, an 4e #ost, and an 4e won again 4% repenting, o4e%ing and su4mitting. *n patriar h%, #ove is onditiona# C onditiona# on good 4ehaviour, onformit% and a hievement. *n ontrast, in matriar h% the mother #oves her hi#dren not 4e ause the% do their dut% or 4e ause of an% a hievement, 4ut simp#% 4e ause the% are her hi#dren. *n matriar h%, a## hi#dren are e?ua# in the e%es of the mother, and her #ove is un onditiona#. !eve#opmenta# ps% ho#og% stresses that su h un onditiona# #ove is essentia# for ps% ho#ogi a# deve#opment. Ju#ian of +orwi h sees DodGs #ove for us as materna# and un onditiona#, @ust there regard#ess of what we do. /he #ove of Ju#ianGs Dod is not earned 4% good 4ehaviour, nor #ost 4% sin, and Ju#ian is assured that, regard#ess of what we do, we never move outside DodGs prote tion. $he repeated#% de #ares that Dod #oves us even whi#e we sin. Ju#ian stresses the va#ue of our 5nowing that DodGs #ove and mer %, for ourse#ves and others, is un onditiona# and #i5e that of a good mother. /he Birgin (ar%, as an image of materna# #ove, is an attempt C histor% wou#d suggest a #arge#% unsu essfu# attempt C to temper the patriar h% of the institutiona# hur h. /elief in male su remacy is central to atriarchy3 At the centre of 6atholic worshi is the massG only riests can say mass and only men can be riests3 +n the ast, the question of women becoming riests has been considered. 2ut A?uinas, the thirteenthC entur% theo#ogian, spo5e of womenGs ondition of su4@e tion as ma5ing them in apa4#e of a hieving the eminen e of priest#% #ife. A?uinas seemed to regard women as in omp#ete, as if the% were defi ient and defe tive men. $o the church (ustified the e*clusion of women from the riesthood, ha!ing decided that women were inferior to men on the basis of a rimiti!e account of human nature and biology . 1ur 5now#edge of ps% ho#og% and 4io#og% has deve#oped sin e the (idd#e Ages, 4ut the e> #usion of women from the priesthood and, onse?uent#%, from signifi ant power within the hur h remains. /he 1;;F papa# de #aration of John 3au# **, in the Aposto#i #etter 1rdinatio $a erdota#is, stated that now, and for a## time, women annot 4e priests. /hVrcse of Iisieu> re ords in her auto4iograph%, $tor% of a $ou#, that she fe#t in herse#f the vo ation to 4e a priest. 1ver the hur hGs #ong histor%, women have he#d positions of power in re#igious orders and have 4een superiors in harge of #arge onvents. 1 asiona##% women have 4een a44esses in harge of monasteries for 4oth men and womenP 4ut their authorit% has usua##% e>tended on#% over women. 2% the twe#fth entur%, when the power of the papa % over the hur h was 4e oming a4so#ute, even this sma## presen e of women in hur h authorit% had gone. Among the reasons wh% the A#4igensians and #ater the 2Vguines were ondemned was 4e ause of their positive attitude to women, su h as having women prea hers. $ignifi ant#%P unti# re ent#%, the overwhe#ming ma@orit% of saints anoni,ed 4% the :oman .atho#i .hur h have 4een men. (an% .atho#i s are pu,,#ed and trou4#ed 4% the hur hGs per eption of women and 4% the su4ordination of women to men within the hur h. .hristianit% affirms fu## e?ua#it% of a## 4efore Dod. 2ut historians re ord that when in the fourth entur% .hristianit% 4e ame, under .onstantine, the offi ia# re#igion of the :oman empire, the hur h gradua##% deve#oped into a ma#eCdominated hierar hi a# institution. 3erhaps the ps% ho#ogist is in a 4etter position than the historian to e>p#ain wh% the .atho#i .hur h has remained so. Social sychologists suggest that organi,ations which em hasi,e hierarchical authority are hostile to true equality, such as that between women and men . /he authoritarian persona#it% is hara teri,ed 4% a preo upation with power and ontro#, parti u#ar#% over peop#e. A atriarchal church manifests ob!ious ower and control in its subordination of women3 ;;
Patr!ar hy 7 De"ense 0;:;2
@5 C!l!tary d!s r!m!nat!on re!n"or es patr!ar hy 2rian $artin, -prooting Aar &Iondon: 7reedom 3ress, 1;EF'P this is the revised 1;&0 version.
http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/4martin/pu4s/;0uw/uw0;.htm# $ilitary elites also strongly o ose artici ation of women and ga%s, es ecially in )ey roles such as officers or combat soldiers3 'his o osition stems from the lin)s between masculinity and !iolence and, more dee ly, between atriarchy and the military3
A5 Patr!ar hy !snt ('st go!ng to d!sappear 7 !ts a <,000 year old system D#enn 6ollins Q +S/, 1;16 <3atriar h%: *s it invention or inevita4#e= Ie>is \\Derda Ierner, 3.h.d, founders of
the fie#d of women8s histor%\\ Derda Cerner, the historian, was tal)ing about atriarchy, the form of social organi,ation3 88As a s%stem, atriarchy is as outdated as feudalism,78 she said on a re ent morning after a meeting of historians at a (anhattan hote#. 77/ut it is a >,0004year4old system of ideas that won7t (ust go away o!ernight.88
B5 3reast !mplants perpet'ate gender d!s r!m!nat!on .#are 6hambers CC 3enn $tate -niversit% 3ress20 (ar h 2001 <$e>, .u#ture and Justi e: /he Iimits of
.hoi e= http://www.timeshigheredu ation. o.u5/stor%.aspMstor%.odeYF0113F6se tion odeY26 A parti u#ar on ern throughout the 4oo5 is gender in@usti e. .ham4ers argues that the mere fa t of hoi e annot 4e suffi ient in and of itse#f for #i4era# @usti e. One e*am le on whi h she fo uses is the ractice of breast im lantation3 $any Festern women undergo this form of cosmetic surgery to enhance their body image, to fee# 4etter a4out themse#ves or to improve their areer prospe ts. 6hambers argues that these choices are socially formed and rest on a se* norm that both causes hysical harm and is un(ust, as it er etuates gender discrimination3
100
A2 Patr!ar hy En)!ronmental +arm

Erad! at!ng patr!ar hy annot sol)e "or the en)!ronment Ai##iam :. 6atton, Jr. 3rofessor 0meritus, Aashington $tate -niversit% "uman 0 o#og% :eview, Bo#. 6, +o. 2, 1;&& http://www.humane o#og%review.org/pastissues/her62/62 atton.pdf
'he roblem of ad!erse human im act on the lanet u on which we de end is indeed serious , but a call to arms against atriarchy and se>ism is not li)ely to sa!e the world. 2e ause man% attri4utes of toda%Gs so ia# stru ture and u#ture are reprehensi4#e, it does not follow that the necessary ecological redirection can be attained &or even fa i#itated' by e* osing the alleged connections of system flaws to atriarchal atterns and se*ist manifestations of ower. $u h an approa h to the profound danger onfronting human so ieties toda% is @ust too simp#isti . .ontinuesR +o so ia# s ientist shou#d presume to answer &or dismiss' these ?uestions without having at #east samp#ed the re ent #iterature on anima# 4ehavior, etho#og%, and evo#utionar% theor%. 'here is a good deal of e!idence that ractices we can e(orati!ely label 9 atriarchal; and 9se*ist= arise in response to ha##enges onfronting man% spe ies. /he% are ommon among so ia# 4ands of our nearest re#atives, the great apes &2%rne and Ahiten 1;EEP Tano 1;;2P :u4enstein and Arangham 1;E6P $tanden and 7o#e% 1;E;P /anner 1;E1'. +f sins against the laws of ecology are not uniquely human, they are unli)ely to be eradicated by reaching, howe!er well it may document its castigations3
101
$emale Pr!est CP
CP Te,tE Pope 3ened! t P8/ sho'ld !ss'e an ed! t de lar!ng "emale el!g!*!l!ty "or all lergy pos!t!ons !n the Homan Cathol! h'r h5 $emale pr!ests are #ey to *rea#!ng do-n patr!ar hal systems !r. 2ridget (ar% $eehan 7/20/06 </he ase for women priests= D#o4a# (inistries -niversit%.
http://www.geo ities. om/5ato#s5vision/arti5e#35.htm# +t is not enough to ordain women into a atriarchal and hierarchical structure3 'he clerical structure needs to be transformed from a dominator model with owers reser!ed to clergy into an o en, parti ipator% model that honors the gifts of Dod in the peop#e of Dod. 'he present ga between clergy and lay needs to be eliminated. Ae need to move from an una ounta4#e topCdown, hierar hi a# to a peop#eCempowered dis ip#eship of e?ua#s. Ae advo ate a ommunit% mode# of ministr% 4ased on union with the peop#e we serve. 'he goal of the "oman 6atholic Fomen riests community is to bring about the full equality of women in the "oman 6atholic 6hurch. /he movement :oman .atho#i Fomen riests does not ercei!e itself as a counter4current mo!ement against the "oman 6atholic 6hurch3 *t wants neither a s hism nor a 4rea5 from the :oman .atho#i .hur h, 4ut rather wants to wor5 positive#% within the .hur h. Fe in!ite our "oman 6atholic 6hurch leaders to (oin us in an o en, res ectful dialogue so that together we may ser!e the church faithfully and lo!ingly3 *n her address, J3ropheti 14edien e: /he 0>perien e and Bision of :oman .atho#i AomenpriestsJ to the $outheast 3enns%#vania Aomen8s 1rdination .onferen e in (ar h, 2005, 2ishop 3atri ia 7resen, !./h., said: J+ow we in the 6hurch are on another 7long wal) to freedom,8 this time freedom from se>ism, from un(ust discrimination against women in the church, freedom from oppression 4% the privi#eged #eri a# aste in the hur h.
1n e again, we need to stand together in protest, to 4rea5 the un@ust #aws 4e ause we annot wait forever, and we need, at #east at the 4eginning, to move into the stru tures that e>ist, and hange them.J *t is time for ho#% diso4edien e. As .ardina# Aa#ter Tasper, the former 4ishop of :otten4ergC$tuttgart, Derman% and urrent#% president of the Bati an8s 3ontifi a# .oun i# for 3romoting .hristian -nit% wrote: J$ome situations o4#ige one to o4e% Dod and one8s own ons ien e, rather than the #eaders of the hur h. *ndeed, one ma% even 4e o4#iged to a ept e> ommuni ation, rather than a t against one8s ons ien e.J *n o4edien e to the Dospe# of Jesus we are diso4e%ing an un@ust #aw that dis riminates against women. .anon 102F states that on#% a 4apti,ed ma#e ma% re eive "o#% 1rders. /his is in ontradi tion to .anon EF; whi h states that 2aptism is the gatewa% to the sa raments whi h in #udes "o#% 1rders. 2aptism is the foundation for the va#idit% of "o#% 1rders not ma#e gender. /hus, .anon 102F denies fu## mem4ership to women in the hur h and ontradi ts .anon EF; whi h opens a## the sa raments to a## mem4ers of the hur h. *n other words, the sa rament of 2aptism ma5es us e?ua#s in .hrist. $t. 3au# taught, JAs man% of %ou as were 4apti,ed into .hrist have #othed %ourse#ves with .hrist. /here is no #onger Jew or Dree5, there no #onger servant or free, there is no #onger ma#e and fema#eP for a## of %ou are one in .hrist JesusJ &Da#atians 3:2E'. 7or 1200 %ears some popes, 4ishops and s ho#ars a epted women8s ordination as e?ua# to men8s. *n the 10th entur% 2ishop Atto of Ber e##i wrote a4out the ear#% hur h pra ti e of ordaining women to preside over the hur hes 4e ause of the great need. *n 1;76 /he 3ontifi a# 2i4#i a# .ommission on #uded that there is no 4i4#i a# reason to prohi4it women8s ordination. 3ope John 3au# ** ontradi ted the ear#% tradition of women in priest#% ministr% when he wrote: J/he hur h has no authorit% whatsoever to onfer priest#% ordination on women and ...this @udgment is to 4e definitive#% he#d 4% a## the .hur h8s faithfu#.J "owever, 3ope John 3au# ** did not onsu#t the peop#e of Dod &in #uding the theo#ogians and the 4ishops' 4efore issuing this de ree. /he hur h tea hes that infa##i4#e tea hing must ref#e t the sense of the faithfu#. /herefore, this tea hing is not infa##i4#e 4e ause it does not ref#e t the sensus fide#ium, the faith of the 4e#ieving ommunit%. *n fa t, a ording to re ent surve%s a4out 70 per ent of .atho#i s approve of women8s ordination, in #uding some of the wor#d8s 4ishops. 3eop#e as5, J2ut what of %our vows of o4edien eMJ /o a hi#d, o4edien e is doing what %ou are to#d. 7or an adu#t, o4edien e is dis erning and fo##owing Dod8s dire tion for our #ives. :oman .atho#i Aomen3riests do not ta5e a vow of o4edien e to a 4ishop. 1ur o4edien e is to the Dospe# as we dis ern together Dod8s guidan e for our ommunit%. Aomen and men are reated in Dod8s image and 4oth ma% represent .hrist as priests. Aomen as priests remind us that women are e?ua# s%m4o#s of the ho#% and that the identit% of priests shou#d ref#e t the e>perien es and spiritua# authorit% of women. Aomen priests he#p the hur h to re ogni,e women8s rightfu# p#a e as e?ua#s in the governing stru tures of the hur h. :atriarchy7s dar) lie that women are more
res onsible for the fall of human)ind has been smashed as women in riestly ministry defy an un(ust law that )ee s women subordinate in the 6atholic 6hurch3 'he church can not continue to discriminate against women and blame God for it. :e #aiming our an ient spiritua# heritage, women priests are shaping a more in #usive, .hristC entered hur h of e?ua#s in the 21st entur%.
102
$emale Pr!ests Patr!ar hy 09:22

The h'r hes pol! !es l!m!t the s' ess o" -omen all aro'nd the -orld 3eter (. $arendy, Aug 200A <Austra#ian 0@ourna# of theo#og%=
http://d#i4rar%.a u.edu.au/resear h/theo#og%/e@ourna#/ae@tH5/(arend%.htm A#so, feminist theo#og% in parti u#ar #oo5s as5an e at the .hur hGs maintenan e of a ma#e on#% priesthood. /wo su h theo#ogians are the prominent .atho#i feminists 0#i,a4eth JohnsonK31L and :osemar% :adford :uetherK32L who, a#ong with other main#ine feminist theo#ogians,K33L wou#d undou4ted#% onsider the .hur hGs stand on this issue a transparent e>amp#e of its patriar ha# and se>ist nature. A )ey com onent of mainline feminism.s critical stance toward this and other discriminatory 6hurch ractices and tea hings is the proposition that the 2i4#e, <apart from feminist reinterpretation,K3FR UisR a !ehicle for the furtherance of atriarchy=. *n genera#, this conclusion is reached through the app#i ation of a <hermeneutics of sus icion= to s ripture, a t%pe of interpretation that laces the 9questions of woman.s identity and the role of atriarchy in circumscribing that identity= at the forefront of their on erns when reading the 2i4#e.K35L /his ontrasts strong#% with the onservative <hermeneuti s of
trust= that t%pi a##% governs 4i4#i a# feministGs predisposition to s ripture.K36L 2i4#i a# feminist theo#ogians onsider the 2i4#e as an <inspired witness to the gra e of Dod in Jesus .hrist= and something whi h < an produ e and support a feminist vision=.K37L /his approa h #eads them to the on #usion that patriar h% shou#d 4e dea#t with 4% feminists in the #arger <4i4#i a# ategor%= of <human sin= rather than an entit% in itse#f. K3EL A ording to Tathr%n ( .reightCDreene, this means that main#ine feminist theo#ogians ho#d a <re onstru ted notion of authorit% from that he#d 4% the narrative hermeneuti = Q i.e. instead of interpreting the 4i4#e <as one overar hing , ontinuous narrative,= main#ine feminists usua##% read it nonCnarrative#% and with a great dea# of suspi ion.K3;L /his is a signifi ant distin tion 4e ause ( .reight 4e#ieves it e>poses some of the wea5nesses within the main#ine feminist approa h whi h are: a ontradi tor% deve#opment of hierar h% where feminist approa hes are privi#egedPKF0L an imp#i it, if not e>p#i it, em4ra e of antiCJudaism in their theorisingP and the am4iguit% and in onsisten % in their use of the di hotom% of <Jesus of histor% and the .hrist of faith= <as a on eptua# row4ar to separate the .hristi ontents from the histori a# nutshe##= or, in other words, redu e the <theo#ogi a# signifi an e of his ma#eness=.KF1L Ahi#e this essa%Gs positive stan e towards womenGs ordination ma% suggest it favours the riti a# hermeneuti s of main#ine feminist theo#ogians over and against narrative theo#og% Q in the #ast of whi h some of its more onservative advo ates app#% a <hermeneuti s of trust= rather than one of <suspi ion= to the 2i4#eKF2L Q to the ontrar%, it onsiders e#ements of 4oth approa hes to 4i4#i a# riti ism and theo#og% essentia# for the su essfu# reinterpretation of s ripture and tradition that is needed for a more in #usive mode# of .hur h.KF3L As mentioned a4ove, 0#i,a4eth Johnson is one among man% .atho#i feminist theo#ogians who have deve#oped sophisti ated and reative arguments against the 6atholic 6hurch.s ersistence with a male
only riesthood and more widely the atriarchy that underlies and sustains it3 One such argument is the critique of atriarchy, whi h the .hur h inherited from Jewish and Dre oC:oman u#tures during the #assi a# era3 Kohnson ersuasi!ely argues this system discriminated against women by according men a ri!ileged lace o!er and against women in !irtually all areas of society, including the nascent 6hurch3 $pe ifi a##%, this meant, 9society ran on the idea that men by nature were fit to lead in the intellectual, olitical, and economic s heresR Kwhi#eL womenGs main ro#e was to 4ear hi#dren for men and, in an% wa% possi4#e, to support them in their diffi u#t endeavours=.KFF R +n consequence, women had limited o ortunities to e* ress their o inions ublicly and lay a decisi!e hand in sha ing society .KF5L A#so, this se>iest attitude towards women, whi h was natura#ised or made to seem Onorma#G 4% patriar ha# dis ourses, deva#ued the words and a tions of the <women dis ip#es of Jesus= to su h an e>tent that <on#% tra es= of these ontri4utions in s ripture remain. KF6L /hus, on this issue Johnson is #ear#% in disagreement with *nter *nsigniores and various theo#ogians who 4e#ieve Jesus and the ear#% .hur hGs de ision not to se#e t a fema#e apost#e was not inf#uen ed 4% so ieta# norms. KF7L Johnson a#so atta 5s the se>ism of the .hur hGs prohi4ition on womenGs ordination 4% iting its tea hing of Oimago !eiG found in the Bati an ** do ument Daudium et spes &/he .hur h and the (odern Aor#d' and 3ope John 3au# **Gs en % #i a# (u#ieris dignitatem &1n /he !ignit% and Bo ation of Aomen' K1;;EL. 7or instan e, she argues Daudium et $pesGs affirmation of so ia# @usti e for a## peop#esKFEL 4ased on the premise that <a## persons posses a rationa# sou# and are reated in DodGs #i5enessR=KF;L #ear#% demonstrates that dis rimination against women on the 4asis of their se>, as e>emp#ified 4% its stand on womenGs ordination, is sinfu#.K50L /his interpretation is supported 4% 3ope John 3au# **Gs affirmation of the imago !ei tea hing in this transparent statement: <2oth man and woman are human 4eings to an e?ua# degree, 4oth are reated in DodGs image=.K51L Fhy then does the 6hurch discriminate against womenM Johnson persuasive#% answers su h a ?uestion 4% obser!ing how the 6hurch.s 9dualistic anthro ology=K52L 9 osits essential differences between masculine and feminine !ersions of human nature=K53L whi h ne essari#% #imits and thus @ustifies a division of so ia# ro#es within the .hur h.K5FL 7or e>amp#e, 3ope John 3au# ** ho#ds up what he proposes are the e> #usive#% feminine virtues of the /heoto5os and her motherhood as things women shou#d emu#ate.K55L /his is wh% Johnson 4e#ieves:
103
$emale Pr!ests Patr!ar hy 02:22

Cathol! trad!t!on renders -estern legal, so !al, e onom! ad)an ement 'seless 3eter (. $arendy, Aug 200A <Austra#ian 0@ourna# of theo#og%=
http://d#i4rar%.a u.edu.au/resear h/theo#og%/e@ourna#/ae@tH5/(arend%.htm 'he 6atholic 6hurch.s rohibition on women.s ordination into the riesthoodUDR is a !ery contentious issue because it is arguably a se*ist teaching which fundamentally attac)s women.s hard won legal rights and freedoms to wor) in any field for which they are qualified3 O!er appro>imate#% the last D00 years, many women and their ma#e s%mpathisers ha!e been successfully cam aigning for !arious legal, social, olitical and economic rights predominant#% in Aestern so ieties.K2L *n Austra#ia for instan e, there are various federa# and state #aws against man% t%pes of dis rimination.K3L (oreover, internationa##% it is re ognised that women shou#d not 4e dis riminated against 4ased on se> or gender in the -niversa# !e #aration of "uman :ights and in the .onvention on the 0#imination of A## 7orms of !is rimination Against Aomen.KFL 'herefore, it is difficult not to conclude that on this issue the 6atholic 6hurch is out of touch with the mores of contem orary Festern society3
Hel!g!on has the greatest e""e t on -omen 7 hange needed :o% 7. /aurneister 2000 <Dender !ifferen es in 0roti 3#asti it%: /he 7ema#e $e> !rive as $o ia##% 7#e>i4#e
and :esponsive= Bo#. 126, +o. 3, 3F7C37F "eligion was a#so shown to ha!e greater effects on female than male se*uality. $omeone might argue that religion is a tool of male o ression &whi h entai#s suppressing fema#e se>ua#it%' whereas education liberates women and allows them to disco!er and ursue their own desires . /his e>p#anation has diffi u#t% e>p#aining the powerfu# histori a# fa ts that 6hristianity has long a ealed to women more than to men, 4oth during its rise to power in the :oman empire &see $tar5, 1;;6' and during the transition into the modern era &.ott, 1;77', and that even toda% fema#e hur h attendan e and mem4ership rates are higher than ma#e. 'he selecti!e control e* lanation seemingly must ro ose that women wanted to be e* loited and se*ually stifled by 6hristian doctrines &and still doE, a stance that seems suffi4 ciently questionable as to a## for strong supporting eviden e 4efore it an 4e a epted.
10F
13GT H!ghts 7 De"ense
95 SD'o Sol)es +i o $ifra Ouintana po#i % ana#%st for the Ameri an 3rogress *nstitute Ju#% 1 200&
http://www.ameri anprogress.org/issues/200;/07/#g4tHrights.htm# B!ery day the CG/' community seems to be e* eriencing a new e* ansion of ci!il rights 3 3resident 2ara 5 Obama signed on Kune D? a :residential $emorandum on 2ederal /enefits and -on4Discrimination that grants non4discrimination rotections and some same4se* artner benefits for CG/' federal em loyee s. On $ay 6, (aine Dovernor John /aldacci &!C(0' signed into law a bill legali,ing same4se* marriage, ma)ing $aine the fifth state)a#ong with (assa husetts, .onne ti ut, Bermont, and *owa)to allow same4se* marriage3 And the 83S3 House of "e resentati!es assed the Cocal Caw Bnforcement Hate 6rimes :re!ention Act, which, if passed 4% the $enate and signed 4% the president, would e* and rotections under the federal hate crimes law to CG/' eo le3
25 Employment d!s r!m!nat!on !s an Alt Ca's +i o $ifra Ouintana po#i % ana#%st for the Ameri an 3rogress *nstitute Ju#% 1 200&
http://www.ameri anprogress.org/issues/200;/07/#g4tHrights.htm# 0?ua# rights and prote tions under federa# #aw wou#d provide ID2/ Ameri ans with in reased emp#o%ment se urit% and he#p prote t them from fa##ing 4e#ow the federa# povert% #eve#. A ording to the Ai##iams *nstitute, separate surve%s have revea#ed that 16 to 6E per ent of ID2 peop#e report e>perien ing emp#o%ment dis rimination. And the /ransgender Iaw .enter found that 70 per ent of transgender peop#e surve%ed in .a#ifornia e>perien ed wor5p#a e harassment re#ated to their gender identit%. Appro>imate#% half of sur!ey res ondents a#so re orted e* eriencing some loss of em loyment either as a direct or ossible result of their gender identity. +everthe#ess, no federal laws currently e*ist rotecting all CG/' wor)ers from em loyment discrimination3
;5 C!l!tary d!s r!m!nat!on !s an Alt Ca's A/S -ews 5%1/0; <Aage 8a##Cout war8 vs dis rimination, ID2/ group urges A73= http://www.a4sC
4nnews. om/nation/03/0E/0;/wageCa##CoutCwarCvsCdis riminationC#g4tCgroupCurgesCafp JAe we# ome the statements made 4% top mi#itar% offi ia#s de #aring that #es4ians and ga%s are now a epted in the mi#itar%. "owever, this is not insuffi ient. 'here has to be a concrete and com rehensi!e non4 discrimination olicy in the military,< 3ro@e t 0?ua#it% spo5esperson Jonas 2agas was ?uoted as sa%ing. J/here has to 4e a #ear po#i % e>p#i it#% stating that an%one, regard#ess of se>ua# orientation and gender identit%, an @oin the mi#itar% provided that the% ?ua#if% for mi#itar% servi e,J 2agas said. 3ro@e t 0?ua#it% a#so urged the A73 to address other forms of dis rimination within the A73, parti u#ar#% dis rimination on e ga%s and #es4ians enter into servi e. JOnce inside, CG/' soldiers can encounter other forms of discrimination and abuse3 'hat, too, should be rohibited,J 2agas added. J/he mi#itar% is a ma ho esta4#ishment. Hearing ro4CG/' statements from its officials may be refreshing, but they cannot hide the strong anti4CG/' sentiment in the military ,J 2agas said.
105
D!sen"ran h!sement T'rn
Appeas!ng gay r!ght a t!)!sts d!sen"ran h!se the ma(or!ty o" !t!Fens and )oters 0rnest J. +stoo) Jr. is a !istinguished 7e##ow at /he "eritage 7oundation Q and host of the thin5 tan58s sate##ite radio show. (a% 17 2001 http://www.heritage.org/3ress/.ommentar%/ed05160Ea. fm
/y trying to a ease homose*ual rights acti!ists, those who have refused to stand u for traditional marriage he#ped to reate this ourt ru#ing. /he% are the -e!ille 6hamberlains of the cultural wars3 *n essen e, .a#ifornia8s highest ourt %esterda% de reed that so iet% annot have a Jseparate 4ut e?ua#J mat hma5ing p#an for sameCse> oup#es. /he moment .a#ifornia or an% other state adopts ivi# unions, this de ision ma5es #ear, it8s on the s#ipper% s#ope that ma5es sameCse> marriage inevita4#e. 'his ruling a#so further disenfranchises citi,ens and !oters3 'he court not only usur ed legislati!e ower, it ignored the clear will of the 61 per ent of .a#ifornia !oters who in 2000 p#a ed into #aw this #anguage: J1n#% marriage 4etween a man and a woman is va#id or re ogni,ed in .a#ifornia.J .ontinuesR *t8s time to ho#d a ounta4#e those #awma5ers who have opened the door for this ourt ru#ing 4% tr%ing to appease homose>ua# rights a tivists with #aws that a##ow ivi# unions. You cannot ha!e eace at any rice with those who see) to conquer and !anquish our !alues3
106
DADT T'rn 09:22
A5 %e- adm!n!strat!)e d!re t!on on gay r!ghts -o'ld lead to the repeal o" DADT -ew Yor) 'imes editoria# <A 2ad .a## on Da% :ights= June 15 200& http://www.n%times. om/200;/06/16/opinion/16tue1.htm#
'he Obama administration, whi h came to office romising to rotect gay rights but so far has not done much, a tua##% stru 5 a 4#ow for the other side #ast wee5. *t su4mitted a distur4ing 4rief in support of the !efense of (arriage A t, whi h is the #aw that prote ts the right of states to not re ogni,e sameCse> marriages and denies sameCse> married oup#es federa# 4enefits. 'he administration needs a new direction on gay rights3 .ontinuesR *f the administration does fee# ompe##ed to defend the a t, it shou#d do so in a #ess hurtfu# wa%. *t ou#d have rafted its #ega# arguments in genera# terms, as a simp#e des ription of where it 4e#ieves the #aw now stands. /here was no need to resort to spe ious arguments and inf#ammator% #anguage to impugn sameCse> marriage as an institution. 'he best a roach of a## would have been to ma)e clear, even as it defends the #aw in ourt, that it is fighting for gay rights. *t shou#d wor5 to re eal 9don.t as), don.t tell,= the #aw that 4ans ga% men and #es4ians in the mi#itar% from 4eing open a4out their se>ua#it%. *t shou#d push hard for a federa# #aw 4anning emp#o%ment dis rimination. *t shou#d a#so wor5 to repea# the !efense of (arriage A t in .ongress. /he administration has had its hands fu## with the finan ia# risis, hea#th are, Duantdnamo 2a% and other pressing matters. +n times li)e these, issues li)e repea#ing the marriage act can seem li)e a distraction ) or a po#iti a# #ia4i#it%. /ut 4us% a#endars and olitical e* ediency are no e*cuse for ma)ing one grou of Ameri ans wait any longer for equal rights3
/3 And the re eal of DAD' would fissure the combat unit, destroying the dominance of the American military
John Cuddy po#i % ana#%st for the "eritage 7oundation Januar% 11 1;&5 http://www.heritage.org/:esear h/:e#igion/0(3F;. fm $yth VDJ 'he military7s main ob(ecti!e should be to ha!e the best erson in the (ob, regard#ess of se>ua# orientation. +f battles were fought and won by indi!iduals, this might be true. /ut combat is a team endea!or3 A military organi,ation functions best when the differences among indi!iduals in a unit are minimi,ed . /hat is wh% so#diers #oo5, a t, dress, and train a#i5e. Ah% 4rea5 down a## of these differen es on#% to in@e t the greatest differen e of a##Cindividua# se>ua# identit%Cinto a unitM .ivi#ians an easi#% avoid unwanted se>ua# attra tion from peop#e of the same se>. 2ut in the military lifestyle of forced association, such o tions seldom e*ist3 1f ourse, the military wants the best erson it can get in a (ob4but only if that indi!idual7s abilities contribute to the o!erall good of the team more than his ersonal differences detract from it3 (%th U2: "eterose>ua#s are unreasona4#% afraid of overt homose>ua# advan es toward them. $ost heterose*ual men who are li)ely to (oin the military are troubled by the notion of homose*uality3 +t is this rofound discomfort, not the fear of a tua# homose>ua# advan es, which would destroy the ersonal bonds that bring a military unit together. (en are a4#e to show mutua# affe tion on#% when there are no se>ua# imp#i ations. J$traightJ men wi## not 4ond with men the% 5now to 4e homose>ua# near#% as we## as with other straight men. Fithout such bonds and the trust they create, men will not ris) their li!es for each other or ut their li!es in each other7s hands3 'his ty e of fissure will wrec) a combat unit3
107
DADT T'rn 02:22
C5 4S hegemony !s #ey to pre)ent!ng prol!"erat!on and glo*al n' lear -ar5 &hal!lFad, 999? (Zalmay, Director of the Strategy and Doctrine rogram ! R"ND and
current #S "mbassador to $ra%, &'osing the (oment) *he #nited States and the +orld "fter the ,old +ar,& *he +ashington -uarterly, Spring, p. 'e/is) -nder the third option, the -nited $tates wou#d see5 to retain g#o4a# #eadership and to pre #ude the rise of a g#o4a# riva# or a return to mu#tipo#arit% for the indefinite future. 1n 4a#an e, this is the 4est #ongCterm guiding prin ip#e and vision. $u h a vision is desira4#e not as an end in itse#f, 4ut 4e ause a world in which the 8nited States e*ercises leadershi wou#d have tremendous advantages. 7irst, the g#o4a# environment wou#d 4e more open and more re eptive to Ameri an va#ues CC demo ra %, free mar5ets, and the ru#e of #aw. $e ond, su h a wor#d would ha!e a better chance of dealing ooperative#% with the wor#d8s ma@or pro4#ems, su h as nuclear roliferation, threats of regiona# hegemon% 4% renegade states, and low4le!el conflicts3 7ina##%, 83S3 leadershi would hel reclude the rise of another hostile global ri!al, enabling the -nited $tates and the world to a!oid another global o#d or hot war and a## the attendant dangers, in #uding a global nuclear e*change3 -.$. #eadership wou#d therefore 4e more ondu ive to g#o4a# sta4i#it% than a 4ipo#ar or a mu#tipo#ar 4a#an e of power s%stem.
10E
1G3T CP
The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld pass the Employment %on6D!s r!m!nat!on A t5 E%DA !s an e,traord!nary -ay to ad)an e 1G3T r!ghts Bquality 'e*as, 1 to4er 1;, 200?. http://e?fed.org/e?t>/a#ertCdes ription.t #Ma#ertHidY1627F202
J* have never wavered from m% onvi tion that the Bm loyment -on4Discrimination Act PB-DAE must include rotections based u on se*ual orientation and gender identity3 *t is gratif%ing to see that onvi tion shared 4% so man% peop#e in a## parts of the ountr%. + will be wor)ing tirelessly to secure the !otes necessary to ass a gender identity4inclusi!e B-DA bill and urge all who share this goal to ma)e their !oices heard3 'his e*traordinary o ortunity to ad!ance CG/' rights in America is roud e!idence of democracy in which the eo le decide what is ossible3<
10;
E%DA CP 7 E,t
E%DA !s s!gn!"! ant 1G3T !)!l r!ghts leg!slat!on Tenneth A. Mo!ach and 3eter 0. $ills augh. 1;&6 <0mp#o%ment +ondis rimination A t: 1n /he .utting
0dge 1f 3u4#i 3o#i %= Bo#ume 3;, *ssue F, Ju#%CAugust 1;;6, 3ages 65C73
$nfluential and outspoken supporters such as Senator 0dward 1ennedy (D2(ass.3 lace the B-DA bill in the category of ci!il rights legislation *he contention of this school of thought is that se*ual
orientation should be remo!ed as a basis for (ob discrimination in the same way that race, gender, religion, national origin, age, and disabilities ha!e been dealt with in re!ious fed4 eral legislation3 (ost
supporters of 0ND" deny any connec2 tion between performance on the 4ob and se/ual orientation. *hey point to the lac) of e!idence, scientific or otherwise, that se*ual orientation relates to (ob
erformance in any way3 6onsequently, they argue, consideration of one.s se*ual orientation in em loyment4related decisions should be outlawed to re!ent otentially nega4 ti!e outcomes that can occur when it is art of the decision3
E%DA !s a ma(or step !n 1G3T r!ghts .a#e4 Groos 6%2A 200; <7edera# ID2/ !is rimination Iaw .omingM 0+!A: /he 0mp#o%ment +onC
!is rimination A t :eC*ntrodu ed= http://4#ogs.find#aw. om/ giC4in/mt/mtCt4. gi/1E;2 Sesterda%, the Bm loyment -on4Discrimination Act &0+!A' was introdu ed in the -$ "ouse of :epresentatives. *t would rohibit em loyers from discriminating based on se*ual orientation or gender identity in a wide variet% of emp#o%ment de isions. /hough simi#ar #egis#ation has 4een repeated#% introdu ed without su ess, in reased support this %ear means 4usinesses wou#d 4e smart to prepare for omp#ian e. :epresentative 2arne% 7ran5, a#ong with others, has introdu ed 0+!A @ust a4out ever% %ear sin e 1;;F. /his %ear, however, he has 11E origina# osponsors from 4oth sides of the ais#e. /his %ear8s 4i## &#i5e some, 4ut not a## of its prede essors' a#so in #udes prote tions for transCgender individua#s as we## as #es4ian, ga% and 4ise>ua# peop#e. .urrent#%, /it#e B** of the 6i!il "ights Act of D&6> uts race, gender, religion and national origin off limits as far as em loyment decisions in #uding hiring, firing, promotions, demotions, redu tions in hours, a#ong with man% others. B-DA would ro!ide the same rotections for #es4ian, ga%, 4ise>ua# and transgender &CG/'E eo le. Fe a#so urrent#% ha!e federal rotections against some age discrimination, as we## as dis rimination against those with disa4i#ities, 4ut those are provided outside of /it#e B**. Discrimination based on se*ual orientation or gender identit%, on the other hand, is so far left to state and local rules3 As stated in :epresentative 7ran58s press re#ease, it is still legal in 50 states to fire someone sim ly for being gay. 3E states a##ow it 4ased on gender identit%. 'he bill introduced %esterda% would end this3 As with the prote tions /it#e B** gives other groups, it wou#d 4an emp#o%ment agen ies and #a4or unions from dis riminating 4ased on se>ua# orientation or gender identit%.
E%DA #ey to sol)e d!s r!m!nat!on.state la-s dont o)er Iauren $cGlothlin 6%2> <0mp#o%ment !is rimination against ID2/ Aor5ers $hows +eed for 0mp#o%ment
+onC!is rimination A t= http://www. ivi#rights.org/ar hives/200;/06/F5;Cenda.htm# Although em loyment laws intended to rotect eo le from wor) lace discrimination based on their se*ual orientation and gender identity are on the 4oo5s in #o a# ommunities and states around the ountr%, the "uman :ights .ampaign &":.' 7oundation reports that more than 5 in A 83S3 citi,ens li!e in areas that do not ha!e these laws3 1n#% 12 states and the !istri t of .o#um4ia have 4anned emp#o%ment dis rimination 4ased on 4oth se>ua# orientation and gender identit%. 0ight states have out#awed emp#o%ment dis rimination 4ased on se>ua# orientation. (an% 4usinesses are finding that it is 4e oming more and more important to have po#i ies prohi4iting dis rimination 4ased on se>ua# orientation and gender identit% in order to remain ompetitive. /he ":. 7oundation found that E5 per ent of 7ortune 500 4usinesses now have nonCdis rimination po#i ies that in #ude se>ua# orientation, up from 51 per ent in 2000. /hirt%Cfive per ent of 7ortune 500 4usinesses have nonC dis rimination po#i ies that in #ude gender identit% or e>pression. *n 2000, on#% three 7ortune 500 ompanies had this po#i %. /oda%, the "ouse of :epresentatives reCintrodu ed the 0mp#o%ment +onC!is rimination A t &B-DA', a 4i## that would rohibit emp#o%ment discrimination 4ased on se>ua# orientation and gender identit% in all states a ross the ountr%. B-DA would e*tend the same federal em loyment discrimination rotections currently gi!en to race, religion, gender, national origin, age, and disability3 110
E%DA W!ll Pass
3!ll -!ll pass !n the stat's sD'o .a#e4 Groos 6%2A 200; <7edera# ID2/ !is rimination Iaw .omingM 0+!A: /he 0mp#o%ment +onC
!is rimination A t :eC*ntrodu ed= http://4#ogs.find#aw. om/ giC4in/mt/mtCt4. gi/1E;2 Fith o!er D00 co4s onsors, this year7s bill has much more momentum than in any of the re!ious years3 2or all em loyers whose states don7t already ha!e similar rules on the boo)s, this could mean re!iewing and u dating all anti4discrimination, hiring, and emp#o%ment po#i ies to ma5e sure the% a ord ID2/ emp#o%ees a## the prote tions in p#a e for wor5ers of different genders, ra es, re#igions and nationa# origins.
111
$elon 8ot!ng 7 De"ense
95 $elons an st!ll )ote 7 they ('st do !t !llegally $iami Herald $taff Ariters 7e4ruar% 15, 1;&1 http://www.pu#it,er.org/ar hives/6263
$ore than D00 con!icted felons CC muggers and on artists, drug traffi 5ers and a few 5i##ers CC !oted in the $iami election #ast +ovem4er e!en though they had lost their right to !ote. A f#asher voted. "e fata##% 4eat his e##mate. A potCsmo5ing @ai#er voted. "e he#ped two inmates es ape. A onvi ted e>C(iami dete tive voted. "e overed up the murder of a drug dea#er. And a home#ess, ra 5Caddi ted thief voted. "is voting address: the apartment ne>t to the p#a e he 4urg#ari,ed. 'he Herald counted D0A ineligible felon ballots in last -o!ember7s mayoral election. 2ut a threeCwee5 Herald stud% revea#s no eviden e that an% andidate re ruited the e>C onvi t vote. 'he only thing that )ee s felons from !oting in any election is an honor system . And when it comes to weeding felons from the registration boo)s, the system sim ly doesn7t wor)3 :e ords show a4out 2,E00 ine#igi4#e fe#ons registered to vote in (iamiC!ade a#one. .ontinuesR 2elons ha!e been !oting illegally for years, 4ut the pra ti e didn8t get mu h attention unti# re ent a##egations of organi,ed a4senteeCvoter fraud.
25 $elons an )ote 7 m' h "le,!*!l!ty 3au# 'iger 6%2A <7e#ons an vote=

http://denver.%ourhu4. om/Iongmont/$tories/Boi es/.o#umns/$tor%b63006F.asp> /he most important one that * find 4othersome is former fe#ons who are a4so#ute#% positive that the% annot vote. States ha!e their own laws, separate onstitutions, and e#e tion ru#es, and they are not the same3 Fhen one mo!es to a different state, the laws of the old state don7t follow them3 A person onvi ted of a fe#on% in Tentu 5% ma% on#% vote again if the% re eive a pardon from the governor. +f that erson mo!es to 6olorado, they may register to !ote and e*ercise their rights when the time comes3 -o s ecial ermissions or a erwor) is needed3 Fhen the sentence of a fe#on% onvi tion in .o#orado comes to end, the felon may resume being a !oter, or begin if they were not registered before3 'he sentence and obligation to the court is o!er and rights are restored.
112
State $elon 8ot!ng CP
The $!"ty states o" the 4n!ted States sho'ld permanently e,tend all pla's!*le )ot!ng a*!l!t!es to "elons !n the!r respe t!)e states States all o)er )ot!ng r!ghts 2r%an Mnowles June ;, 2000 <$hou#d .onvi ted 7e#ons "ave Boting :ightsM=
'he 2ourteenth Amendment clearly demonstrates that the states ha!e the 6onstitutional authority to disenfranchise both currently incarcerated and former felons for as long as they deem fit3 *n #imiting the freedoms of onvi ted fe#ons, in ar eration is designed to punish inmates and impress upon them the magnitude of their rimes. As a privi#ege to 4e en@o%ed 4% #awCa4iding iti,ens, prohi4iting inmates from voting further drives this point home. 3rohi4iting former fe#ons from voting for #ife ensures the integrit% of the e#e tora# pro ess, espe ia##% in states and @urisdi tions where the popu#a e dire t#% e#e ts @udges, #aw enfor ement offi ers and distri t attorne%s.
113
Pr!soner trans"er CP
CP Te,tE The $ederal go)ernment sho'ld ma#e the ne essary arrangements "or the trans"er o" all -!ll!ng pr!soners to "ederal pr!sons !n e!ther 8ermont or Ca!ne5 Sol!encyJ Dst 8ot!ng r!ghts depends on lo at!on 3au# 'iger 6%2A <7e#ons an vote=
http://denver.%ourhu4. om/Iongmont/$tories/Boi es/.o#umns/$tor%b63006F.asp> /he most important one that * find 4othersome is former fe#ons who are a4so#ute#% positive that the% annot vote. States ha!e their own laws, separate onstitutions, and e#e tion ru#es, and they are not the same3 Fhen one mo!es to a different state, the laws of the old state don7t follow them3 A person onvi ted of a fe#on% in Tentu 5% ma% on#% vote again if the% re eive a pardon from the governor. +f that erson mo!es to 6olorado, they may register to !ote and e*ercise their rights when the time comes3 -o s ecial ermissions or a erwor) is needed3 Ahen the senten e of a fe#on% onvi tion in .o#orado omes to end, the fe#on ma% resume 4eing a voter, or 4egin if the% were not registered 4efore. /he senten e and o4#igation to the ourt is over and rights are restored.
2nd 2elons can !ote in Iermont and $aine risons Fashington 'imes Januar% 2E, 2006 <Bermont, (aine a##ow fe#on votes=
http://www.washingtontimes. om/news/2006/@an/2E/2006012EC10F3F3C652Er/ 2elons in Iermont and $aine, including those behind bars, ha!e ne!er been denied the right to !ote since those states were founded more than D10 years ago, 4ut neither state 5eeps data on the num4er of inmates who vote. J+n Iermont, the criteria for !oting is based on the state constitution,< and there is nothing in there to re!ent risoners from !oting, said Ai##iam !a#ton, Bermont8s deput% se retar% of state. Iong re ogni,ed as one of the most #i4era# states in the nation, Iermont e!en allows incarcerated criminals to run for olitical office3 (r. !a#ton said that happened in 2002, when a man serving time in a federa# prison for ta> fraud ran against $en. 3atri 5 J. Ieah%, ran5ing !emo rat on the $enate Judi iar% .ommittee.
11F
9<th Amendment 7 De"ense 09:22
95 9<th amendment has l!m!ts /homas ". /urrell, (.2.A., *##inois $tate -niversit%P J.!., Ameri an -niversit% Aashington .o##ege of Iaw,12/12/200? <Justi e $tephen 7ie#dGs 0>pansion of the 7ourteenth Amendment: 7rom the $afeguards of
7edera#ism to a $tate of Judi ia# "egemon%= 7or too long, indi!iduals and the courts ha!e treated the 2ourteenth Amendment2 as the anacea for unfa!orable legislation35 /he :e onstru tion .ongress de4ated e>tensive#% on areas of ivi# rights, po#iti a# rights, and so ia# rights: voi es were heard, opinions were raised, and ompromises were rea hed. F Fhile many argued for broader co!erage, the 2ourteenth Amendment was limited in its sco e of federal rotection3 Subsequent (udicial use of the amendment has been unfaithful to these limitations3A 'he central ro osition of this article is a critique of substanti!e equal rotection6 and su4stantive due pro ess7 @urispruden e fo##owing the passage of the 7ourteenth 'he central ro osition of this article is a critique of substanti!e equal rotection and substanti!e due rocess? @urispruden e fo##owing the passage of the 7ourteenth Amendment.E /he arti #e argues two positions. 7irst, the amendment was not an o en4ended grant for the (udiciary3 Second, the Su reme 6ourt, articularly the 9(udicial trusteeshi ; of Kustice 2ield,& e* anded the breadth of "econstruction legislation, su4stituting 4uo%ant, natura# #aw10 prin ip#es reflecting latitudinarian ideals which, when o erationali,ed, distort the intended limitations of the amendment3DD 'he evo#ution of Justi e 7ie#dGs openCended interpretations has resu#ted in a drasti
hange in federa#ism and #oss of state sovereignt%. 12
25 "ramers ens'red the amendment -o'ldnt *e sel" e,e 't!ng /homas ". /urrell, (.2.A., *##inois $tate -niversit%P J.!., Ameri an -niversit% Aashington .o##ege of Iaw,12/12/200? <Justi e $tephen 7ie#dGs 0>pansion of the 7ourteenth Amendment: 7rom the $afeguards of
7edera#ism to a $tate of Judi ia# "egemon%= A global criticism of modern constitutional law is that the framers of the 2ourteenth Amendment did not intend for the amendment to be self4e*ecuting to the e*tent modern (uris rudence allows .127 *n des ri4ing
the amendment prior to its adoption, and noting that the amendment supp#ied a main short oming of the .onstitution, :epresentative 2ingham maintained: K+ow it is withinL the power KofL the peop#e, the who#e
peop#e of the -nited $tates, 4% e>press authorit% of the .onstitution to do that 4% ongressiona# ena tment whi h hitherto the% have not had the power to do . . . to prote t 4% ationa# #aw the privi#eges and immunities of a## the iti,ens of the :epu4#i and the in4orn rights of ever% person within its @urisdi tion whenever the same sha## 4e a4ridged or denied 4% the un onstitutiona# a ts of an% $tate.12E Ahen /ingham initially introduced the first draft to 6ongress, he em hasi,ed that the amendment would rotect the s irit of /ill of "ights and the enfor ement of the <in@un tions and prohi4itions= which by oath, the states owed to the eo le.12; /he
draft of the amendment, stated 2ingham, wou#d give the <peop#e of the -nited $tates the power, 4% #egis#ative ena tment, to punish offi ia#s of $tates for vio#ations of the oaths en@oined upon them 4% their .onstitution.=130 2ingham he#d firm on his position that it is the power of .ongress whi h is en#arged under the 7ourteenth Amendment: 'he 6onstitution is not self4e*ecuting, therefore laws must
be enacted by 6ongress for the due e*ecution of all the owers !ested by the 6onstitution in the Go!ernment of the 8nited States, or in any de artment or any officer thereof3D5D /ingham, pushing for ongressiona# #egis#ation prote ting rights, did not belie!e the 2ourteenth Amendment enlarged the (udicial s here, 4ut was mere#% a pro edura# door for .ongress to #egis#ate to prote t rights:
115
9<th Amendment 7 De"ense 02:22
;5 T'rn 66 W!de !nterpretat!ons a'se the amendment to lose leg!t!ma y /homas ". /urrell, (.2.A., *##inois $tate -niversit%P J.!., Ameri an -niversit% Aashington .o##ege of Iaw,12/12/200? <Justi e $tephen 7ie#dGs 0>pansion of the 7ourteenth Amendment: 7rom the $afeguards of
7edera#ism to a $tate of Judi ia# "egemon%= Fith this !iew of 9liberty; and the Due :rocess 6lause, the 2ourteenth Amendment.s reach#construed and o erationali,ed solely by the 6ourt#is as wide as the hori,on3 Any state regulation is sub(ect to reasonableness re!iew 4% the .ourt.26F 'hrough these unfaithful inter retations, Justi e 7ie#d, a#ong with other (ustices, belied the limited 2ourteenth Amendment and e* anded the understanding of the amendment326A After rea hing a ma@orit%, these e* ansi!e inter retations resulted in the wholesale loss of the limited 2ourteenth Amendment.266
<5 %o sp!llo)er 7 Conser)at!)e o'rt means they -!ll morally o*(e t to those pol! !es
116
E,t ; 7 1eg!t!ma y
8ast e,pans!ons a'se the amendment to lose leg!t!ma y /homas ". /urrell, (.2.A., *##inois $tate -niversit%P J.!., Ameri an -niversit% Aashington .o##ege of Iaw,12/12/200? <Justi e $tephen 7ie#dGs 0>pansion of the 7ourteenth Amendment: 7rom the $afeguards of
7edera#ism to a $tate of Judi ia# "egemon%= "egarding e* ansi!e inter retations of $e tion 1ne, the (udiciary.s use of a colorful hrase of 9absolute equality,; 9class legislation,; or 9liberty; quic)ly loses its legitimacy when carried beyond congressional enactment or e*isting national ri!ileges and immunities and into olitical or social rights not co!ered by the amendment.30;
117
$ederal!sm T'rn
Plan destroys state r!ghts /homas ". /urrell, (.2.A., *##inois $tate -niversit%P J.!., Ameri an -niversit% Aashington .o##ege of Iaw,12/12/200? <Justi e $tephen 7ie#dGs 0>pansion of the 7ourteenth Amendment: 7rom the $afeguards of
7edera#ism to a $tate of Judi ia# "egemon%= /ingham, des ri4ed 4% some as the most #i4era# :epu4#i an, is genera##% considered the author of the 2ourteenth Amendment.73 /ingham articulated that the amendment was designed for the rotection of Americans of African descent and loyal white citi,ens.7F 2ingham also qui ed that a broader construction of the amendment should a ly to states that ha!e laws 9that are in direct !iolation of e!ery rinci le of our 6onstitution3;75 :epresentative "a#e, a :epu4#i an #aw%er from +ew Sor5, too5 issue with 2ingham over the e>tension of the amendment to gi!e 6ongress the ower to 9legislate u on all the matters ertaining to the life, liberty, and ro erty; in the se!eral states, osing the question where would federal ower end.76 Joining /ingham and "a#e, other mem4ers of the 3;th .ongress were a#so worried about encroaching u on states. rights and disru ting the e*isting balance of federalism .77 $ome were
worried that a 4road sweep in postCwar ongressiona# a tion wou#d eradi ate the on innit% 4etween sovereign state government and #imited nationa# government.7E 2ramers of the amendment changed the language in the initial draft to reflect this concern .7; /he evo#ution of the amendment i##ustrates the moderation of the more radi a# proponents.E0 Ahi#e a few of the origina# framers of the 7ourteenth Amendment hoped to se ure s hoo# desegregation and universa# suffrage with the amendment, those intentions were not shared 4% a## and were not promu#gated into the amendment.E1
11E
Ch!ld H!ghts
95 T-o *!ll!on h!ldren la # proper ed' at!on.thats a *as! r!ght .assandra 6lifford 6%2> CC 7ounder and 0>e utive !ire tor of 2ridge to 7reedom 7oundation, (.A. in
internationa# re#ations <Ia 5 of 0du ationRthe :oot of .hi#dren8s :ights Bio#ationsM= http:// hi#dren.foreignpo#i %4#ogs. om/author/ #ifford/ Bducation is a basic right for all children around the world, yet in the deve#oping wor#d there are almost two billion children, most of which are not recei!ing an a ro er education, or an% edu ation at a##. A ording to the D#o4a# 7und for .hi#dren one in five hi#dren, 120 to 125 mi##ion hi#dren, are not enro##ed in s hoo#. 1f those who do re eive an edu ation, most#% in the deve#oping wor#d, one in five wi## not ma5e it past the fifth grade. /he #a 5 of edu ation for mu h of the wor#ds hi#dren is of grave on ern, and ontinues to impa t not on#% the #ife8s of the hi#dren themse#ves, 4ut the deve#opment and progress of entire nations. *f a #arge ma@orit% of a ountries hi#dren are not edu ated, the prospe t of the future 4usiness, po#iti a#, re#igious and government #eaders of is marred for man% generations.
25 Ch!ld sold!ers !n 3'rma )!olate r!ghts IOA -ews 23 +ovem4er 200? <-+ .hief $a%s .hi#dren8s :ights Bio#ated in 2urma=
-nited +ations $e retar%CDenera# /an Mi4moon says /urmese children are being recruited to fight armed conflicts des ite agreements to rotect children7s rights3 (r. 2an 7rida% re#eased his report to the -.+. $e urit% .oun i# that sa%s the 2urmese government, the Maren -ational 8nion and the Marenni -ational :rogressi!e :arty continue to be im licated in serious children7s rights !iolations3
;5 Alt a'se. h!ld r!ght )!olat!ons !n H'ss!a 3eter "oudi), $enior 7oreign Iaw $pe ia#ist August 200? <.hi#drenGs :ights: :ussian 7ederation=
:rotection of children.s rights is a serious roblem for "ussia, articularly because of the worsening demogra hic situation and rogressi!e in!ol!ement of youngsters in criminal and other underground acti!ities. $evera# presidentia# programs, together with ma@or pie es of #egis#ation, address this issue, whi h is at the enter of domesti pu4#i dis ussionsP 4e ause of insuffi ient 4udget finan ing and restri tions on wor5 of nongovernmenta# organi,ations, however, legislati!e declarations remain largely unim lemented . *t is e>pe ted that the new#% reated institution of a .hi#drenGs :ights 1m4udsman and introdu tion of the #ong de#a%ed @uveni#e @usti e s%stem wi## improve the situation. /his paper ana#%,es #egis#ation that regu#ates the prote tion of hi#drenGs rights and eva#uates government attempts to enfor e re#evant #aws.
11;
CHC CP
CP Te,tE The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld rat!"y the Con)ent!on on the H!ghts o" the Ch!ld5 Hat!"y!ng the Con)ent!on on the H!ghts o" Ch!ld rea""!rms the 45S5 !mage as h!ld r!ghts promoter Ja % Youn, *nternationa# Justi e 3ro@e t Iega# *ntern, 6%25, 200;.
http://humanrightsusa.4#ogspot. om/200;/06/treat%Cratifi ationCwh%Cshou#dCusH23.htm# </reat% ratifi ation: Ah% shou#d the -.$. ratif% internationa# treatiesM= 0ar#ier this %ear, when $en. 2ar4ara /o*er &!C.a#' began urging the Obama administration to ratify a 204year old international agreement creating a full range of human rights for children , it re!i!ed discussions about what role the romotion of human rights should lay in 83S3 foreign olicy . /he answer is simp#e: as the world.s lone su er ower, the 83S3 has the rare and im ortant ability to influence the beha!iors of go!ernments and eo le around the globe3 Although the 83S3 has layed a )ey role in establishing global human rights standards H the 8- Declaration on Human :ights &-!":' was inspired in part 4% 7ran5#in !. :ooseve#tGs 7our 7reedoms spee h, and partia##% drafted 4% his wife, 0#eanor KiL Q the country.s credibility has been com romised because of its role in recent human rights !iolations. Aith this %ear mar5ing the 60th Anniversar% of the -!":, and it 4eing the first time the -.$. has he#d a seat on the -+ "uman :ights .oun i# , the timing couldn.t be better for the 83S3 to reaffirm its commitment to uni!ersal human rights by ratifying international treaties. KiiL /o date, the -.$. has fai#ed to ratif% severa# fundamenta# internationa# agreements intended to prote t human rights, in #uding the .onvention on the 0#imination of A## 7orms of !is rimination against Aomen & ommon#% 5nown as <.0!AA=' and the :ome $tatute of the *nternationa# .rimina# .ourt. 'he 6on!ention on the "ights of the 6hild, which ro!ides a global framewor) for the rotection of children by !esting them with s ecific ci!il, social, cultural, olitical, and economic rights, is %et another e>amp#e of a human rights agreement the 83S3 has failed to ratify3 A#though the /reat% was signed 4% the .#inton administration in 1;;5, it has not %et 4een ratified Q an important distin tion as <signing= treaties is a5in to a s%m4o#i gesture, whi#e <ratifi ation= gives teeth to the agreement 4% reating #ega# o4#igations. !espite pu4#i #% stating its intention to ratif%, the -.$. sti## stands with $oma#ia as one of the on#% two ountries to not ratif% the /reat%, whi#e wor#dwide atro ities against hi#dren Q in #uding ens#avement, torture, a4use, and a4du tion Q ontinue dai#%.
120
CHC CP E,t
Hat!"y!ng CHC *oosts 45S5 red!*!l!ty and demonstrates o'r omm!tment to h!ld r!ghts Ja % Youn, *nternationa# Justi e 3ro@e t Iega# *ntern, 6%25, 200;. http://humanrightsusa.4#ogspot. om/200;/06/treat%C
ratifi ationCwh%Cshou#dCusH23.htm# </reat% ratifi ation: Ah% shou#d the -.$. ratif% internationa# treatiesM= O!erseas, the im lementation of laws in furtherance of the 'reaty has been largely successful . :e ent reports from man% of the 1;3 ountries that have ratified the /reat% indi ate that mu h progress is 4eing made as a resu#t. +n countries such as Oman, -iger, "omania, and /angladesh, go!ernments ha!e im lemented laws forbidding children in armed conflicts, combating child o!erty, and im ro!ing the hea#th and well4being of children. /he resu#ts have varied, from de reases in infant morta#it% rates to signifi ant progress in the area of edu ation. .ontrar% to #aims that -.$. hi#dren a#read% en@o% the rights set forth in the /reat%, man% Ameri an 5ids sti## #ive in povert%, and near#% a mi##ion hi#dren suffer from hi#d a4use or neg#e t ea h %ear. /hough the -.$. ma% not fa e a## of the ha##enges seen in other ountries, ratif%ing the /reat% wi## #end support to those ountries and en ourage the addressing of ha##enges we do sti## fa e. +n light of these considerations, it is not difficult to see why the 83S3 should ratify the 6"63 -ot only will ratification boost 83S3 credibility o!erseas, but it will demonstrate our commitment to ensuring the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, worldwide3 Global leadershi , after all, is a ri!ilege that we must not ta)e for granted.
121
A2 Parental H!ghts
%o -orr!es.treaty 'pholds parental r!ghts Ja % Youn, *nternationa# Justi e 3ro@e t Iega# *ntern, 6%25, 200;. http://humanrightsusa.4#ogspot. om/200;/06/treat%C
ratifi ationCwh%Cshou#dCusH23.htm# </reat% ratifi ation: Ah% shou#d the -.$. ratif% internationa# treatiesM= "egarding arental rights, the 6"6 clearly recogni,es the rinci le that arents 9ha!e the rimary res onsibility for the u bringing and de!elo ment of the child,= and that parties to the /reat% are mere#% rendering <appropriate assistan e= to parents performing their hi#dCrearing responsi4i#ities. +n other words, ratifying the 'reaty will not gi!e the 8- authority to control 83S3 olicies on children and there is no language in the 6"6 dictating how American arents are to raise their children3 +n fact, the 6"6 frequently em hasi,es the !ital role that arents lay and re ogni,es the importan e of a #oving fami#% atmosphere for the proper up4ringing of a hi#d.
122
A2 CP not Const!t't!onal
Treaty -o'ld not o)err!de the onst!t't!on Ja % Youn, *nternationa# Justi e 3ro@e t Iega# *ntern, 6%25, 200;. http://humanrightsusa.4#ogspot. om/200;/06/treat%C
ratifi ationCwh%Cshou#dCusH23.htm# </reat% ratifi ation: Ah% shou#d the -.$. ratif% internationa# treatiesM= Ahi#e some belie!e that, under the Su remacy 6lause, the /reat% would trum all federal laws and undermine arental authority and influence o!er a child.s de!elo ment, in actuality, the 'reaty would not o!erride the 6onstitution3 2or one, 83S3 ratifications of international treaties are often made with e* lanations or ca!eats &in what are a##ed :eservations, -nderstandings, and !e #arations or <:-!s=' to acce tance. *f the -.$. agrees with the genera# prin ip#e of the /reat%, 4ut is trou4#ed 4% a ertain provision, it ma% #arif% or modif% those areas of the /reat% 4efore ratifi ation. 7urthermore, the /reat% is not se#fCe>e uting Q it annot 4e <automati a##% imp#emented without #egis#ative a tion,= giving .ongress another opportunit% to #arif% what the /reat% wi## and wi## not mean for -.$. #aw.
123
Ha !sm 7 De"ense 09:22
95 Plan ant hange m!ndset 22 "obinson, 3hd <:esponding to :oot .auses Q +ot $%mptoms: Ahite $uprema % as the :oot .ause of :a ism= E/20/06 http://www.4#a 5e onomi s.org/2067uture/:oot.auses.pdf
Detting down to 4rass ta 5s, most Americans will tell you that racism ersists, and that ra ism ontri4utes to the adverse out omes that 2#a 5 Ameri ans e>perien e. $oreo!er, if the% are true to themse#ves, most Americans will identify the root cause of racism as 9white Su remacy3; /hat is, racism e*ists because of the unfounded notion that Fhites are su erior to 2#a 5s. Gi!en that most Americans conclude that Fhite Su remacy is the root cause of the roblems that 2#a 5 Ameri ans fa e, wh% are so many efforts UareR initiated to sol!e /lac) American roblems without addressing this root causeM
25 Ha !sm !ne)!ta*le.the state -!ll o6opt all mo)ements see#!ng eD'!l!*r!'m $umi 6ho, Ameri an Asian $tudies 3rofessor, !e em4er 1;&1 </he $tate .opts (ovements designed to
ha##enge :a ism= 2oston .o##ege Iaw :eview., p. 15; "acially based social mo!ements that arise in the form of olitical ro(ects def% and define the racial state by creating ru tures that lead to the restoration of a new equilibrium3 +n turn, the racial state <co4o ts< racial mo!ements by absorbing the least threatening demands through the creation of new rules, olicies, rograms and agencies.
;5 45S5 "ore!gn pol! y !s a "orm o" !nst!t't!onal!Fed ra !sm Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
*n the 8S, racism is a well )nown issue. 7rom racial rofiling to other issues such as affirmati!e action, olice brutality against minorities and the history of sla!ery and the rising resentment against immigrants . $in e the horrifi terrorist atta 5s on the -nited $tates on $eptem4er 11, 2001, Security concerns ha!e understandably increased, but so too has racial rofiling, discrimination et . *n the ear#% aftermath of the atta 5s some Americans that were understandably outraged and horrified, even atta 5ed some mem4ers of the $i5h ommunit% where at #east one was even 5i##ed, 4e ause the% resem4#ed ertain t%pes of (us#ims, with 4eards and tur4ans3 Iarious eo le of $iddle Bast or South Asian origin ha!e faced contro!ersial detentions or ?uestionings 4% offi ia#s at Ameri an airports. /his we4 siteGs se tion on the war against terror has more detai#s on these aspe ts.
<5 Cant sol)e a large eno'gh l!n# to the!r !mpa ts.post plan the &&&s along -!th e)ery ra !st gro'p, organ!Fat!on, and !dea -!ll rema!n ?5 Cap!tal!st greed !s the root o" ra !sm $aswat :attanaya) is an on#ine @ourna#ist /hursda% (ar h 200?
http://saswat. om/4#og/ rashH ourseH5ennethHeng.htm# Ahat needs to 4e done at this @un ture is not for 4#a 5 ommentators atta 5ing Asian press or $outh Asian ommentators ondemning Tenneth 0ng. 7or a## we 5now, 0ng ou#d we## 4e ome a e#e4rit% in a few months. 'he root cause of racism is not one bigoted mind3 +ts ca italism that we largely let go unchec)ed for in its ractice. Ae must address the manner in whi h private apita# reation safeguards spe ifi group interests rather than wor5ing for the 4etterment of the wor#d. 'he racial tensions in the 8S are economic in nature. /here is no p#a e for mora# prea hings here. +o p#a e for .rash fina#e[ Iets admit and a ept that as long as we refrain from critiquing the ca italist causes &private monopo#ies' we will ha!e to acce t racism as art and arcel of the deal. /i## now, peop#e other than white are 4eing a##ed in their suffi>es. Ameri an histor% is different#% noted than Afri anCAmeri an histor%[ "ow wi## we e>pe t 0ngs of the wor#d to even fee# gratefu# for immense sufferings of generations of 4#a 5 peop#e that must 4e a 5now#edged at ever% mention of Ameri a even as an ideaM "ow wi## we U6ontinued H -o 'e*t "emo!edR 12F
Ha !sm 7 De"ense 02:22
U6ontinued H -o 'e*t "emo!edR e>pe t white peop#e to understand that .o#um4us was not after a## some hero and that this #and was indeed <made for %ou and me=, and not @ust for the 0ng#ish spea5ing e#ites. $u h e>pe tations wi## 4ear fruit on#% if peop#e are treated e?ua##% irrespe tive of ra e in this ountr% and e#sewhere. "owever that wou#d mean perhaps to ?uote 3au# :o4eson, <adopting the nature and po#iti s of $oviet -nion where peop#e are treated as peop#e, not as 4#a 5 or white=. 0ven adopting oneCtenth of former $oviet po#i ies wou#d entai# the reversa# of enturiesCo#d apita# a umu#ation po#i ies that are in p#a e in a f#ourishing apita#ism. As long as a society is built on bedroc) of money as the only thing that mattersCCto 4u% hea#th insuran e to higher edu ationCC eo le will always be treated as secondary sub(ects. And where peop#e need to 4e treated as se ondar% su4@e ts, to refrain those ver% peop#e from fomenting a revo#ution against their se ondar% status, it 4e omes imperative for the apita# masters to wage a divide and ru#e po#i % that 5eeps peop#e ignorant a4out their o##e tive strugg#es in ever%da% #ives. Ahi#e at it, the economic system goes unchec)ed in its 4iases against wor5ing #ass by deliberately laying one grou against another when it comes to economic arity, share holding and accountability . +o wonder, thousands of dis rimination ases at the wor5p#a e are fi#ed ever% wee5 4ased on ra ia# disparities.
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E,t 9 7 C!ndset 09:22
The root a'se o" ra !sm !s mental!ty, -h! h the a"" ant address Fest Africa "e!iew, .ommittee on :a ism .onferen e in 7 $eptem4er 200D
http://www.westafri areview. om/vo#3.1/ra ismC5.htm "acism lies so#e#% in the human mind. 'he root cause of racism and discrimination is thus a crisis of identity at the indi!idual and collecti!e le!el. /ringing about the required change in attitudes and wa%s of #ife, and in e?ua#it% and @usti e, requires a rocess of healing, accom anied by the redisco!ery of the true self and re4 identification with the unity of the larger human family. *n that regard, it is 4oth parties invo#ved in dis riminator% a tion who must 4e hea#ed. A4use defi#es the vi tim, 4ut its perpetrator a#so de4ases and dehumani,es himse#f. -#timate#%, on#% we an deprive ourse#ves of our own se#fCrespe t. 8nderstanding the sacredness of each erson o ens the door to ercei!ing the essential oneness of the human family3 /here is 4ut one ra e C the human ra e.
< m!ndsets *eyond the a""s po-er that re!n"or e ra !smE 95 Stereotypes )!a med!a Associated 6ontent, Apri# 22, 200? </he F .auses of :a ism=
http://www.asso iated ontent. om/arti #e/211605/theHFH ausesHofHra ism.htm#M atYF7 One of the most common causes of racism is stereoty es3 'hrough tele!ision, through radio, through the internet, through music, through boo)s, and the li)e, the otential for stereo ty es to build are a definite ossibility. Ahen a person, espe ia##% one that is ver% %oung, is e>posed to stereot%pes of a spe ifi group for the first time, then that person wi## assume a## are that wa%. Ii5ewise, when a source is constantly dis laying negati!e things about a articular race, then that will affect the o!erall o inions as well3
25 4n"am!l!ar!ty Associated 6ontent, Apri# 22, 200? </he F .auses of :a ism=

http://www.asso iated ontent. om/arti #e/211605/theHFH ausesHofHra ism.htm#M atYF7 Another !ery common, and pro4a4#% the most ommon cause of racism is unfamiliarity3 :eo le fear what they do not )now or understand3 +f someone hasn7t grown u around a articular race before, then there is more of a chance the erson can be racist toward that articular grou . +ot a## the time, 4ut when the person has a#read% 4een fed negative stereot%pes, and does not have the a tua# rea# #ife e>perien es with at #east one within the parti u#ar group, then the han es of ra ism are in reased. /his is wh% it is important for hi#dren to 4e around other ra es at a %oung age: to ensure the% get their minds used and adapted to 4eing around them, and a#so to he#p ounter4a#an e an% fa#se stereot%pes the% ma% en ounter in the future.
;5 Sel"!shness Associated 6ontent, Apri# 22, 200? </he F .auses of :a ism=

http://www.asso iated ontent. om/arti #e/211605/theHFH ausesHofHra ism.htm#M atYF7 Selfishness is another ob!ious cause of racism3 Humans are sometimes !ery selfish creatures caring only about their own at the e* ense of others3 +f indi!iduals aren7t taught how to res ect others, then the otential for the erson to become racist is increased as well . /his is wh% %ou wi## find that most aring individua#s aren8t ra ist. +either are the% se>ist or an%thing e#se.
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E,t 9 7 C!ndset 02:22
<5 Genes and En)!ronment Associated 6ontent, Apri# 22, 200? </he F .auses of :a ism=
http://www.asso iated ontent. om/arti #e/211605/theHFH ausesHofHra ism.htm#M atYF7 'he #ast#% and pro4a4#% the most sur rising cause of racism is biology and genes3 Ae are a## made different 4io#ogi a##% and geneti a##%. Our hysical en!ironment can affect our biology and therefore in many causes affect our minds. /his does not mean freewi## and hoi e are not options, 4ut that indi!iduals7 otential for racism could ossibly be increased though similar genetic traits of arents and other en!ironmental factors . Just as some peop#e are more prone to getting heart disease, arthritis, or whatever when passed down through their parents, so some eo le are more rone to become racist. /his shou#d not 4e used as an e> use that ra ism has to persist, 4ut more of a 4etter han e to ure ra ism 4io#ogi a# rather than thin5ing it an on#% 4e done 4% other means.
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Ha !sm 7 Other Co'ntr!es
The Plan Cant sol)e Ha !sm.Other Co'ntr!es #ey 95 E'rope Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
Buro e is often one of the first laces eo le thin) of when racism is discussed. 2rom the institutionali,ed racism, espe ia##% in o#onia# times, when ra ia# 4e#iefs ) even eugeni s ) were not onsidered something wrong, to re ent times where the effects of neo4-a,ism is still felt. 0urope is a omp#e> area with man% u#tures in a re#ative#% sma## area of #and that has seen man% onf#i ts throughout histor%. &+ote that most of these onf#i ts have had trade and resour e a ess at their ore, 4ut nationa# identities have often added fue# to some of these onf#i ts.'
25 A'stral!a Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
Australia has also had a !ery racist ast in which a artheid has been racticed and where indigenous Aboriginal eo le ha!e lost almost all their land and suffered many re(udices . *n the past, the notorious po#i % that #ed to the $to#en Deneration was pra ti ed. /his was the institutiona#i,ed attempt to prevent A4origina# hi#dren &and thus future generations' from 4eing so ia#i,ed into A4origina# u#ture. &/his a#so o urred in various parts of the Ameri as too.' Aborigines are the oorest grou in Australia and suffer from !ery much re!entable diseases. 7or more a4out these issues, %ou an start at these harrowing reports from John 3i#ger a prominent Austra#ian @ourna#ist who has 4een riti a# of man% western po#i ies. /he $%dne% 2000 1#%mpi s a#so 4rought some of Austra#iaGs ra ist past and present to the fore. &1n the positive side, man% parts of Austra#iaGs ri h diversit% in peop#e is s#ow#% he#ping re#ieve pre@udism. "owever, some more traditional and conser!ati!e oliticians are still o enly racist.'
;5 C!ddle east Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
'he situation of :alestine and +srael is also !ery contentious3 B*treme !iews on both sides 4% perhaps a minorit%, 4ut perhaps an inf#uentia# and often vio#ent minorit%, results in racism on both sides.
<5 A"r! a Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
Ahi#e most of the onf#i ts have resour es at their ore, and invo#ve a num4er of nonCAfri an nations and orporations, additiona# fue# is added to the onf#i t 4% stirring up ethni differen es and enti ing hatred. &A#so not that the artificial boundaries im osed in Africa by Buro ean colonialism and im erialism during the di!ide and rule olicies has further e*acerbated this situation and p#a%s an enormous ro#e in the root auses of these onf#i ts ompared to what mainstream media presents.' +n Wimbabwe, there has been increasing racism against the white farmers, due to povert% and #a 5 of #and ownership 4% Afri ans. South Africa until recently suffered from A artheid, which legally segragated the African o ulation from the Buro eans.
?5 Canad!a Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
A re ort from $urviva# *nternationa# about the light of the +nnu eo le in 6anada a#so re!eals how racism can be a factor3 *n the words of the authors, the 9re ort re!eals how racist go!ernment olicies, under the guise of bene!olent N rogress., ha!e cri led the +nnu of eastern 6anada ) a on e se#fCsuffi ient and independent peop#e.= &Ahi#e this report is a4out the pro4#ems of an indigenous peop#e in .anada, it is a ommon stor% throughout histor% for man% peop#es and u#tures. 12E
E,t 9 7 E'rope
E'rope !s the ep! enter o" modern ra !sm Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
+n 9the century of total war;, and the new millenium, Buro e is seeing an alarming resurgence in *eno hobia and racial hatred3 A short review from the *nter 3ress $ervi e high#ights the rise of neoC+a,ism in 2000 in 0urope and suggests that <far from 4eing a fringe a tivit%, ra ism, vio#en e and neoCnationa#ism have 4e ome norma# in some ommunities. /he pro4#ems need to ta 5#ed mu h ear#ier, in s hoo#s and with so ia# programmes.= Bthnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a sca egoat for the ma(ority during times of economic crisis. /hat is one reason wh% +a,ism 4e ame so popu#ar. *n 7ran e, (a% 2002, the su ess of far right po#iti ian Ie 3en in the run for #eadership &though he #ost out in the end' sent a huge sho 5wave throughout 0urope, a4out how eas% it was for far right parties to ome #ose to getting power if there is omp#a en % in the demo rati pro esses and if parti ipation is redu ed. *n various p#a es throughout Aestern 0urope, in 2002, as Amnesty +nternational highlights, there has been a rise in racist attac)s and sentiments against both Arabs and Kews, in light of the increasing hostilities in the $iddle Bast3
12;
E,t ; 7 C!ddle East
Add!t!onally, 9:99 s'per harges C!ddle Eastern ra !sm Anup Shah !e em4er 20, 200> <:a ism= http://www.g#o4a#issues.org/arti #e/165/ra ismU:a ismin0urope
Fith the terri4#e a ts of terrorism ommitted 4% terrorists in Ameri a, on Se tember DD, 2001, there has additionally been an out ouring of !iolent racial hatred by a minority of eo le in Festern countries against peop#e that #oo5 (idd#e 0astern &some who are not (idd#e 0astern, su h as *ndians, have even 4een 4eaten or 5i##ed'. 7urthermore, with the Ameri anC#ed atta 5s in Afghanistan in reta#iation for those terrorist atta 5s, from Bgy t to :a)istan, there ha!e been minorities of eo le who ha!e rotested !iolently in the streets, and also committed racist acts, attac)ing anything that a ears Festern , from Aestern iti,ens, to even -+*.07 and other -+ 4ui#dings. Set, this is more com le* than (ust a clash of religions and race, as dee er an issue is the geo olitical and economic acti!ities of the ast decades and centuries that ha!e fueled these social tensions . /he (idd#e 0ast is definite#% a ver% sensitive issue po#iti a##%.
130
Stop 1ega y CP
CP Te,tE The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld ena t pol! !es that d!s o'rage lega y adm!ss!ons !n !nst!t't!ons o" h!gher ed' at!on5 Well Clar!"y 1ega y pol! !es perpet'ate -h!te el!t!sm and deny so !al mo*!l!ty to m!nor!t!es Dar% !. Gaddy </o fight ra ism, end #ega % admissions= Apr. 16, 200?. /he +ew 14server
http://www.newso4server. om/55;/stor%/56F537.htm# +t is a great idea because it hel s remediate the im act of ast racist olicies that e*cluded African4 Americans from the cam us, e> ept as grounds5eepers, house #eaners and maintenan e wor5ers, thereby hel ing to )ee these oor eo le oor3 2ut a## that past isn8t past us %et3 'he real, the literal racist legacy of -+. is not a historical artifactG it7s a current admissions olicy 3 *n the wor#d of o##ege admissions, #ega ies are the hi#dren and step hi#dren of universit% a#umni, and a J#ega % po#i %J rea##% means a JproC#ega % po#i %,J that is, giving preferen e to #ega ies in admission. Cegacy admissions, by er etuating the im act of ast discrimination, are figurati!ely the ste children of our state7s racist ast3 *n 2005 -+.8s Advisor% .ommittee on -ndergraduate Admissions reviewed thenC urrent pra ti es and Jendorsed the genera# prin ip#e of #ega % admissions.J *n 200F it was reported that -+. reserves a4out E0 spa es for outCofCstate #ega % students. 7or those against ?uotas, here8s a J?uotaJ to 4e against. A pure#% meritC4ased admissions pro ess provides advantage enough for these hi#dren who had the 4enefit of parents who were .aro#ina grads. /his is a rea#, undenia4#e and irrevo a4#e advantage. "aving grown up in edu ated and re#ative#% we##CtoCdo /ar "ee# fami#ies, these #ega ies are #i5e#% to 4e 4etter students. * do not propose that we dis riminate against them. /his is a ase, where we must a 5now#edge that #ife8s not fair and get over it. 2ut we a#so ertain#% don8t need to promote and enhan e su h unfairness. As affirmati!e action for better4off )ids, legacy admissions don7t ha!e much to recommend them as measure for romoting equality or social (ustice CC but they are a good way of getting 4ig donors to ma5e big donations. And that7s one of the main reasons that they sti## e*ist3
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Stop 1ega y CP 7 E,t
1ega y adm!ss!ons perpet'ate the !neD'al!ty that res'lted "rom sla)ery Dar% !. Gaddy </o fight ra ism, end #ega % admissions= Apr. 16, 200?. /he +ew 14server
http://www.newso4server. om/55;/stor%/56F537.htm# 2e ause, e!en in the conte*t of a su osedly non4discriminatory ast, legacy olicies still er etuate the ast inequities3 B!en if Har!ard in D1A0 didn7t discriminate against African4American students &whi h * dou4t is true', sin e most of the African4Americans were being )e t as sla!es and de ri!ed of formal education, not many were e!er admitted3 'his left Har!ard, Yale and other such schools with predominate#% white a#umni and thus predominate#% white legacies3 Cegacy admissions aren7t an issue for non4selecti!e colleges . 0#i,a4eth .it% $tate -niversit% ma% or ma% not have proC#ega % admissions po#i %P it rea##% doesn8t matter 3 $ost a licants can get in anyway. "arvard, Sa#e and 3rin eton do have proC#ega % admissions po#i ies, and the% rea##% do matter. +f you graduate from one of these fine institutes of learning, whether you learn anything or not & f. Deorge A. 2ush, John Terr% or an% Tenned%', you may get to run the country3 $any brighter and harder wor)ing students did not get the same chance, and most no dou4t have su eeded in #ife, but erha s did not ha!e the same o ortunity to succeed at the national le!el3 America is oorer for that .
1ega y pol! !es *ypass a""!rmat!)e a t!on progress (ar%4eth Gasman T Ju#ie Iultaggio, Jan 22, 2001, <3erspe tives: A <Iega %= of :a ia# *n@usti e in
Ameri an "igher 0du ation= http://www.diverseedu ation. om/artman/pu4#ish/arti #eH1051;.shtm# Sa#e has the 2ushes, 2asses and Ahitne%s. "arvard has the Astors, :ooseve#ts and Tenned%s. 'hroughout the history of American higher education, the nationGs most prestigious o##eges and uni!ersities ha!e em loyed legacy olicies that preferen e the hi#dren of privi#eged a#umni. *n fa t, during the ear#% 1;00s, prominent graduates of the o#onia# o##eges, fearing that their sons wou#d 4e disp#a ed in admissions pro esses, for ed the hand of o##ege administrators in m%riad wa%s, su h as threatening to withho#d donations and using their onne tions with universit% higher ups to pu## strings. .onverse#%, a ording to !r. (ar ia $%nnott, the <demand of upward#% mo4i#e sons of Jewish and .atho#i immigrants= for admission to the nationGs e#ite institutions initiated <an institutiona# risis, invo#ving not on#% e>isting #imitations of #assroom spa e and ampus housing, 4ut a#so ?uestions of edu ationa# purpose ) of whom to edu ate and wh%.= +n the D&60s, as ressure toward racial integration intensified, acce tance rates ra idly increased for children of alumni ) in some ases, to as mu h as three times higher than that of the past &!uff% 6 Do#d4erg, 1;;E'. Diven resistan e on the part of histori a##% Ahite institutions to enro##ing 2#a 5 students during the ivi# rights era, legacy olicies may ha!e furnished an e*cuse to re(ect racial minorities without resorting to the ?uotas that had 4een used to e> #ude Jews and .atho#i s ear#ier in the entur% &Dasman, 2007P /he#in, 200F'. As a resu#t, $%nnott writes, olleges became 9citadels of Anglo4Sa*on culture; and de!elo ed e*tensi!e legacy olicies that continue to be used today3 'he primar% onse?uen e, however, #ies in the e> #usion of groups whose parents did not attend e#ite institutions of higher edu ation.
7irst and foremost, it is important to a 5now#edge the 4enefits that institutions gain from #ega % admissions. 3referentia# treatment given to #ega ies 5eeps a#umni happ%, has the potentia# to in rease giving, and an strengthen the e>isting institutiona# u#ture. Denera##% spea5ing, most o##eges and universities aim to have satisfied, generous graduates. "owever, as !r. Jerome Tara4e# argues in his 2005 4oo5 /he .hosen: /he "idden "istor% of Admission and 0> #usion at "arvard, Sa#e and 3rin eton, advo ating for #ega % preferen es with the goa# of in reasing a#umni donations is 4e oming #ess persuasive as endowments soar over N20 4i##ion. Ii5ewise, whi#e man% o##eges and universities #ong for an institutiona# u#ture rooted in histor% and tradition, when that u#ture is 4ui#t on a tradition of e> #usion, perhaps it shou#d 4e hanged. /his ?uote from $%nnott &1;7;' i##ustrates the issue: Tnowing pre ise#% what the% wanted, the prep s hoo# rowd reated o##egiate #ife. 7or the most part, the% shunned honor grades in order to devote themse#ves to e>tra urri u#ar a tivities: editorships, managerships, and ath#eti ompetitions. And not on#% were the% pa%ing ustomers, 4ut the% ou#d usua##% 4e ounted on to ontri4ute generous#% 4oth their time and mone% to a#umni a tivities and fundCraising ampaigns &the e>pe tation of future support was #ess ertain from students from #ower in ome fami#ies'. 2e ause #ega % admits are t%pi a##% wea#th%, Ahite, fourthCgeneration o##ege students, the% offer ver% #itt#e to o##eges and universities in terms of ra ia# and ethni diversit%. *n fa t, over ;0 per ent of #ega % admits are Ahite 3rotestants, espe ia##% at high#%Cse#e tive institutions &!uff% 6 Do#d4erg, 1;;EP Do#den, 2006P "owe## 6 /urner, 200FP Iarew, 1;;1'. /hus, legacy admits ultimately
reinforce the <highCin ome/highCedu ation/white rofile= &2owen et a#. 2005' of elite institutions and systematically re roduce a culture of racial and economic ri!ilege.
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War !s 1!#ely
Great po-er -ars are not o*solete and are st!ll on the ta*le
3rofessor John J. $earsheimer &1;;EC;; Ahitne% ". $hepardson 7e##ow, .oun i# on 7oreign :e#ationsP :. Aende## "arrison !istinguished $ervi e 3rofessor of 3o#iti a# $ ien e, -niversit% of .hi ago' .7: 7e4ruar% 25, 1; && http://www. iaonet.org/ onf/ fr10/inde>.htm# +ow * thin5 the entra# #aim thatGs on the ta4#e is wrongCheaded, and #et me te## %ou wh%. 7irst of a##, there are a number of good reasons why great owers in the system will thin) seriously about going to war in the future , and *G## give %ou three of them and tr% and i##ustrate some ases. 7irst, states oftentimes com ete for economic resources. *s it hard to imagine a situation where a re onstituted :ussia gets into a war with the -nited $tates and the 3ersian Du#f over Du#f oi#M * donGt thin5 thatGs imp#ausi4#e. *s it hard to imagine Japan and .hina getting into a war in the $outh .hina $ea over e onomi resour esM * donGt find that hard to imagine. A second reason that states go to war whi h, of ourse, is dear to the heart of rea#ists #i5e me, and thatGs to enhance their security. /a5e the -nited $tates out of 0urope, put the Dermans on their ownP %ou got the Dermans on one side and the :ussians on the other, and in 4etween a huge 4uffer ,one a##ed eastern or entra# 0urope. .a## it what %ou want. *s it impossi4#e to imagine the :ussians and the Dermans getting into a fight over ontro# of that va uumM "igh#% #i5e#%, no, 4ut feasi4#e, for sure. *s it hard to imagine Japan and .hina getting into a war over the $outh .hina $ea, not for resour e reasons 4ut 4e ause Japanese seaC#ines of ommuni ation run through there and a huge .hinese nav% ma% threaten itM * donGt thin5 itGs impossi4#e to imagine that. Fhat about nationalism, a third reasonM .hina, fighting in the -nited $tates over /aiwanM Sou thin5 thatGs impossi4#eM * donGt thin5 thatGs impossi4#e. 'hat.s a scenario that ma)es me !ery ner!ous3 * an figure out a## sorts of wa%s, none of whi h are high#% #i5e#%, that the .hinese and the Ameri ans end up shooting at ea h other. *t doesnGt ne essari#% have to 4e Aor#d Aar ***, 4ut it is greatCpower war. .hinese and :ussians fighting ea h other over $i4eriaM As man% of %ou 5now, there are huge num4ers of .hinese going into $i4eria. Sou start mi>ing ethni popu#ations in most areas of the wor#d outside the -nited $tates and itGs usua##% a pres ription for 4ig trou4#e. Again, not high#% #i5e#%, 4ut possi4#e. + could go on and on, ositing a lot of scenarios where great owers ha!e good reasons to go to war against other great owers3
Candle*a'm "lo-s neg 7 he on edes that great po-er -ar !s st!ll l!#ely -!th H'ss!a and Ch!na
(i hae# $andelbaum, Ameri an foreign po#i % professor at the +it,e $ hoo# of Advan ed *nternationa# $tudies at Johns "op5ins -niversit%, 1;&& <*s (a@or Aar 14so#eteM=, http://www. iaonet.org/ onf/ fr10/ +ow ha!ing made the case for the obsolescence of modern war, + must note that there are two ma(or question mar)s hanging o!er itJ "ussia and 6hina. 'hese are great owers ca able of initiating and waging ma(or wars, and in these two ountries, the for es of war#essness that * have identified are far #ess powerfu# and pervasive than the% are in the industria# Aest and in Japan. 'hese are countries, in olitical terms, in transition, and the olitical forms and olitical culture they e!entually will ha!e is unclear3 $oreo!er, each harbors within its olitics a otential cause of war that goes with the grain of the postC.o#d Aar periodCwith it, not against itCa cause of war that en(oys a certain legitimacy e!en nowG name#%, irredentism. Far to reclaim lost or stolen territory has not been rendered obsolete in the way that the more traditional causes ha!e. .hina 4e#ieves that /aiwan proper#% 4e#ongs to it. :ussia ou#d ome to 4e#ieve this a4out -5raine, whi h means that the /aiwan $trait and the :ussianC-5rainian 4order are the most dangerous spots on the p#anet, the p#a es where Aor#d Aar *** ou#d 4egin.
133
War not 1!#ely
%' lear deterren e pre)ents great po-er

D John +)enberry A#4ert D. (i#4an5 3rofessor of 3o#iti s and *nternationa# Affairs at 3rin eton -niversit% </he :ise of .hina and the 7uture of the Aest= 7oreign Affairs Januar%/7e4ruar% 2001 http://www.foreignaffairs.org/200E0101faessa%E7102/gC@ohnCi5en4err%/theCriseCofC hinaCandCtheCfutureCofCtheCwest.htm# 'he most im ortant benefit of these features today is that they gi!e the Festern order a remar)able ca acity to accommodate rising owers. +ew entrants into the s%stem have wa%s of gaining status and authorit% and opportunities to p#a% a ro#e in governing the order. 'he fact that the 8nited States, 6hina, and other great owers ha!e nuclear wea ons a#so limits the ability of a rising ower to o!erturn the e*isting order3 +n the age of nuclear deterrence, great4 ower war is, than5fu##%, no longer a mechanism of histori a# change3 Far4dri!en change has been abolished as a historical rocess.
The !nternat!onal system pre)ents -ar.e onom! , m!l!tary, and !deolog! al trends ha)e hanged5 .hristopher 2ettweiss, Apri# prof se urit% studies Q nava# war o##ege, .omparative $trateg% 22.2 Apri# 2005 p
10;C12; (a 5inder an 4e forgiven for fai#ing to anti ipate the titani hanges in the fundamenta# nature of the internationa# s%stem mu h more readi#% than an his su essors. *ndeed, (a 5inder and his ontemporaries a entur% ago wou#d hard#% re ogni,e the ru#es 4% whi h the world is run today)most signifi ant#%, un#i5e their era, ours is one in which the danger of ma(or war has been remo!ed, where Aor#d Aar *** is, in (i hae# (ande#4aumGs words, <somewhere 4etween impossi4#e and un#i5e#%.=25 Deopo#iti a# and geoCstrategi ana#%sis has not %et ome to terms with what ma% 4e the entra#, most signifi ant trend of internationa# po#iti s: great ower war, ma(or war of the )ind that it the strongest states against each other, is now obsolete.26 John (ue##er has 4een the most visi4#e, 4ut 4% no means the on#%, ana#%st arguing that the han es of a Aor#d Aar *** emerging in the ne>t entur% are ne>t to ni#.27 (ue##er and his ontemporaries ite three ma@or arguments supporting this revo#utionar%, and #ear#% ontroversia#, #aim. 7irst, and most o4vious#%, modern military technology has made ma(or war too e* ensi!e to contem late. As John Teegan has argued, it is hard to see how nu #ear war ou#d 4e onsidered <an e>tension of po#iti s 4% other means=)at the ver% #east, nu #ear weapons remove the possi4i#it% of vi tor% from the a# u#ations of the wou#dC4e aggressor.2E /heir va#ue as #everage in dip#oma % has not 4een dramati , at #east in the #ast few de ades, 4e ause nu #ear threats are not redi4#e in the 5ind of disagreements that arise 4etween modern great powers. +t is unli)ely that a game of nuclear 9chic)en; would lead to the outbrea) of a ma(or war3 1thers have argued that, whi#e nu #ear weapons sure#% ma5e war an irrationa# e>er ise, the destru tive power of modern onventiona# weapons ma5e toda%Gs great powers sh% awa% from dire t onf#i t.2; /he wor#d wars dramati a##% reinfor ed Ange##Gs warnings, and toda% no one is eager to repeat those e>perien es, espe ia##% now that the asua#t% #eve#s among 4oth so#diers and ivi#ians wou#d 4e even higher. Second, the shift from the industrial to the information age that seems to be gradually occurring in many ad!anced societies has been accom anied by a new definition of ower, and a new system of incenti!es which all but remo!e the ossibility that ma(or war could e!er be a cost4efficient e*ercise . /he rapid e onomi evo#ution that is sweeping mu h of the wor#d, en apsu#ated in the <g#o4a#i,ation= metaphor so fashiona4#e in the media and 4usiness ommunities, has 4een a ompanied 4% an evo#ution in the wa% nationa# wea#th is a umu#ated.30 7or mi##ennia, territor% was the main o4@e t of war 4e ause it was dire t#% re#ated to nationa# prestige and power. As ear#% as 1;E6 :i hard :ose ran e re ogni,ed that <two wor#ds of internationa# re#ations= were emerging, divided over the ?uestion of the uti#it% of territoria# on?uest.31 /he intervening %ears have served on#% to strengthen the argument that the ma@or industria# powers, ?uite un#i5e their #essCdeve#oped neigh4ors, seem to have rea hed the revo#utionar% on #usion that territor% is not dire t#% re#ated to their nationa# wea#th and prestige. 7or these states, wea#th and power are more #i5e#% to derive from an in rease in e onomi , rather than mi#itar%, rea h. +ationa# wea#th and prestige, and therefore power, are no #onger dire t#% re#ated to territoria# ontro#.32 'he economic incenti!es for war are therefore not as clear as they once may ha!e been3 *n reasing#%, it seems that the most powerfu# states pursue prosperit% rather than power. *n 0dward Iuttwa5Gs termino#og%, geopo#iti s is s#ow#% 4eing rep#a ed 4% <geoe onomi s,= where <the methods of ommer e are disp#a ing mi#itar% methods)with disposa4#e apita# in #ieu of firepower, ivi#ian innovation in #ieu of mi#itar%Qte hni a# U6ontinued H -o 'e*t "emo!edR 13F

U6ontinued H -o 'e*t "emo!edR advan ement, and mar5et penetration in #ieu of garrisons and 4ases.=33 Just as advan es in weaponr% have in reased the ost of fighting, a so ioe onomi evo#ution has redu ed the rewards that a ma@or war ou#d possi4#% 4ring. Ange##Gs ma@or error was one that has 4een repeated over and over again in the so ia# s ien es ever sin e)he overestimated the <rationa#it%= of humanit%. Ange## re ogni,ed ear#ier than most that the industria#i,ation of mi#itar% te hno#og% and e onomi interdependen e assured that the osts of a 0uropean war wou#d ertain#% outweigh an% potentia# 4enefits, 4ut he was not a4#e to onvin e his ontemporaries who were not read% to give up the institution of war. /he idea of war was sti## appea#ing)the normative ost/4enefit ana#%sis sti## ti#ted in the favor of fighting, and that proved to 4e the more important fa tor. /oda%, there is reason to 4e#ieve that this normative a# u#ation ma% have hanged. After the war, Ange## noted that the on#% things that ou#d have prevented the war were <surrendering of ertain dominations, a re asting of patrioti idea#s, a revo#ution of ideas.=3F /he third and fina# argument of Ange##Gs su essors is that toda% su h a revo#ution of ideas has o urred, that a normative evo#ution has aused a shift in the ru#es that govern state intera tion. /he revo#utionar% potentia# of ideas shou#d not 4e underestimated. 2e#iefs, ideo#ogies, and ideas are often, as !ah# notes, <a ma@or independent varia4#e,= whi h we ignore at our peri#.35 <*deas,= added John (ue##er, are ver% often for es themse#ves, not f#otsam on the tide of 4roader so ia# or e onomi patterns . . . it does not seem wise in this area to ignore phenomena that annot 4e easi#% measured, treated with risp pre ision, or pro4ed with dedu tive pana he.36 /he heart of this argument is the <moral rogress= that has 9brought a change in attitudes about international war; among the great owers of the world,37 creating for the first time, <an almost uni!ersal sense that the deliberate launching of a war can no longer be (ustified.=3E At times #eaders of the past were ompe##ed 4% the masses to defend the nationa# honor, 4ut toda% popu#ar pressures push for pea efu# reso#utions to disputes 4etween industria#i,ed states. 'his normati!e shift has rendered war between great owers 9subrationally unthin)able,= removed from the set of options for po#i % ma5ers, @ust as due#ing is no #onger a part of the set of options for the same #asses for whi h it was on e entra# to the on ept of mas u#init% and honor. As (ue##er e>p#ained, !ue#ing, a form of vio#en e famed and fa4#ed for enturies, is avoided not mere#% 4e ause it has eased to seem One essar%G, 4ut 4e ause it has sun5 from thought as a via4#e, ons ious possi4i#it%. Sou anGt fight a due# if the idea of doing so never o urs to %ou or %our opponent.3; 2% e>tension, states annot fight wars if doing so does not o ur to them or to their opponent. As Ange## dis overed, the fa t that ma@or war was futi#e was not enough to 4ring a4out its end)peop#e had to 4e#ieve that it was futi#e. Ange##Gs su essors suggest that su h a 4e#ief now e>ists in the industria# &and postindustria#' states of the wor#d, and this <autonomous power of ideas,= to 4orrow 7ran is 7u5u%amaGs term, has 4rought a4out the end of ma@or, great power war.F0
135
War %ot 1!#ely
Ca(or -ar !s o*solete 7 n' lear -eapons and r!s!ng ost he # aggress!on
(i hae# $andelbaum, Ameri an foreign po#i % professor at the +it,e $ hoo# of Advan ed *nternationa# $tudies at Johns "op5ins -niversit%, 1;&& <*s (a@or Aar 14so#eteM=, http://www. iaonet.org/ onf/ fr10/ (% argument sa%s, ta it#%, that whi#e this point of view, whi h was wide#% 4e#ieved 100 %ears ago, was not true then, there are reasons to thin5 that it is true now. Ahat is that argumentM *t is that ma(or war is obsolete3 2% ma@or war, * mean war waged 4% the most powerfu# mem4ers of the internationa# s%stem, using a## of their resour es over a protra ted period of time with revo#utionar% geopo#iti a# onse?uen es. /here have 4een four su h wars in the modern period: the wars of the 7ren h :evo#ution, Aor#d Aar *, Aor#d Aar **, and the .o#d Aar. 7ew though the% have 4een,their onse?uen es have 4een monumenta#. /he% are, 4% far, the most inf#uentia# events in modern histor%. (odern histor% whi h an, in fa t, 4e seen as a series of aftersho 5s to these four earth?ua5es. $o if * am right, then what has 4een the motor of po#iti a# histor% for the #ast two enturies that has 4een turned offM /his war, * argue, this 5ind of war, is o4so#eteP #ess than impossi4#e, 4ut more than un#i5e#%. Ahat do * mean 4% o4so#eteM *f * ma% ?uote from the arti #e on whi h this presentation is 4ased, a op% of whi h %ou re eived when oming in, < (a@or war is o4so#ete in a wa% that st%#es of dress are o4so#ete3 +t is something that is out of fashion and, while it could be re!i!ed, there is no resent demand for it3 (a@or war is o4so#ete in the wa% that s#aver%, due#ing, or footC4inding are o4so#ete. *t is a so ia# pra ti e that was on e onsidered norma#, usefu#, even desira4#e, 4ut that now seems odious. *t is o4so#ete in the wa% that the entra# p#anning of e onomi a tivit% is o4so#ete. *t is a pra ti e on e regarded as a p#ausi4#e, indeed a superior, wa% of a hieving a so ia##% desira4#e goa#, 4ut that hanging onditions have made ineffe tive at 4est, ounterprodu tive at worst.= Ah% is this soM (ost simp#%, the costs ha!e risen and the benefits of ma(or war ha!e shri!eled3 'he costs of fighting such a war are e*tremely high because of the ad!ent in the middle of this century of nuclear wea ons, but they would ha!e been high e!en had man)ind ne!er s lit the atom. As for the benefits, these now seem, at #east from the point of view of the ma@or powers, modest to non4e*istent. /he traditiona# motives for warfare are in retreat, if not e>tin t. Aar is no #onger regarded 4% an%one, pro4a4#% not even $addam "ussein after his unhapp% e>perien e, as a pa%ing proposition. And as for the ideas on 4eha#f of whi h ma@or wars have 4een waged in the past, these are in steep de #ine. "ere the o##apse of ommunism was an important mi#estone, for that ideo#og% was inherent#% 4e##i ose. /his is not to sa% that the wor#d has rea hed the end of ideo#og%P ?uite the ontrar%. 2ut the ideo#og% that is now in the as endant, our own, #i4era#ism, tends to 4e pa ifi . (oreover, * wou#d argue that three ost46old Far de!elo ments ha!e made ma(or war e!en less li)ely than it was after 1;F5. 1ne of these is the rise of democracy, for democracies, * 4e#ieve, tend to be eaceful. +ow arried to its most e>treme on #usion, this eventuates in an argument made 4% some prominent po#iti a# s ientists that demo ra ies never go to war with one another. * wou#dnGt go that far. * donGt 4e#ieve that this is a #aw of histor%, #i5e a #aw of nature, 4e ause * 4e#ieve there are no su h #aws of histor%. 2ut * do 4e#ieve there is something in it. * 4e#ieve there is a pea efu# tenden % inherent in demo ra %. +ow itGs true that one important ause of war has not hanged with the end of the .o#d Aar. /hat is the stru ture of the internationa# s%stem, whi h is anar hi . And rea#ists, to whom 7areed has referred and of whom John (earsheimer and our guest Ten Aa#t, are perhaps the two most #eading e>ponents in this ountr% and the wor#d at the moment, argue that that stru ture determines internationa# a tivit%, for it #eads sovereign states to have to prepare to defend themse#ves, and those preparations sooner or #ater issue in war. * argue, however, that a postC.o#d Aar innovation ountera ts the effe ts of anar h%. /his is what * have a##ed in m% 1;;6 4oo5, /he !awn of 3ea e in 0urope, ommon se urit%. 2% ommon se urit% * mean a regime of negotiated arms limits that reduce the insecurity that anarchy ine!itably roduces by trans arency4e!ery state can )now what wea ons e!ery other state has and what it is doing with themCand through the prin ip#e of defense dominan e, the re onfiguration through negotiations of mi#itar% for es to ma)e them more suitable for defense and less for attac)3 $ome aveats are, indeed, in order where ommon se urit% is on erned. *tGs not universa#. *t e>ists on#% in 0urope. And there it is ertain#% not irreversi4#e. And * shou#d add that what * have a##ed ommon se urit% is not a ause, 4ut a onse?uen e, of the ma@or for es that have made war #ess #i5e#%. States enter into common security arrangements when they ha!e already, for other reasons, decided that they do not wish to go to war3 Ae##, the third feature of the postC.o#d Aar internationa# s%stem that seems to me to #end itse#f to war#essness is the nove# distin tion 4etween the peripher% and the ore, 4etween the powerfu# states and the #ess powerfu# ones. /his was previous#% a ause of onf#i t and now is far #ess important. /o ?uote from the arti #e again, < Ahi#e for mu h of re orded histor% #o a# onf#i ts were a4sor4ed into greatCpower onf#i ts, in the wa5e of the .o#d Aar, with the industria# demo ra ies de4e##i ised and :ussia and .hina preo upied with interna# affairs, there is no greatCpower onf#i t into whi h the man% #o a# onf#i ts that have erupted an 4e a4sor4ed. 136
Con#ey Thro-!ng Darts
Pol!t! al pred! t!ons are less dependa*le than mon#eys thro-!ng darts
Iouis $enand 200A 3h! .o#om4ia and :o4ert (. and Anne /. 2ass 3rofessor of 0ng#ish and Ameri an Iiterature and Ianguage at "arvard -niversit%., /he +ew Sor5er, 12C05C 2005, http://www.new%or5er. om/ riti s/ on...205 r4oH4oo5s1 *t is the somewhat gratif%ing #esson of 3hi#ip /et#o 5Gs new 4oo5, <0>pert 3o#iti a# Judgment: "ow Dood *s *tM "ow .an Ae TnowM= &3rin etonP N35', that eo le who ma)e rediction their business)peop#e who appear as e>perts on te#evision, get ?uoted in newspaper arti #es, advise governments and 4usinesses, and parti ipate in punditr% roundta4#es)are no better than the rest of us3 Fhen they.re wrong, the%Gre rare#% he#d a ounta4#e, and they rarely admit it, either. /he% insist that the% were @ust off on timing, or 4#indsided 4% an impro4a4#e event, or a#most right, or wrong for the right reasons. /he% have the same repertoire of se#fC@ustifi ations that ever%one has, and are no more in #ined than an%one e#se to revise their 4e#iefs a4out the wa% the wor#d wor5s, or ought to wor5, @ust 4e ause the% made a mista5e. +o one is pa%ing %ou for %our gratuitous opinions a4out other peop#e, 4ut the e>perts are 4eing paid, and /et#o 5 #aims that the 4etter 5nown and more fre?uent#% ?uoted the% are, the #ess re#ia4#e their guesses a4out the future are #i5e#% to 4e. /he a ura % of an e>pertGs predi tions a tua##% has an inverse re#ationship to his or her se#fC onfiden e, renown, and, 4e%ond a ertain point, depth of 5now#edge. 3eop#e who fo##ow urrent events 4% reading the papers and newsmaga,ines regu#ar#% an guess what is #i5e#% to happen a4out as a urate#% as the spe ia#ists whom the papers ?uote.1ur s%stem of e>pertise is omp#ete#% inside out: it rewards 4ad @udgments over good ones. <0>pert 3o#iti a# Judgment= is not a wor5 of media riti ism. 'etloc) is a sychologist#he teaches at /er)eley #and his conclusions are based on a long4term study that he began twenty years ago3 "e pi 5ed two hundred and eight%Cfour peop#e who made their #iving < ommenting or offering advi e on po#iti a# and e onomi trends,= and he started as5ing them to assess the pro4a4i#it% that various things wou#d or wou#d not ome to pass, 4oth in the areas of the wor#d in whi h the% spe ia#i,ed and in areas a4out whi h the% were not e>pert. Aou#d there 4e a nonvio#ent end to apartheid in $outh Afri aM Aou#d Dor4a hev 4e ousted in a oupM Aou#d the -nited $tates go to war in the 3ersian Du#fM Aou#d .anada disintegrateM &(an% e>perts 4e#ieved that it wou#d, on the ground that Xue4e wou#d su eed in se eding.' And so on. 2% the end of the stud%, in 2003, the e>perts had made E2,361 fore asts. /et#o 5 a#so as5ed ?uestions designed to determine how the% rea hed their @udgments, how the% rea ted when their predi tions proved to 4e wrong, how the% eva#uated new information that did not support their views, and how the% assessed the pro4a4i#it% that riva# theories and predi tions were a urate. /et#o 5 got a statisti a# hand#e on his tas5 4% putting most of the fore asting ?uestions into a <three possi4#e futures= form. /he respondents were as5ed to rate the pro4a4i#it% of three a#ternative out omes: the persisten e of the status ?uo, more of something &po#iti a# freedom, e onomi growth', or #ess of something &repression, re ession'. And he measured his e>perts on two dimensions: how good the% were at guessing pro4a4i#ities &did a## the things the% said had an > per ent han e of happening happen > per ent of the timeM', and how a urate the% were at predi ting spe ifi out omes. 'he results were unim ressi!e. 1n the first s a#e, the e* erts erformed worse than they would ha!e if they had sim ly assigned an equal robability to all three outcomes )if the% had given ea h possi4#e future a thirt%CthreeCperC ent han e of o urring. Human beings who s end their li!es studying the state of the world, in other words, are oorer forecasters than dart4throwing mon)eys , who wou#d have distri4uted their pi 5s even#% over the three hoi es.
137
%' War E,t!n t!on

E)en a reg!onal n' lear -ar -o'ld destroy all l!"e on Earth 7 oFone loss and 48 rays pro)e Da4rie# Gache, $ ien e +ews 0ditor for $oftpedia, an on#ine s ien e and te hno#og% news resour e Eth of Apri# 2001
http://news.softpedia. om/news/:egiona#C+u #earCAarCAou#dC!estro%CtheCAor#dCE2760.shtm# Global or not, a nuclear war would )ill us all3 And if nuclear wea ons didn7t do the (ob, then the Sun would. A ording to re ent studies, a regional global war would cause the o,one layer of the Barth to be destroyed in as little as a decade, all li!ing beings being at the mercy of the Sun7s ultra!iolet rays . -#travio#et #ight has the a4i#it% to a#ter the human !+A, 4ut other organisms ma% 4e at ris5 as we##. D00 Hiroshima4si,ed bombs would be enough to determine substantial changes in Barth7s atmos here. /a5e *ndia and 3a5istan for e>amp#eP 4oth have a nu #ear arsena# of
a4out 50 nu #ear warheads 4earing 15 5i#otons of e>p#osive materia#. *n ase the disagreements 4etween the two ountries rea h ver% high #eve#s as to ma5e use of their entire nu #ear arsena#, g#o4a# disaster is soon to fo##ow. J/he figure of 100 "iroshimaCsi,ed 4om4s ompares prett% a urate#% to the appro>imate#% 110 warheads that 4oth states reported#% possess 4etween them,J sa%s professor of nonCpro#iferation and internationa# se urit% in the Aar $tudies Droup at Ting8s .o##ege, A%n 2owen. (i hae# (i##s of the -niversit% of .o#orado at 2ou#der, -$, and o##eagues used omputer mode#s to stud% how 100 "iroshimaCsi,ed 4om4s wou#d affe t the atmosphere. (i hae# (i##s from the -niversit% of .o#orado re 5ons that su h a nu #ear war in $outh
Asia wou#d de a% a4out F0 per ent of the o,one #a%er in the midd#e #atitudes and 70 per ent in the high #atitudes of the northern hemisphere. J/he mode#s show this magnitude of o,one loss would ersist for fi!e years, and we would see substantial losses continuing for at least another fi!e years,J sa%s (i##s.
(i##s e>tra ted his resu#ts from omputer mode#s. 3revious mode#s were reated during the 1;E0s, however those investigations revea#ed that impa t of the nu #ear detonations wou#d 4e mu h more moderate. /his might 4e 4e ause the o#d mode#s do not ta5e into onsideration the o#umns of soot rising at a#titudes of E0 5i#ometers into 0arth8s atmosphere, as (i##s onsiders. 1n e the soot is re#eased into the upper atmosphere, it wou#d 4#o 5 and a4sor4 most of the so#ar energ%, thus determining a heating of the surrounding atmosphere, pro ess that fa i#itates the rea tion 4etween nitrogen o>ides and o,one. 8ltra!iolet rays influ*,
caused by the decay of the o,one layer, would increase by 2D5 ercent, causing D-A damage, s)in cancers and cataract in most 4 if not all 4 li!ing beings3 A#ternative#%, p#ants wou#d suffer damage twi e, as the urrent due to u#travio#et #ight. J2% adopting the (ontrea# 3roto o# in 1;E7, so iet% demonstrated it was unwi##ing to to#erate a sma## per entage of o,one #oss 4e ause of serious hea#th ris5s. 2ut o,one #oss from a #imited nu #ear e> hange wou#d 4e more than an order of magnitude #arger than o,one #oss from the re#ease of gases #i5e .7.s,J sa%s oCauthor of the stud% 2rian /oon. J/his stud% is ver% onservative in its estimates. +t should ring alarm bells to remind us all that nuclear war can destroy our world far faster than carbon dio*ide emissions,J sa%s !an 3#es h, of the .entre for *nternationa# $tudies and !ip#oma % at the$ hoo# of 1rienta# and Afri an $tudies, -T, a#though he notes that no one 5nows how #i5e#% a nu #ear e> hange is.
13E
%' lear War OFone /mpa t

%' lear -ar destroys the oFone 7 only o'r e)!den e ass'me stratospher! pl'me r!se (i hae# J3 $ills et al CC Iaboratory for Atmos heric and S ace :hysics and De artment of Atmos heric and Oceanic Sciences, 8ni!ersity of 6olorado, 2ebruary ?, 2001 <$assi!e global o,one loss redicted following regional nuclear conflict;
http://www.pnas.org/ ontent/105/1F/5307.a4stra t Fe use a chemistry4climate model and new estimates of smo)e roduced by fires in contem orary cities to calculate the im act on stratos heric o,one of a regional nuclear war between deve#oping nu #ear states in!ol!ing D00 "iroshimaCsi,e bombs e* loded in ities in the northern su4tropi s. Fe find column o,one losses in e*cess of 20L globally, 25QF5Z at mid#atitudes, and 50Q70Z at northern high #atitudes persisting for 5 %ears, with su4stantia# #osses ontinuing for 5 additiona# %ears. .o#umn o,one amounts remain near or e220 !o4son units at a## #atitudes even after three %ears, onstituting an e>tratropi a# <o,one ho#e 3; 'he resulting increases in 8I radiation could im act the biota significantl%, in #uding serious onse?uen es for human hea#th. /he primar% ause for the dramati and persistent o,one dep#etion is heating of the stratosphere 4% smo5e, whi h strong#% a4sor4s so#ar radiation. 'he smo)e4laden air rises to the u er stratos here, where remova# me hanisms are s#ow, so that much of the stratos here is ultimately heated by the locali,ed smo)e in(ections . "igher stratospheri temperatures a e#erate ata#%ti rea tion % #es, parti u#ar#% those of oddCnitrogen, whi h destro% o,one. *n addition, the strong onve tion reated 4% rising smo5e p#umes a#ters the stratospheri ir u#ation, redistri4uting o,one and the sour es of o,oneCdep#eting gases, in #uding +21 and h#orof#uoro ar4ons3 'he o,one losses redicted here are significantly greater than re!ious 9nuclear winter%8I s ring; calculations, which did not adequately re resent stratos heric lume rise3 Our results oint to re!iously unrecogni,ed mechanisms for stratos heric o,one de letion .
OFone deplet!on a'ses e,t!n t!on Green eace, 1;&A. <7u## of "omes: /he (ontrea# 3roto o# and the .ontinuing !estru tion of the 1,one
Ia%er,= http://ar hive.greenpea e.org/o,one/ho#es/ho#e4g.htm#. Ahen hemists $herwood :ow#and and (ario (o#ina first postu#ated a #in5 4etween h#orof#uoro ar4ons and o,one #a%er dep#etion in 1;7F, the news was greeted with s epti ism, 4ut ta5en serious#% nonethe#ess. 'he !ast ma(ority of credible scientists ha!e since confirmed this hy othesis3 'he o,one layer around the Barth shields us all from harmful ultra!iolet radiation from the sun. Fithout the o,one layer, life on earth would not e*ist3 B* osure to increased le!els of ultra!iolet radiation can cause cataracts, s)in cancer, and immune system su ression in humans as well as innumerable effects on other li!ing systems . /his is wh% :ow#and8s and (o#ina8s theor% was ta5en so serious#%, so ?ui 5#% C the sta)es are literally the continuation of life on earth3
13;
Cagn!t'de N Pro*a*!l!ty
%at!onal leaders m'st address large !mpa ts no matter ho- small the pro*a*!l!ty !s
3eter Weihan, e>pert on internationa# re#ations and Asianf 3o#iti s, Bi e 3resident of g#o4a# ana#%sis for $tratfor Apri# 23, 2001 2ear is a owerful moti!ator, e!en getting results when the threat is e*ceedingly remote. *t ma5es us ross at rosswa#5s even when traffi is thin, pa% more over time for fire insuran e than our homes are worth, and sh% awa% from sna5es even when signs #ear#% inform us the% are not poisonous. "umans instin tive#% ta5e steps to prevent negative out omes, oftentimes regard#ess of how #i5e#% ) or more to the point, un#i5e#% ) those unp#easant out omes are. As with indi!iduals, the same is true for countries3 Anyone can blithely say .u4a or Serbia would not dare ignore the will of their more owerful neighbors, or that 2ra,i#Gs or Bgy t.s nuclear rograms are so inconsequential as not to impa t the internationa# 4a#an e of power3 /ut such o inions # e!en if they truly are near4certainties # cannot form the foundation of state ower. -ational leaders do not ha!e the lu*ury of ignoring the lethora of coulds, mights and maybes that e er their radar screens e!ery day3 An ana#%st an dismiss a dar5 possi4i#it% as du4ious, 4ut a national leader cannot gamble with the li!es of his countrymen and the e*istence of his state3 'hey must e!aluate e!en im robable threats against the otential damage to their res ecti!e national interests3
1F0
%' lear War O't-e!ghs E)eryth!ng

%' lear -ar and e,t!n t!on o't-e!ghs all !mpa ts 7 a "ra t!on o" !n"!n!ty !s st!ll !n"!n!ty Jonathan Schell, 7ate of the 0arth, pp. ;3C;6 1;12 1n the other hand, if we wish to ignore the eril, we ha!e to admit that we do so in the )nowledge that the s ecies may be in danger of imminent self4destruction. Ahen the e>isten e of nu #ear weapons was made 5nown, thoughtfu# peop#e ever%where in the wor#d rea#i,ed that if the great powers entered into a nu #earCarms ra e the human spe ies wou#d sooner or #ater fa e the possi4i#it% of e>tin tion. /he% a#so rea#i,ed that in the a4sen e of internationa# agreements preventing it an arms ra e wou#d pro4a4#% o ur. /he% 5new that the path of nu #ear armament was a dead end for man5ind. /he dis over% of the energ% in mass Q of Jthe 4asi power of the universeJ Q and of a means 4% whi h man ou#d re#ease that energ% a#tered the re#ationship 4etween man and the sour e of his #ife, the earth. *n the shadow of this power, the earth 4e ame sma## and the #ife of the human spe ies dou4tfu#. *n that sense, the ?uestion of human e>tin tion has 4een on the po#iti a# agenda of the wor#d ever sin e the first nu #ear weapon was detonated, and there was no need for the wor#d to 4ui#d up its present tremendous arsena#s 4efore starting to worr% a4out it. At @ust what point the spe ies rossed, or wi## have rossed, the 4oundar% 4etween mere#% having the te hni a# 5now#edge to destro% itse#f and a tua##% having the arsena#s at hand, read% to 4e used at an% se ond, is not pre ise#% 5nowa4#e. 2ut it is #ear that at present, with some twent% thousand megatons of nu #ear e>p#osive power in e>isten e, and with more 4eing added ever% da%, we have entered into the ,one of un ertaint%, whi h is to sa% the ,one of ris5 of e>tin tion. 2ut the mere ris) of e*tinction has a significance that is categorically different from, and immeasurably greater than that of any other ris) and as we ma)e our decisions we ha!e to ta)e that significance into account3 -p to now, ever% ris5 has 4een ontained within the framewor5 of #ifeP e>tin tion wou#d shatter the frame3 +t re resents not the defeat of some ur ose but an abyss in which all human ur ose would be drowned for all time3 Ae have no right to p#a e the possi4i#it% of this #imit#ess, eterna# defeat on the same footing as ris5 that we run in the ordinar% ondu t of our affairs in our parti u#ar transient moment of human histor%. /o emp#o% a mathemati ian8s ana#og%, we an sa% that although the ris) of e*tinction may be fractional, the sta)e is, humanly s ea)ing, infinite, and a fraction of infinity is still infinity3 *n other words, once we learn that a holocaust might lead to e*tinction we ha!e no right to gamble, because if we lose, the game will be o!er, and neither we nor anyone else will e!er get another chance3 /herefore, a#though, s ientifi a##% spea5ing, there is a## the differen e in the wor#d 4etween the mere possi4i#it% that a ho#o aust wi## 4ring a4out e>tin tion and the ertaint% of it, mora##% the% are the same, and we ha!e no choice but to address the issue of nuclear wea ons as though we )new for a certainty that their use would ut an end to our s ecies3 *n weighing the fate of the earth and, with it, our own fate, we stand 4efore a m%ster%, and in tampering with the earth we tamper with a m%ster%. Ae are in deep ignoran e. 1ur ignoran e shou#d dispose us to wonder, our wonder shou#d ma5e us hum4#e, our humi#it% shou#d inspire us to reveren e and aution, and our reveren e and aution shou#d #ead us to a t without de#a% to withdraw the threat we now post to the wor#d and to ourse#ves.
1F1
War Po)erty
War"are leads to entren hed po)erty, t'rn!ng the ase $S8 F+D Aomen and *nternationa# !eve#opment a program within the .enter for Dender in D#o4a# .onte>t. A*! promotes tea hing, resear h, and a tion on internationa# deve#opment and g#o4a# transformation 1 to4er 03, 2001
http://www.gdr .org/i m/povert%C auses.htm 'he material and human destruction caused by warfare is a ma(or de!elo ment roblem . 7or e>amp#e, from D&&0 to D&&5, the period en ompassing Desert Storm, er ca ita GD: in +raq fell from =5A00 to =?6D3 'he dro in a!erage income, while a stri)ing re resentation of the dro in the well4being of the a!erage *ra?i citi,en in the aftermath of the war, fails to ca ture the broader affects of damages to the infrastructure and social ser!ices , su h as hea#th are and a ess to #ean water. Farfare contributes to more entrenched o!erty by di!erting scarce resources from fighting o!erty to maintaining a military. /a5e, for e>amp#e, the ases of 0thiopia and 0ritrea. /he most re ent onf#i t over 4orders 4etween the two ountries erupted into war during 1;;; and 2000, a period when 4oth ountries fa ed severe food shortages due to drought.
1F2
E,t!n t!on Wont +appen
+'man!ty !s res!l!entE e,t!n t!on !s h!ghly 'nl!#ely5

2ru e 'onn, 7utures $tudies !epartment, .orvinus -niversit% of 2udapest, 200A, <"uman 0>tin tion $ enarios,= www.4udapestfutures.org/ down#oads/a4stra ts/2ru eZ 20/onnZ20CZ20A4stra t.pdf' /he human s ecies faces numerous threats to its e>isten e. 'hese include global climate change, collisions with near4earth ob(ects, nuclear war, and andemics. Ahi#e these threats are indeed serious, ta5en separate#% they fail to describe e*actly how humans could become e*tinct. 7or e>amp#e, nuclear war by itself would most li)ely fail to )ill e!eryone on the lanet, as stri5es wou#d pro4a4#% 4e on entrated in the northern hemisphere and the (idd#e 0ast, #eaving popu#ations in $outh Ameri a, $outh Afri a, Austra#ia and +ew êa#and some hope of surviva#. +t is highly unli)ely that any uncontrollable nanotechnology could e!er be roduced 4ut even it if were, it is #i5e#% that humans could de!elo effe tive, if ost#%, countermeasures, su h as produ ing the te hno#ogies in spa e or destro%ing sites of runawa% nanote hno#ogies with nu #ear weapons. Iiruses could indeed )ill many eo le but effecti!e quarantine of a healthy eo le could be accom lished to save #arge num4ers of peop#e. Humans a ear to be resilient to e*tinction with respe t to sing#e events.
1F3
/nde,
AS:B6 6ard333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D Generic Agencies 2ail33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333332 -GO.s Mey 2ederal Sucess33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333335 Administration for 6hildren and 2amilies 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 > Agriculture De artment33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 A De artment of Health and Human Ser!ices3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333336 De artment of Bducation333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 ? States Sol!e Bducation33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1 De artment of +nterior3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 & De artment of +nterior P-ati!es Cin)E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D0 De artment of +nterior P83S3 'erritories DAE3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 DD Housing and 8rban De!elo ment333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D2 De artment of labor3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D5 De artment of Kustice3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D> Bn!ironmental :rotection Agency 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DA 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DA Office of -ational Aids :olicy 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D6 Social Security Administration 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D? +6B 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D1 Ieterans Health Administration33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D& +neffecti!e Agency H :olitical 6a ital Cin)33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 20 :o!erty 2rontline PD%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333332D :o!erty 2rontline PD%2E33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333322 Alt 6auses H :o!erty 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 25 For)ing also significantly reduces long4term o!erty3 According to an analysis of the 6ensus /ureau7s Sur!ey of +ncome and :rogram :artici ation, D031 ercent of adults who do not wor) are oor o!er the long term3 +n contrast, only D3? ercent of those em loyed art time stay oor for e*tended eriods3 :eo le em loyed full time ha!e a 03> ercent chance of long4term o!erty3 $oreo!er, the go!ernment can encourage beha!ioral changes3 "esearch shows that between one4third and one4half of the fall in o!erty among single mothers on welfare after D&&> was due to the D&&6 welfare reforms that encouraged wor)333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 25 Global :o!erty 4 Defense33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 2> 6hinese :o!erty +ne!itable 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333332A Bconomy3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333326
1FF
DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn Alt 6auses H Bconomy33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333332? B*t D33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333321 Bconomy 6:333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333332& Debt 2orgi!eness 6: B*t33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 50 'errorism H Defense PD%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 5D 'errorism H Defense P2%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 52 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333352 B*t D H $uslim Cand33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333355 B*t 2 H -o root cause3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333335> A2 :o!erty X "oot 6ause333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333335A B*t > H 6yber 'errorism33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333356 A2 Al4Oaeda333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333335? A2 /iological%6hemical 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333351 A'J -uclear 'errorism 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333335& Cegali,e Drugs 6anada 6:33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>0 Cegali,e 6: Sol!es F$D3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>D Cegali,e 6: B*t33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 >2 Drug $oney Destabili,es 9terror countries;3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>5 A2 6: is Stu id333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>> Farming H defense 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>A Farming "hetoric 'urn333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>6 Geo olymeric 6:333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>? Geo olymeric 6: 4 B*t33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 >1 Domestic 2amine H defense PD%2E33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333>& Domestic 2amine H defense P2%2E33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333A0 2amine H Defense P+nternationalE 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 AD 2amine H Defense P+nternationalE 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 A2 /io4fortification 6:33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333A5 /io4fortification 6: 4 e*t333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333A> 2ood Sur lus 2amine333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333AA Human "ights :romotion 4 Defense33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 A6 B*t 5 H Gtmo3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333A? 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333A?
1F5
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1F6
DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn 2lu H Generic 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333&0 States Sol!ency H 2lu333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333&D He atitis 6 HDefense PD%2E333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 &2 He atitis 6 HDefense P2%2E333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 &5 -eedle B*change 6:333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 &> -eedle B*change Sol!ency B*t33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333&A Australia Global Aid3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333&6 State "ights%2ederalism 6:3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333&? :atriarchy H Defense PD%5E333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 &1 :atriarchy H Defense P2%5E333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 && :atriarchy H Defense P5%5E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D00 A2 :atriarchy Bn!ironmental Harm 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D0D 2emale :riest 6:3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D02 2emale :riests :atriarchy PD%2E333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D05 2emale :riests :atriarchy P2%2E333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D0> C/G' "ights H Defense 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D0A Disenfranchisement 'urn33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D06 DAD' 'urn PD%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D0? DAD' 'urn P2%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D01 CG/' 6:33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D0& B-DA 6: H B*t333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 DD0 B-DA Fill :ass333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DDD 2elon Ioting H Defense 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DD2 State 2elon Ioting 6:33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DD5 :risoner transfer 6:3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 DD> D>th Amendment H Defense PD%2E33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DDA D>th Amendment H Defense P2%2E33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DD6 B*t 5 H Cegitimacy33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DD? 2ederalism 'urn33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DD1 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333DD1 6hild "ights333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 DD& 6"6 6: 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D20 6"6 6: B*t333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D2D
1F7
DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn A2 :arental "ights3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D22 A2 6: not 6onstitutional333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D25 "acism H Defense PD%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D2> "acism H Defense P2%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D2A B*t D H $indset PD%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D26 B*t D H $indset P2%2E3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D2? 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D2? "acism H Other 6ountries3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D21 B*t D H Buro e 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D2& B*t 5 H $iddle Bast333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D50 Sto Cegacy 6:3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D5D Sto Cegacy 6: H B*t333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D52 Far is Ci)ely33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D55 Far not Ci)ely33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D5> Far -ot Ci)ely3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D56 $on)ey 'hrowing Darts3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D5? -uc Far B*tinction 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D51 -uclear Far O,one +m act33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D5& $agnitude Y :robability 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D>0 -uclear Far Outweighs B!erything333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D>D 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D>D Far :o!erty3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D>2 B*tinction Font Ha en333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 D>5 +nde*333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D>> 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333D>1
1FE

AADDW09 PovertyNegTwist

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DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn

DDW 2009 Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn

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