Welcome to 3.

091
Lecture 33 December 4, 2009
Unary Phase Diagrams

Courtesy of WoofBC on Flickr.

snowflake obsidian: black glassy phase + white xtalline phase SiO2 - MgO - Fe3O4

WATER

Phase Diagram of Water

Supercritical fluid 217.7 Critical point Pressure (atm)

Normal melting point Solid 1 Normal boiling point 6.0 x 10-3 Triple point (Tt) 0 0.0098 Temperature (oC)
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Liquid

Gas

100

374.4

Silicon

20

ct(4)

P (GPa) 10

fcc(8) (diamond)

liquid

1000 T (K)

2000

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Aluminum

P (GPa)

4 fcc

2 liquid

400 T (K)

800

1200

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

WATER

WATER

Professor Sadoways lab coat is from MAISON DUTECH: its French!

m.p. (K) oxygen argon 55 84

b.p. (K) 90 87 77

nitrogen 63

Nitrogen
20

15

rh(8) () 10

sc(8) ()

polymorphs: different atomic arrangements at constant composition

liquid

P (GPa)

st(2) ()

hcp () 0 sc(4) () 0 200 400 T (K)

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600

800

1 atm = 101325 Pa = 0.1 MPa = 14.7 psi = 1 bar ! 1 GPa = 10,000 atm

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

73.0

Supercritical fluid

Pressure (atm)

Solid

Liquid

5.11 1 -78.5 -56.4

Gas

31.1 Temperature (oC)

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ZIRCONIA (ZrO2)

Source: Bergeron, C., and S. Risbud, Introduction to Phase Equilibria in Ceramics. American Ceramic Society, 1984. Reprinted with permission of The American Ceramic Society, www.ceramics.org. Some rights reserved.

CARBON

Source: Bergeron, C., and S. Risbud, Introduction to Phase Equilibria in Ceramics. American Ceramic Society, 1984. Reprinted with permission of The American Ceramic Society, www.ceramics.org. Some rights reserved.

MERCURY

American Physical Society. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Schulte, O., and W. B. Holzapfel. "Phase diagram for mercury up to 67 GPa and 500 K." Phys Rev B 48 (1993); 14009-14012.

MERCURY

American Physical Society. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Schulte, O., and W. B. Holzapfel. "Phase Diagram for Mercury up to 67 GPa and 500 K." Phys Rev B 48 (1993); 14009-14012.

Calder Mir Mercury Fountain in honor of the miners of Almaden Miro Museum, Barcelona, Spain

Bismuth

12.5

IX

10.0

P (GPa)

VIII 7.5 V 5.0 IV orth(8) (III) 2.5 rh(2) (I)

bcc (VI)

tet(8) (VII)

liquid II'

cm(4) (II) 400 T (K)

200

600

800

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Sulfur

XII P (GPa) 4 X IX VII V VI fco(16) (I) 0 sm(6) (II) 0 200 III IV B A 600 C 800 XI VIII D liquid E

400 T (K)

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allotropes of sulfur
S S2

S6

S8

Sn (n = 2000 - 5000)
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allotropes: forms of an element differing in bonding and molecular structure, e.g., O2 and O3 are allotropes of oxygen

polymorphs of sulfur ! = " at 95.5C

rhombic

monoclinic

Image sources: Left, public domain. Right, courtesy of fluor_dooublet on Flickr.

" = ! at 119C

source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

! = at 160C forming plastic sulfur, i.e., amorphous

WATER (H2O)

! ice VII 100C 25 kbar

Courtesy of Dover Publications. Used with permission.

WATER

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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry

Fall 2009

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