Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

POLICE

AND

CRIME

!OU DECIDE

Since 1982, the United States has been engaged in what has been called a War on Drugs among other things, this War is a strategy to deal with the rise o crac!"cocaine use in urban communities# $ne o its lasting e ects has been an increase in %olice %resence in &merican cities# &t the same time, not unrelated, urban communities in the United States ha'e seen a continuing tide o 'iolence and crime, and many ha'e turned to increased unding or %olice as a solution to this 'ery serious %roblem# (ut the 'iolence does not only ha%%en within communities) in some cases this 'iolence is %er%etuated by those assigned to %rotect such communities the %olice themsel'es leading many to *uestion whether %olice might actually ma!e %roblems worse# So, what should be done? Should we maintain and increase funding for the police, or direct our resources to other programs? +he & irmati'e ,lan is a %olicy %ro%osal to reduce police presence in urban communities throughout the United States. +his side o the debate claims to ma!e a %ositi'e di erence through three main ad'antages- clearing the way or youth %rograms) creating .obs) and ma!ing it %ossible or communities to band together to %rotect themsel'es# +he negati'e argues that reducing the %olice %resence in urban communities will only lead to more 'iolence and the ta!eo'er o gangs in urban communities# /t also argues that community %olicing is a %ositi'e strategy in reducing %olice abuse and ma!ing our cities more sa e# Who is right and who is wrong0 +he answer is u% to you#

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

"ELCOME

AND

#O$ $IPS

"elcome to De%ate&
Debate is an o%%ortunity or you to build your 'oice and be heard# When you debate, you will ha'e the chance to s%ea! your mind on to%ics rom /ra* to %o'erty in the inner city, and to %ro'e your s!ills against young %eo%le rom all o'er the bay# Debate is a s%ort- it calls on you to .oin a team, re%resent your school, and win tro%hies, cham%ionshi%s, and %ri1es# / you commit yoursel to this s%ort you will ha'e much un) most im%ortantly, you will gain the tools to better yoursel , to earn college scholarshi%s, and to s%ea! u% or your entire community# "'at i( De%ate) Debate is a com%etition between two teams, each with two debaters# $ne team ta!es the & irmati'e, %ro%osing a %lan to change the world and e2%laining why it is a good idea# +he other team is the 3egati'e, who attac!s the %lan and tries to %ro'e that it will do more harm than good# +here are 8 s%eeches and 4 cross"e2aminations in a debate round# 5ou and your %artner will each ta!e the lead on 2 s%eeches 61 7onstructi'e and 1 8ebuttal9 and 1 cross"e2amination#

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

#O"

$O

USE $#IS PAC*

;'ery %age o this %ac! ollows a ormula designed or two %ur%oses- to gi'e you the su%%ort you need to ma!e solid arguments, and to challenge you to ma!e these arguments creati'e and com%elling# $'e (et+,-& +he bo2 at the to% o each %age gi'es an introduction to what the %age<s arguments will be about# 5ou can read this aloud in the debate, or .ust use it or your own re erence# !o, make t'e kno.led/e& +he %oint o debate is building your own %ersonal intellectual %ower not .ust reading the thoughts o other %eo%le, but e2%ressing your thoughts# When you see the curly brac!ets, that is your cue to insert your own %oints# =a!e sure to su%%ort e'ery %oint you ma!e with evidence but remember that e'idence can come rom your own e2%eriences and the e2%eriences o %eo%le in your community as well as academic or e2%ert sources# $a/ 0o,r e1idence& TagIt: When you see the straight brac!ets, that is your cue to make a tag. (elow these brac!ets will be writing rom an e2%ert source on the to%ic 6the card9- write your own original summary in a sentence or two at most that hel%s the .udge understand the e'idence you are about to read# Card( ;'ery %age will gi'e one %iece o e'idence su%%orting the argument remember that this is .ust the start, and it is your .ob to ind more e'idence to bac! u% your %oints# +he citation, at the to%, tells you where the e'idence comes rom read at least the last name and the year# +he card below the citation .ust li!e the e'idence you ind yoursel is usually worth reading aloud in the debate, and worth 4

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

re erring bac! to in all your s%eeches# Some cards ha'e the most im%ortant %arts underlined already, and some you will ha'e to underline yoursel # ;n.oy and remember that the key to debate is your creative voice#

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

BAC*2ROUND

AND

FAC$S

Crime and Sa3et0

4&45 o all high school students eel too unsa e to go to school, 165 re%ort carrying a wea%on, 74&45 were in a %hysical ight# 6Deborah ,rothrow" Stith, =D 2??99 =ore than 8209000 young %eo%le ages 1? to 24 were treated in emergency de%artments or in.uries sustained rom 'iolence in 2??@# 6Deborah ,rothrow" Stith, =D 2??99
Crime( -er 100* Re(ident(
;in 200><

SF
12 >1D :2@ :2?2 467=

Oakland
:@ 88@ 9?@ 2188 2>=4

National
D 2?@ ::D 2@?2 ==60

M,rder Ro%%er0 A((a,lt Larcen0 $'e3t $otal

$'e Co(t
=edical and lost %roducti'ity costs associated with 'iolence range rom more than :80 %illion to :146 %illion a year# 7riminal .ustice costs account or more# Aor e2am%le, criminal .ustice costs related to gang 'iolence in Bos &ngeles 7ounty alone total :1&14 %illion annually 6Deborah ,rothrow"Stith, =D 2??99# $a!land s%ends 4?C o its city budget on %olice 6SA 7hronicle 2?1?9) San Arancisco s%ends DC 635 +imes 2?1?9#

Pri(on( and Arre(t(

/n 2??:, there were an estimated 2&2 million arrests o youth in the US&# 815 were White) 285 were (lac!) 25 were &sian) and 15 were &merican /ndian# 6USD$E 2??@9 & rican &mericans ma!e u% only 745 o the total %o%ulation in $a!land, but re%resented more than 885 o the homicide 'ictims in the years 2??2"2??4 6&lameda 7ounty ,ublic Fealth De%artment 2??>9#

Police Mi(cond,ct ;NPMSRP

2011< Arom Eanuary through December 2?1?=96>1 Uni*ue re%orts o %olice misconduct trac!ed >9>17 " 3umber o sworn law en orcement o icers in'ol'ed 6:>4 were agency leaders such as chie s or sheri s9 >962> " 3umber o alleged 'ictims in'ol'ed 2=8 3umber o atalities associated with trac!ed re%orts :7=>94129600 ;stimated amount

costs#

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

+he ollowing are the rates o %eo%le currently in %rison 6&7BU 2?1?9Men "'ite #i(-ani c Black 1 in 1?@ 1 in :@ 1 in 1> "omen 1 in :>> 1 in 29D 1 in 1??

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

EVIDENCE
FOR THE AFFIRMATIVE
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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

Use an e2am%le or a %iece o e'idence to show In'erenc0 why %eo%le ear crime and the %olice# Ri/'t no.9 -eo-le in ,r%an comm,nitie( 3ear criminal acti1it09 %,t t'e0 al(o 3ear t'e -olice& $'i( create( a (it,ation t'at canBt %e 3iCed .it'o,t a %old -lan&

1AC

TagIt:

Brooks9 1???9 @Fear and 3airne(( in t'e cit0 Criminal en3orcement and -erce-tion( o3 3airne(( in minorit0 comm,nitie(&A So,t'ern Cali3ornia La. Re1ie.

Blacks in central city neighborhoods are more likely than any other group to perceive crime as a problem. They have the highest rates of violent crimes victimization and they are seven times more likely to be murdered than whites. Grim statistics like these, along with impassioned personal accounts of violent encounters and heroic daily efforts to avoid such encounters, have led race and criminal law scholars, such as Randall Kennedy, to e press a seemingly natural though unconventional claim! "rustrated and overwhelmed by gangs, drugs and crime, blacks in high crime neighborhoods welcome disproportionately tough criminal sanctions and e panded police discretion. This claim, which # label the $urban frustration argument,% remains unconventional because &frican &mericans are broadly viewed to perceive law enforcement with suspicion and distrust. This perception of distrust has been significantly bolstered by recent reports of e treme 9

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

police misconduct in ma'or urban areas such as (hicago, )os &ngeles, *ew +ork (ity, and ,hiladelphia.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1AC
#arm(

Police in(tit,tion( 'a1e done more 'arm t'an /ood 3or more t'an a cent,r0& TagIt:
8ichie and =ogul, 2??D /n the shadows o the war on terror- ,ersistant ,olice (rutality and the abuse o %eo%le o color in the United States#

What %roblems with %olice are going on here and now in the (ay0

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

+ell more about the what is wrong with %olice systems now#

1AC

$',( .e o33er t'e 3ollo.in/ -lan 7ity go'ernments in the United States should substantially reduce %olice %resence in urban communities# We will clari y our intent#

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1AC D SOLEENC!

More -olice are not t'e an(.er to t'e -ro%lem& TagIt:

Eane((a Barker 9 2010& @EC-lainin/ t'e 2reat American Crime Decline A Re1ie. o3 Bl,m(tein and "allman9 2old%er/er and Ro(en3eld9 and Fimrin/&A Law & Social In uiry9 Eol,me 749 I((,e 29 -a/e( =6?D41>9 S-rin/ 2010

&lthough these ma'or changes in policing coincided with falling crime rates and public officials- claims about police efficacy, researchers are skeptical about the degree of relationship between the two trends. .ost analysts do not think that the larger police forces lowered crime rates, but some proffer that certain innovations may have had an effect. Two skeptics, /ohn 0ck and 0dward .aguire 123345, in Blumstein and 6allman-s 2334 edited volume, The (rime 7rop in &merica, provide one of the most thorough reviews on policing research to date. 0ck and .aguire conclude that there is no empirical evidence to support claims that increased manpower led to a decrease in violent crime, pointing out that crime rates fell dramatically in many big cities like 8an 7iego, 8eattle, and 7allas without significant increases in policing.23 Taking a close look at twenty9 seven studies 1with eighty9nine dependent variables5 of the effects of police strength on violent crime, 0ck and .aguire found that in :; percent of the analyses there was no effect< in 30 percent, an increase in the nu !er o" po#ice per capita $as associate% $ith an increase in the reporte% cri e rate< and in 23 percent, more police strength was associated with a decrease in the reported crime rate 10ck and .aguire 2334, Table =.>, 2>>?>@5.2>

TagIt:
Gerry Shih, 2?1?# &s (udget Ga%s Widen, San Arancisco ,olice Salaries Grow# 3ew 5or! +imes, =arch 2@# 8etrie'ed rom 'tt- GG...&n0time(&comG2010G07G2>G,(G2>(3(a3et0&'tml# $6hen # sit down with my constituency,% said 8upervisor 7avid (ampos, who was on the police commission before running for district office, $the feeling # get is they want the police, but they donAt want the police being the best compensated in the country when weAre shutting down gyms and pools.% Be added! $There are violence9prevention programs, after school programs, programs for youth, they are all critical components of the policing. 8hould they be the best compensated in the country at a time when weAre cutting all these servicesC # donAt think that should be the case.%

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

Why would less %olice encourage %eo%le to OLEENC! ELF RO$EC$ION %rotect themsel'es against crime0 Fow would this wor!0 "it' 3e.er -olice9 comm,nit0 mem%er( can %ecome more inde-endent and -rotect eac' ot'er 3rom crime&
Fall 2011

1AC D S

+P

TagIt:
He((ica Retti/9 2010& @Nei/'%or'ood "atc'e( #el- Local Police&A US Ne.( I "orld Re-ort& Retrie1ed 3rom 'tt- GG...&,(ne.(&comGne.(Garticle(G2010G12G1=Gnei/'%or'ood+.atc'e(+ 'el-+local+-olice )ast fiscal year, more than half the police departments in &merica had budget cuts, averaging = percent, and overall there was a @ percent decrease in sworn officers, according to a survey by a national organization of police e ecutives. This coming year, the ma'ority of those departments plan to trim their budgets further. 6ith fewer officers on the streets, municipalities nationwide are calling on volunteers to help keep their residential areas safe. By starting or 'oining a neighborhood watch program, citizens can play a pivotal role in reducing crime in their areas. D6hen resources are tight, it-s more important than ever,D says .ichelle Boykins, communications and marketing director for the *ational (rime ,revention (ouncil. D,olice can-t be everywhere 2:E=. &nd we-ve seen that where neighborhood watches e ist and are viable in their community, we have a lower incidence of crime.D

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1AC D SOLEENC! !OU$# PRO2RAMS

Mone0 3rom -olice %,d/et( co,ld 3,nd 0o,t' -ro/ram( like de%ate t'at 'a1e a %etter c'ance at red,cin/ crime TagIt:
& ter School &lliance, =ay 2??2# 8etrie'ed rom 'tt- GG...&a3ter(c'oolalliance&or/Gi((,eJ%rie3(Gi((,eJ(a3eJ8&-d3

&fterschool programs provide safe places for youth after school in addition to improving academic achievement and helping working families. &fterschool programs provide youth a safe, supervised environment that reduces their risk of committing or becoming a victim of violent crime. & recent report from "ight (rime! #nvest in Kids has found that violent 'uvenile crime is most likely to occur e2am%les between @ p.m. and 4 p.m.,Use and that youth are rom more your likely to smoke, drink or do drugs during these own li e or other hours. .oreover, the F.8. /ustice 7epartment has e'idence found that murder rates among >:9>= year olds to to show how youth programs promote safety by preventing youth has increased >4GH from >;IG >;;G. &fterschool %rograms can reduce crime# violence, providing safe places afterschool and educating youth about the dangers of drug and alcohol abuse.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

%roblem o 'iolence0 Why do youth %rograms get to Police donBt /et to t'e root than o3 t'e -ro%lem D .e need this root better %olice0 0o,t' -ro/ram(

What is the root the 1AC D SOLEENC! !o OU$# PRO2RAMS

TagIt:
Hame( Die/o Ei/il and 2il%erto K& Conc'a(9 2010& @Sto--in/ 2an/( .it' a Balanced Strate/0 Pre1ention9 Inter1ention9 and S,--re((ion&A From !hanging "laces: #ow !ommunities $ill Improve the #ealth of %oys of !olor& Regardless of how many 'ails we build or how many cells are set aside for each new gang cohort, e isting antigang strategies have failed. They have had limited success because they are not based on facts, on science, on human development, or on common sense. 8ociety needs to be honest in recognizing this fact and must institute bold new policies to chart a healthier course for vulnerable youth. & focus on the roots of the problem will generate logical solutions that aim not merely to stem the worst violence, but to begin the long, hard effort to regain social control within gang9prone impoverished communities. &lthough punishment may play a role, programmatic emphasis must shift to introducing rewards early in a personAs life.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1AC D SOLEENC! NEI2#BOR#OOD RE+ INEES$MEN$

Red,cin/ -olice 3,ndin/ .ill %e a (te- to.ard c'an/in/ o,r -rioritie(9 3oc,(in/ on de1elo-ment in(tead o3 -,ni('ment& TagIt:

Mark Ma,er9 2011 ;Sentencin/ Re3orm Amid Ma(( Incarceration(L 2,arded O-timi(m<& !riminal 'ustice9 Eol,me 2>9 N,m%er 19 S-rin/ 2011& 6hile broad sentencing, parole, and drug policy reform is clearly critical to addressing mass incarceration, even those far9reaching goals are in many ways too modest, and fail to address the driving forces that have produced the current situation. The fundamental problem we face is not solely that we have become more punitive in our 'ustice system, though that is clearly the case, but that we have come to rely on the criminal 'ustice system as our primary means of addressing public safety concerns in low9income communities. To realize why this is such a flawed strategy, consider the elements that produce neighborhoods that we think of as $safe.% &re these the communities with the greatest police presence, the harshest 'ail conditions, or where mandatory sentences are employed most oftenC Jf course not. #nstead, these With the money currently $good% neighborhoods are the s%ent ones with above9average family on %olice, what areincomes, high9Kuality schools, good medical care, and many other features of middle9class &merica. some %rograms that you Therefore, it is not the deterrent effect of the criminal 'ustice system that causes youngto people to refrain from involvement in crime, would im%lement but rather the positive rewards that derive from taking advantage of opportunity. Thus, if we want to im%ro'e urban come to rely less on the criminal 'ustice system as a means of producing public safety, we need to communities0 level the playing field so that disadvantaged communities will have increased access to the rewards already en'oyed by many &mericans.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1AC D SOLEENC! NEI2#BOR#OOD RE+ INEES$MEN$

TagIt:

More nei/'%or'ood in1e(tment D and le(( -,ni('ment D mean( le(( crime&

H,(tice Polic0 In(tit,te9 Octo%er9 2008& @Em-lo0ment9 "a/e( and P,%lic Sa3et0&A

'tt- GG...&M,(tice-olic0&or/G,-load(GM,(tice-olic0Gdoc,ment(G08J10Jre-Jem-lo0mentand-,%lic(a3et0Jac&d3

Researchers have found a relationship between unemployment, crime and incarceration. #mproving employment opportunities encourage reinvestments in one self, as well as in the community, ostensibly Sum creating it u%# an environment Why will for your improved %lan ma!e public safety. a & study by the *ational Bureau of 0conomic Research found that What rely most heavily on incarceration %ositi'e im%act on that theplaces world0 reduce the employment opportunities inic their communities compared are the s%eci im%acts it will ma!e,with places that rely on alternatives to incarceration. &reas with the most rapidly rising rates of incarceration were the areas and why do they matter0 in which youth, particularly &frican &merican youth, have had the worst earnings and employment e perience.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2AC EN$ENSIONS #ARMS

Police a%,(e o1er decade( 'a( ca,(ed mi(tr,(t& $'e %e(t (ol,tion i( to red,ce -olice -re(ence& TagIt:
CriminaliOin/ $'e Cla((room $'e O1er+Policin/ O3 Ne. !ork Cit0 Sc'ool(& P,%li('ed Marc' 2008 + N!CLU

(itizensA distrust of the police is a weighty topic. Jfficers often enlist the help of neighborhood residents in the performance of their duties, and citizens are more likely to assist when they view the police favorably and with legitimacy 17ecker, >;I>5. .oreover, because of the high visibility of police officers in disadvantaged communities, which are disproportionately composed of &frican9 &merican residents, citizensA perceptions of the police may impact how they ultimately feel about formal systems of 'ustice. #n particular, unfavorable views of the police may contribute to community residents acKuiring an overall lack of faith in the criminal 'ustice system. Because &frican9&mericans constitute a substantial portion of victims and witnesses, citizensA misgivings about police may compromise crime9control efforts in their communities. "or instance, detached black citizens may decide not to testify as witnesses in criminal proceedings andE or when What is the&frican9&merican im%act o being serving as 'urors, they may refuse to convict defendants 1see Butler, >;;G for a criminali1ed0 discussion of 'ury nullification5. #n addition, secondary deviance may result from individual community membersA accumulated negative police e periences. "inally, a lack of confidence in the 'ustice process may increase the likelihood that residents will feel compelled to settle disputes on their own, thereby increasing levels of community violence 1&nderson, >;;;5.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2AC EN$ENSIONS #ARMS

Police commit almo(t a( man0 1iolent crime( a( citiOen(& TagIt:

3ational ,olice =isconduct Statistics and 8e%orting ,ro.ect 6NPMSRP< 2011# ,olice =isconduct Statistical 8e%ort# 8etrie'ed rom 'tt- GG...&inM,(ticee1er0.'ere&comG)-P=047 6hen current data is filtered to e amine only incidents that can be classified as violent crimes as specified per the F8 "B#E7J/ Fniform (rime Reporting standards and then compared with the 233; "B#E7J/ F(R (rime in the Fnited 8tates report as a per capita general population and per capita law enforcement basis the results indicate that overall violent crime rates are not too divergent between the two population groups with a difference of only 23.> per >33k point between the two. Bowever, there appear to be some more significant differences at a more granular level with robbery rates for police far below those reported for the general population but se ual assault rates are significantly higher for police when compared to the general population.

6hile the rate of police officers officially charged with murder is only >.34H higher than the current general population murder rate, if e cessive force complaints involving fatalities were prosecuted as murder the murder rate for law enforcement officers would e ceed the general population murder rate by :=2H.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

ma!e more room or community em%owerment0 Comm,nit0 em-o.erment red,ce( crime

Why does reducing %olice 2AC SELF +PRO$EC$ION

TagIt:
Pri(on Re(earc' Ed,cation Action ProMect 1?8>& @In(tead O3 Pri(on( A #and%ook For A%olitioni(t(A& C'a-ter 6 The military model for crime prevention should he abolished. #t is clear that neither punishment by prison nor training police for a community combat role can solve the problem of street crime, in the long range, nothing less than social restructuring will accomplish the goal of greatly reducing poor peopleseconomic crimes, but in the interim, communities must be made safe and the victims protected and cared for. This reKuires that funding be diverted to those services and resources communities identify as vital to their efforts to create a safer society and to bring relief to the victims. (ommunity people can empower themselves to turn away from their fortress e istence and transform their streets into real neighborhoods where all are safe and welcome. #n ,hiladelphia, a small number of concerned citizens have organized to make their streets safer from crime, building a sense of neighborhood at the same time. #ts program. ()&8,, provides an opportunity for communities to take more power over their own lives, and has significantly reduced crime.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2AC !OU$# PRO2RAMS

A3ter (c'ool -ro/ram( 'el- 0o,t' a1oid crime TagIt:

A3ter Sc'ool Alliance 2011& @A3ter+Sc'ool All+Star( $'ree #o,r( Can C'an/e A Li3e&A Retrie1ed 3rom 'tt- GG...&a3ter(c'oolall(tar(&or/G(iteG--&a(-) cPenHH*MN-Fm2I%P64=>64 #n &merica today, millions of young people are alone and unsupervised in the hours after school, before parents return home from work. This situation places children and teens at grave risk for 'uvenile crime, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and other problems. #t means students are wasting precious time when Why doesof reducing %olice they could be learning. &nd it leaves millions working parents worried about their children when they ma!e room or more and and should be focused on their 'obs. This unproductive, untenable unacceptable situation would be remedied if our nation invested more fullyin youth the after%rograms0 school programs that keep kids safe, support better working families, and help young people succeed in school and in life. Teens who do not participate in after school programs are nearly three times more likely to skip classes or use mari'uana or other drugs< they are also more likely to drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes and engage in se ual activity. 1+.(& of the F8&, .arch 233>5

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2AC !OU$# PRO2RAMS

ha(e to co e "irst

&outh pro'ra s that a%%ress the root o" the pro!#e TagIt:

Mai Aernande1 ;ECec,ti1e Director o3 t'e National Center 3or Eictim( o3 Crime(& Ma0 10 2?11# 'tt- GG...&t'ecrimere-ort&or/G1ie.-oint(G2011+04+ (to-+t'e+c0cle+o3+1iolence+a/ain(t+0o,n/+-eo-leand+( "irst, we have to start by changing how enforcement views youth, particularly urban youth of color. #nstead of seeing urban youth as the source of the problem, law enforcement agencies need to understand and acknowledge the normalization of violence in urban environments. 7eveloping leaders who understand the uniKue dynamics of urban communities can help improve relationships between youth and law enforcement. &nd while urban neighborhoods have a strong police presence, they often lack youth9oriented community policing programs that have culturally competent law enforcement with the tools, education, ties to community9based organizations, and the will to serve What in your %ersonal e2%erience can youth victims of crime in urban communities. show the %ower o youth %rograms0

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

2AC NEI2#BOR#OOD RE+INEES$MEN$

Nei/'%or'ood decline i( t'e real ca,(e o3 crime& TagIt:
Clarence Pa/e9 Marc' 229 200>& @Di(connected %lack 0o,t' -li/'t .or(en(9A C'ica/o $ri%,ne 'tt- GGarticle(&c'ica/otri%,ne&comG200>+07+ 22Gne.(G0>07220022J1J%lack+male(+'i(-anic+dro-o,t(+.'ite+dro-o,t(

Fall 2011

Why would reducing %olice allow us to in'est more in communities beyond .ust the money0

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

Why might %olice %resence 2AC ANS"ERS $O C#AOS actually increase crime0 DISADEAN$A2E Police donBt red,ce crime

Fall 2011

TagIt:
Mar1ell I Mood09 $'oma( B I Carli(le E9 1??>9 @SPECIFICA$ION PROBLEMS9 POLICE LEEELS9 AND CRIME RA$ESA CRIMINOLO2!9 EOLUME 7=9 NUMBER = +hese theories ha'e been attac!ed on numerous ronts 6see generally 7ameron, 19889, and many i not most students o %olice beha'ior belie'e that %olice ha'e little or no im%act on crime# (ayley 61994-19, or e2am%le, claims that one o the best !e%t secrets o modern li e is that %olice do not %re'ent crime 6see also (enson et al#, 1994) Gott redson and Firschi, 199?) Sherman, 1992,199>) S%arrow et al#, 199?9# +he reasons include the ollowing- 619 =ost %olice wor! is not de'oted to crime reduction# 629 $nly large increases in %olice le'els can %roduce enough %olice %resence on the streets to actually deter crime# 6:9 +he most common %olice strategies are %oor crime" %re'ention strategies# +he ma.or target o the last criticism is reliance on car %atrols and ra%id res%onse to 911 calls#

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

Why$O would it be 2AC ANS"ERS C #AOS DISADEAN$A2E dangerous to hy%e u% ears o terrorism0 $r0in/ to (care ,( .it' t'reat( o3 terrori(m ca,(e( raci(m D and more 1iolence&

Fall 2011

TagIt:
Ha%itan and Schulte 2??2 6+omis and ;rich, +homas ,ro o ,hiloso%hy I 3 /llionois U, and ;rich , Eournal o ,olitical and =ilitary Sociology Jol# :? /ss# 1, 2??2, %%# 1D2K, Luestia9 E,G

The prevalent rhetoric of -terrorism- has not provided an intelligent response to the problem of terrorism. To the contrary, it has shut off any meaningful e amination of causes or debate on policies and has left only the path of violence to solve differences. Rather than promoting a free and open e amination of the grievances of the group from which terrorists emerge, the -terroristlabel nips all Kuestioning and debate in the bud. Terrorists are DevilD9as the F.8. &dministration has repeated on numerous occasions since 8eptember >>, 233>9and are therefore to be eradicated. This upshot of the book is that a terrorist is portrayed as a carrier of Doppression and enslavement,D lacking moral sense, and Da perfect nihilistD 1pp. 2;9@35. Given that the overwhelming number of e amples of terrorism are identified as coming from the &rab and #slamic worlds, and that DretaliationD against terrorists is repeatedly urged even at the e pense of civilian casualties, then one begins to see the point of 0dward 8aid-s assessment of the book as nothing short of Dan incitement to anti9&rab and anti9.oslem violenceD 18aid >;II!>G=5.>= :1

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

Why would %olice not be 2AC ANS"ERS $O COMMUNI$! POLICIN2 able to connect with youth0 Comm,nit0 -olicin/ initati1e( donBt connect .it' 0o,t'9 and t'e0 donBt (to- crime&

Fall 2011

TagIt:
(ec!er9 Dr& #arold A-ril 2??? Cali3ornia State Uni1er(it0 Lon/ Beac' Princi-al In1e(ti/ator& Can Comm,nit0 Policin/ Pre1ent !o,t' Crime) ;USA<

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

2AC

Fall 2011

ANS"ERS

$O

COMMUNI$! POLICIN2

Comm,nitie( are not read0 to colla%orate .it' -olice& TagIt:

)es#e*, +ko'an ,00-, Chapter on Co unit* .o#icin' /Pro3e((or o3 Political Science9 Fac,lt0 Fello.9 In(tit,te 3or Polic0 Re(earc'9 Nort'.e(tern Uni1er(it0Q 0 .rospects an% .ro!#e s in an Era o" .o#ice Inno(ation1 Contrastin' .erspecti(es, e%ite% !* Da(i% )eis!ur% an% Anthon* A0 Bra'a0 Ca !ri%'e 2ni(ersit* .ress, ,00-0 3http144$$$0north$estern0e%u4ipr4pu!#ications4po#icin'5papers4caps360p%"7

#n practice, community involvement is not easy to achieve. #ronically, it can be difficult to sustain in areas that need it the most. Research on participation in community crime provention programs during the >;=3s and >;I3s found that poor and high9crime areas often were not well endowed with an infrastructure of organizations that were ready to get involved, and that turnout for police9 sponsored events was higher in places honeycombed with block clubs and community organizations 18kogan, >;II5. #n high crime areas people tend to be suspicious of their neighbors, and especially of their neighborAs children. "ear of retaliation by gangs and drug dealers can undermine public involvement as well 1Grinc >;;:5. #n (hicago, a >;;I study of hundreds of community meetings found that residents e pressed concern about retaliation for attending or working with the police in 22 percent of the cityAs beats 18kogan and 8teiner 233:5. #n addition, police and residents may not have a history of getting along in poor neighborhoods. Residents are as likely to think of the police Sum it u% why as one of their problems as they are to see them as a solution to their problems. #t probably will not does this mean be the first instinct of organizations representing the interests of poor communities to cooperate that your %lan to with police. #nstead, they are more likely to press for and end to police misconduct. They will call reduce %olice is for new resources from the outside to address community problems, for no organization can blame better than the its own constituents for their plight 1cf. 8kogan >;II5. There may be no reason for residents of counter%lan0 crime9ridden neighborhoods to think that community policing will turn out to be anything but another broken promise< they are accustomed to seeing programs come and go, without much effect 18add and Grinc >;;:5.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

EVIDENCE
FOR THE NE8ATIVE

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

1NC COMMUNI$! POLICIN2 COUN$ERPLAN

We %ro%ose a better alternati'e to reducing unding or %olice in urban communities- im%lementing community %olicing strategies#

Fall 2011

We o er the ollowing counter%lan- 7ity go'ernments should substantially increase unding or law en orcement de%artments and agencies to im%lement community"based %olicing initiati'es# We will clari y intent#

TagIt:

Comm,nit0+oriented -olicin/ can c'an/e t'e relation('i-( %et.een -olice and ordinar0 -eo-le D and make comm,nitie( (a3er&

Matt'e. C& Scheider and Ro%ert 7ha%man 2??:& Comm,nit0 Policin/ and $errori(m&A #omeland Sec,rit0 St,die( and Anal0(i( In(tit,te& 'tt- GG...&'omeland(ec,rit0&or/GMo,rnalGarticle(GSc'eider+C'a-man&'tml 8ince its inception, the success of community policing has been based on the relationships built between law enforcement and community members. These relationships, often e pressed as collaborative Fow could partnerships, have served functions as diverse as the communities that maintain them! solving traffic community problems, shutting down drug houses, keeping children safe in school and after school, referring %olicing hel% offenders to drug courts, and cleaning up abandoned properties. &ddressing these Kuality9of9life issues ma!e the change has helped give citizens a voice in the public safety of their community and an active way to address we23 need in %olice" policing has encouraged community crime and their fear of crime. "or the past years, community community members to partner with law enforcement to identify potential threats and create a climate of safety. The relations0 community policing philosophy is well positioned to take a ma'or role in preventing and responding to terrorism and in efforts to reduce citizen fear. #nstead of de9emphasizing community policing efforts, police departments should realize that community policing may be more important than ever in dealing with terrorism in their communities.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

1NC COMMUNI$! POLICIN2 COUN$ERPLAN

Comm,nit0 -olicin/ .a( .orkin/ in Oakland9 %,t .ill 3ail .it'o,t more re(o,rce( TagIt:
Cecil0 B,rt 2010& @OaklandB( comm,nit0 -olicin/ to %ecome de-artment.ide -'ilo(o-'0&A Oakland $ri%,ne& 'tt- GG...&kee-oakland(a3e&or/G2010G0?Goakland(+comm,nit0+-olicin/+ to+%ecome+de-artment.ide+-'ilo(o-'0G

Fall 2011

By (ecily Burt To some residents, the absence of problem9solving officers pretty much spells the end of the community policing model they had come to trust. Their direct link to the Jakland ,olice 7epartment is gone, and they fear that without that connection, the community groups who have put so much effort into working with police might fade away. Sum it u%- Why does the ,olicing 7on )ink, chairman of the 7ommunity 8hattuck prevention council, likened the setup to a team approach to 7ounter%lan mean that the reducing crime. But the team will suffer when key members are missing, he said. $6ithout the police, negati'e team should win the you have one party strategizing and whistling in the wind,% )ink said. $6ithout the J,7, the meetings will 'ust dwindle and fail.% round0

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

1NC FRON$LINE C#AOS DISADEAN$A2E

UniS,ene((
Ri/'t no.9 -olice -rotect ,r%an comm,nitie(&

Fall 2011

TagIt:
CBS San Franci(co9 Fe%r,ar0 2=9 2011 Oakland Police Seek $o Protect *id( "alkin/ $o Sc'oolA& R'tt- GG(an3ranci(co&c%(local&comG2011G02G2=Goakland+-olice+a/encie(+ team+,-+to+-rotect+kid(+.alkin/+to+(c'oolGQ

J&K)&*7 1K(B85 ? Fniformed officers from the Jakland ,olice 7epartment and other agencies were out in force 6ednesday morning in one of the cityAs toughest neighborhoods, in response to parentsA complaints that it was unsafe for their children to walk to school. A( -art o3 O-eration S,nri(e9 a Moint e33ort o3 t'e Oakland Uni3ied Sc'ool Di(trict Police De-artment9 t'e Oakland Police Depart ent and o33icer( .it' t'e 3ederal 'o,(in/ a,t'orit09 o33icer( (co,red t'e area %o,nded %0 Seminar0 Bo,le1ard9 87rd A1en,e and International Bo,le1ard9 arre(tin/ -arolee( and (endin/ tr,ant( 'ome to t'eir -arent(& *avigating drug dealers and prostitution to get to school undermines the work teachers do in the classroom, authorities said 6ednesday. $LThe children-sM daily lives are often challenged in very frightening ways, many sadly on their 'ourneys to and from school. 6hat should be a time of great anticipation and 'oy for learning can be destroyed by gangs, prostitution, drugs and violence,% ,ete 8arna, chief of the Jakland Fnified 8chool 7istrict ,olice 7epartment, said. Be said it was unacceptable that >@3 children between the ages of G and >I have died because of violent crime over the past decade. 8arna promised that Jperation 8unrise would become a regular occurrence. (aptain 0rsie /oyner with the Jakland ,olice 7epartment said the patrols were a chance to foster stronger relationships between beat officers and residents. $The community could see that weAre actually out there working with them and not against them,% he said.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

1NC FRON$LINE C#AOS DISADEAN$A2E

Link
Red,cin/ 3,ndin/ 3or -olice o33icer( D and lo(in/ -olice D -a1e( t'e .a0 3or crime& TagIt:
Brian 8eed 2?11& @Ne.ark B,d/et C,t( Mean Le(( Police Pre(ence&A NPR9 H,ne 709 2011& Retrie1ed 3rom 'tt- GG...&n-r&or/G2011G0>G70G178416=1>Gne.ark+%,d/et+c,t(+mean+le((+ -olice+-re(ence

Fall 2011

#n *ewark, >42 officers were let go, out of more than >,233. &nd *,R obtained internal crime data for the city for si and a half months since the layoffs took effect. #f you compare those statistics to the same time period last year, murders are up G2 percent. (ar thefts, @@ percent. Robberies, >4 percent. &nd the number of shooting victims saw a 44 percent increase. 7uring all this, cops performed about :,333 fewer arrests. R007! 7etective /ames 8tewart is vice president the local police union. Be says the remaining cops What would be of the im%act are stretched thin, making it hard themcommunities to be out in neighborhoods doing proactive policing on for urban o .r. 8T06&RT! That takes away from the fear on the street for the bad guy. But as time goes on and losing more %olice they realize we-re short9staffed, they-re going to be more brazen carrying their weapons. That-s going to o icers0 lead to more crime. R007! Two other cities whose police forces have been cut 9 nearby (amden and Jakland, (alifornia 9 have also seen car theft, murders, and other violent crime go up..

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

1NC FRON$LINE C#AOS DISADEAN$A2E

Im-act
Le(( -olice lead( to more terrori(m& TagIt:

Fall 2011

Ronald E& 7lar!e9 and 2raeme R& 3ewman 2008& @Police and t'e Pre1ention o3 $errori(mA R'tt- GG-olicin/&oC3ordMo,rnal(&or/GcontentG1G1G?&3,llQ

#n the wake of the ;E>> attacks, terrorism has replaced crime as the greatest perceived threat to social order and, in the first 2 or @ years after the attacks, it seemed as though intelligence agencies had usurped the police-s role as the guardians of society. #n the Fnited 8tates, this change in status was reflected in a diversion of funds from police to homeland security programs. .ore recently, things have begun to change again. ,olice leaders such as Kelling and Bratton 123345 have argued Sum it u%- Why that police play a critical role in counter9terrorism because they are in the best position to learn does theto 7haos about the emergence of local terrorist threats, know which targets are most at risk, and to D& #n mean that we have focused on the first two of these coordinate the first response to attacks. this paper, functions, both concerned with prevention, the negati'e which, because of the potential loss of life, is of great importance for terrorism. 6e have argued that an e tension of community policing principles can team should best serve the first function 1gathering intelligence5, while situational crime prevention provides a win the round0 useful framework for serving the second 1the protection of vulnerable targets5. To accommodate these functions, some police forces, especially in large cities with many attractive targets, might have to make considerable changes in their operating practices. They should embrace these changes because they are consistent with best practices in policing. They put a premium on prevention, on service to the community, on making full use of data and analysis, and on forming partnerships with other agencies and organizations, public and private. These practices will not only help meet the threat of terrorism, but will also help the police better serve their goals of fighting crime, protecting victims and providing reassurance to the public.

41

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1NC ELF +P"%olicing RO$EC$ION Why S might sel

tear communities a%art0

Lea1in/ crime -re1ention to comm,nitie( .ill ca,(e di(tr,(t9 (noo-in/9 and e1en racial -ro3ilin/&

TagIt:
Carl $akei 2007& @B,ildin/ a Nation o3 Snoo-(&A Bo(ton 2lo%e Ma0 1=& Retrie1ed 3rom 'tt- GG...&commondream(&or/G1ie.(07G041=+0=&'tm Bowever, such assurances give cold comfort. (itizen informers, after all, are not sub'ect to the same public accountability as police officers. #f a citizen informer unfairly targets certain races or ethnic groups, there is no way to keep track of it and no way to punish the errant informer. )icata himself admits, --#f someone goes the wrong way, there-s nothing # can do about that.-& country that encourages neighbors to spy on neighbors is a not 'ust a sick society but a weak one. (ooperation and solidarity will never flourish in an &merica suffused by the paranoia and mutual suspicion inevitably generated by an informer culture 99 yet those are e actly the assets we need if we are to confront the terrorist threat with our national values intact.

42

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

1NC !OU$# PRO2RAMS

!o,t' Pro/ram( 'a1e little e1idence o3 e33ecti1ene((9 e(-eciall0 a/ain(t 1iolence& TagIt:
8obert E# Fet(c' and (en Silliman 2002# Which 5outh Jiolence ,re'ention ,rograms Wor!# The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues WinterMS%ring 2??2, Jol# D, 3o# 1# 'tt- GG...&nc(,&ed,G33ciG-,%lication(G2002G18+n1+2002+.inter+(-rin/Gar+1+ 0o,t'&-'-

.any highly touted programs provide little evidence of research foundations, and most offer no evidence of effectiveness in reducing violence, despite claims in program goals 16ahler, "etsch, and 8illiman >;;=5. #n a survey of G> programs, 6ilson9Brewer et al. 1>;;>5 found that fewer than half the programs surveyed provided empirical evidence of reducing violence 1,osner >;;:5. )ack of evidence may stem from limited funding for evaluation, failure to include evaluation in program implementation, failure to target the relatively small groups of young people who commit acts of serious violence, and seriously flawed program designs 1,osner >;;:5. "ederal funding of model programs in violence prevention 10lliott >;;;< .orley et al. 2333< ,owell and Bawkins >;;45 resulted in the development of might effective strategies and curricula over the past decade. What laws ma!e .uch of this groundbreaking work is underused by community9based organizations. Reliable materials youth %rograms ail to and well9trained staff reKuire sustained support, including ambitious outreach to higher9risk youth, ma!e an im%act on the targeted and repeated training, and changes in norms regarding violence or pro9social behavior youth they ser'e0 1Bawkins et al. >;;;5. #neffective programs can waste resources, mislead stakeholders, or fail to address underlying issues. &s in the case of domestic violence, mistargeted programming might escalate potentially violent situations, resulting in greater harm than help.

4:

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

1NC NEI2#BOR#OOD RE+INEES$MEN$ Why might in'esting

money in neighborhoods actually cause them to be @Nei/'%or'oodwea!er0 re+in1e(tmentA i( /o1ernment (-endin/ t'at make( comm,nitie( .eaker and more de-endent

Fall 2011

TagIt:
7ongressman ,aul 8yan, 2?11& @$'e Roadma- Plan&A 'tt- GG...&roadma-&re-,%lican(&%,d/et&'o,(e&/o1GPlan Fntil recently, &mericans were known and admired everywhere for their hopeful determination to assume responsibility for the Kuality of their own lives< to rely on their own work and initiative< and to improve opportunities for their children to prosper in the future. But over time, &mericans have been lured into viewing government ? more than themselves, their families, their communities, their faith ? as their main source of support< they have been drawn toward depending on the public sector for growing shares of their material and personal well9being. The trend drains individual initiative and personal responsibility. #t creates an aversion to risk, sapping the entrepreneurial spirit necessary for growth, innovation, and prosperity. #n turn, it subtly and gradually suffocates the creative potential for prosperity. *ow &merica is approaching a $tipping point% beyond which the *ation will be unable to change course ? and this will lead to disastrous fiscal conseKuences, and an erosion of economic prosperity and the &merican character itself. The current administration and (ongress are propelling the *ation to the brink of this precipice.

44

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC M%olice0 ORE P OLICE 9 LESS What are some

What is the %ur%ose o the

CRIME

%rime e2am%les o why they might be needed in Police -re(ence i( a /ood t'in/& our communities0

TagIt:
*lick I $a%arrok9 Honat'an I AleCander9 200=9 @U(in/ $error Alert Le1el( to E(timate t'e E33ect o3 Police on CrimeA American La. I Economic( A((ociation Ann,al Meetin/( 'tt- GGla.&%e-re((&comGc/iG1ie.content&c/i) articleP10=2IconteCtPaleaI(ei+redirP1T(earc'P522,(in/520terror 520alert520-olice520crime522

Gi'en the im%ortance o %olice %rotection in budgetary terms and the wel are e ects o crime, the lac! o credible causal estimates o the e ect o %olice on crime is troublesome# &lthough Be'itt 6199D9 laid out a use ul ramewor! or isolating the causal e ect o %olice on crime, limited 'ariation in his %rimary instrument and data ambiguities limit the %olicy 'alue o his estimates, as shown by =c7rary 62??29 and Be'itt 62??29# +a!ing a similar a%%roach but ocusing on the easily identi iable and clearly e2ogenous shoc! %ro'ided by changes in the terror alert le'el, we %ro'ide the irst analysis o daily crime data to e'aluate the causal e ect o %olice on crime or the city o Washington, D#7# Using a 'ariety o s%eci ications, we show that an increase in %olice %resence o about >? %ercent leads to a statistically and economically 4>

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

signi icant decrease in crime on the order o 1@ %ercent# We %ro'ide analyses that suggest that this decrease is not an arti act o changing tourism %atterns induced by changes in the terror alert le'el#

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC

Why specifically is your OMMUNI$! OLICIN2 counter%lan better than the a irmati'e %lan0

Comm,nit0 -olicin/ .ork(&

TagIt:

Drew Diamond and Deirdre =ead "ei(( 200?# 7ommunity ,olicing- Boo!ing to +omorrow# U# S# De%artment o Eustice De%artment o 7ommunity $riented ,olicing Ser'ices# 7ommunity %olicing today in'ol'es the %olice %artnering with the community to address %ublic sa ety issues and im%ro'e the *uality o li e# ,olice and the community wor! together to identi y %roblems and to res%ond to community concerns and needs# +hese e orts hel% build community trust# 8oundtable %artici%ants stressed that, as much as %ossible, %olice de%artment e orts should ocus on being %roacti'e or co"acti'e, instead o reacti'e# +his includes ta!ing ste%s to culti'ate trusting %artnershi%s in good times, instead o .ust during a crisis# /t also in'ol'es loo!ing at %roblems rom a holistic %ers%ecti'e and analy1ing them to identi y trends or lin!ages# &t the same time, these e orts do not diminish the ability o the %olice to %ursue en orcement e orts to resol'e %ublic sa ety %roblems# 4D

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC

COMMUNI$! POLICIN2

Comm,nit0 Policin/ i( ali1e and .ell9 read0 to make a -o(iti1e im-act& TagIt: Drew Diamond and Deirdre =ead "ei(( 200?# 7ommunity ,olicing- Boo!ing to +omorrow# U# S# De%artment o Eustice De%artment o 7ommunity $riented ,olicing Ser'ices# ,artici%ants at the roundtables clearly re%orted that community %olicing is ali'e, well, and strongNboth in its %hiloso%hy and what it means o%erationally or %olice de%artments# ,artici%ants agreed that community %olicing is *uality %olicing in a democracy, and the %ro ession needs to communicate this more clearly and e ecti'ely with elected leaders and de%artment %ersonnel# &lthough %artici%ants identi ied a number o current challenges to community %olicing, none is insurmountable# /n act, the chie s belie'e that with strong leadershi% rom %olice chie s and clear su%%ort rom mayors and city managers, these challenges can be addressed and ha'e the %otential to become o%%ortunities or ad'ancement# &s the chie s loo! orward to the ne2t > to 1? years, they see the ield ta!ing the elements and %rinci%les o community %olicingNalong with the lessons learned during the last 2> yearsN to the rest o city go'ernment# With consistent, orward"loo!ing leadershi% rom %olice chie s and city leaders, these chie s belie'e that the result will not only be stronger community %olicing, but also an entire city structure that is more collaborati'e, res%onsi'e to %roblems, trans%arent, and accountable to the community#

48

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC

What would be the #AOS im%acts i there ISADEAN$A2E were too ew %olice0

Police are nece((ar0 to -rotect t'e -,%lic

TagIt:
Da1id Porter9 2011& @Amid -olice la0o33(9 crime (tat( cree- ,-&A A((ociated Pre((9 Ma0 149 2011& *06&RK, *./. N They ranged in age from 2: to =3 and are linked solely by the way their lives ended, in gunfire on *ewark-s streets. /ose &rroyo and /amal Bedamy, innocent bystanders killed in separate shootings. /ames (onn, targeted and shot in the street at an hour when most people were arriving home from work or sitting down to dinner. The killings over the long 0aster weekend brought *ewark-s murder total to 2I in 23>>, a 4G percent increase over the >= killed in the same period a year ago and double the number for the first four months of 233;, according to statistics from the county prosecutor-s office. The increase has come after much9publicized layoffs that cut nearly >G percent of the police force at the end of last year, creating an D#9told9you9soD moment for many observers inside and outside the law enforcement community.

49

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC

C#AOS DISADEAN$A2E

Callin/ terrori(m %0 it( name i( ke0 to -rotectin/ o,r(el1e( TagIt:

*a-itan and Sc',lte 2002 ;$omi( and Eric'9 $'oma( D Pro3 o3 P'ilo(o-'0 U N Illionoi( U9 and Eric' D 9 Ho,rnal o3 Political and Militar0 Sociolo/0 Eol& 70 I((& 19 20029 --& 182V9 K,e(tia< HP2

5et while these terrorists go to great lengths to %romote their =uslim identity and their militant /slamist ideology, it seems we are not allowed to mention that now# $'ere i( not'in/ .ron/ .it' cra3tin/ care3,l lan/,a/e .'en dealin/ .it' terrori(m& Aor years %olitical leaders ha'e used terms such as /slamist terrorist or /slamo" ascist to care ully distinguish militants rom the 'ast ma.ority o %eace" lo'ing =uslims# (ut t'ere i( a di33erence %et.een %ein/ care3,l and %ein/ co.ardl0# $'e kind o3 Oealo,( lan/,a/e -olicin/ endorsed by the Jictoria ,olice and the =ulticultural enco,ra/e( ,( to 'ide 3rom t'e tr,t'& What areAoundation the im%acts o terrorism, $'eir ne. .'ite.a(' lan/,a/e i( not da t, itOs dan/ero,(& Clarit0 o3 and why might they be.ust more lan/,a/e i( a critical tool i3 .eare (erio,( im%ortant than that is, why a%o,t might unco'ering and ,nder(tandin/ militant I(lam& & the ter so many attac!s and the murder o so they outweigh a irmati'e many innocent %eo%le, why would we cower rom identi ying the dri'ers o their im%acts0 /slamist e2tremism0

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC SELF to PRO$EC$ION communities %rotect

themsel'es0

Why would it be hard or

$'e -olice are cr,cial in maintainin/ la. and order&

TagIt:
Helling P Wilson 6George B# P Eames L#9 1982 Broken Windows: Police and Neighborhood Safety (The Atlantic, March) 'tt- GG...&t'eatlantic&comGma/aOineG-rintG1?62G07G%roken+ .indo.(G==>4G Though citizens can do a great deal, the police are plainly the key to order maintenance. "or one thing, many communities, such as the Robert Taylor Bomes, cannot do the 'ob by themselves. "or another, no citizen in a neighborhood, even an organized one, is likely to feel the sense of responsibility that wearing a badge confers. ,sychologists have done many studies on why people fail to go to the aid of persons being attacked or seeking help, and they have learned that the cause is not DapathyD or DselfishnessD but the absence of some plausible grounds for feeling that one must personally accept responsibility. #ronically, avoiding responsibility is easier when a lot of people are standing about. Jn streets and in public places, where order is so important, many people are likely to be Daround,D a fact that reduces the chance of any one person acting as the agent of the community. The police officer-s uniform singles him out as a person who must accept responsibility if asked. #n addition, officers, more

>1

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

easily than their fellow citizens, can be e pected to distinguish between what is necessary to protect the safety of the street and what merely protects its ethnic purity.

>2

Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

2NC !OU$# PRO2RAMS

!o,t' 1iolence -re1ention -ro/ram( can %e 'arm3,l&

TagIt:
O33ice o3 t'e S,r/eon 2eneral ;US<W 2001& @!o,t' Eiolence A Re-ort o3 t'e S,r/eon 2eneral&A

&t the same time, there is a pressing need to evaluate more youth violence prevention programs. Jf the hundreds of programs currently in use throughout the Fnited 8tates, only si met the criteria for a .odel program, and 2> met the criteria for a ,romising program. Jf the 244 school9based program modules reviewed by Gottfredson et al. 1in press5, all of which were formally evaluated against a control or comparison group, only >3 percent received the highest score for scientific rigor 1the e perimental design standard used here5. "or most violence, crime, and drug prevention programs now being implemented, there is simply no evidence regarding effectiveness. &lthough well9designed program evaluations are e pensive and time9consuming, they are the only way to determine the effectiveness of e isting youth violence prevention programs. What are your own original arguments against their youth youth violence are ineffective, *early half of the most thoroughly evaluated strategies for preventing %rograms %osition0 however, and a few are even harmful. #t is in society-s best interest to evaluate programs before e posing children and adolescents to them 99 otherwise we run the risk of harming young people rather than helping them.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL

What are your own R original 2NC NEI2#BOR#OOD E+INEES$MEN$ arguments against their neighborhood rein'estment %osition0 @In1e(tin/A in comm,nitie( .ill not 'el-

Fall 2011

TagIt:
$ad De#a1en9 H,ne 200?& CA$O In(it,te + 'tt- GG...&do.n(iOin//o1ernment&or/G',dG(candal( 7uring much of the 23th century, the Dpublic interest theory of governmentD held sway. The idea was that policymakersNparticularly federal policymakersNacted with the best interests of the general public in mind. Bowever, &merica-s e perience with a large and scandal9plagued federal government in recent decades has shown that the public interest theory has little real9world e planatory power. #ll9 conceived laws get enacted all the time, and government officials often put career advancement, turf protection, and other personal factors ahead of the public interest. BF7-s history of scandal and corruption fits this pattern. 6hile government officials and advocates for housing subsidies usually paint a romanticized portrait of BF7-s programs, the truth is that federal housing intervention has often done far more damage than good. The housing and financial meltdowns of recent years can be partly traced to the distortions in'ected into markets by federal housing regulations and subsidies through BF7 and other agencies. 6e have learned that when the government intervenes in the housing industry, politically driven decisions lead to corruption and economic distortion, not efficient public policies. The federal government should begin withdrawing from housing markets, including dismantling the 7epartment of Bousing and Frban 7evelopment.

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Police and Crime Starter Pack BAUDL Fall 2011

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