09CS 301: DATA COMMUNICATION QUESTION BANK UNIT 1 Chapter: I

INTRODUCTION 1. Identify the five components of a data communications system. 2. What are the advantages of distributed processing? 3. What are the three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network? . What are the advantages of a mu!tipoint connection over a point"to"point connection? #. What are the two types of !ine configuration? $. Categori%e the four basic topo!ogies in terms of !ine configuration. &. What is the difference between ha!f"dup!e' and fu!!"dup!e' transmission modes? (. )ame the four basic network topo!ogies* and cite an advantage of each type. +. ,or n devices in a network* what is the number of cab!e !inks re-uired for a mesh*ring* bus* and star topo!ogy? 1.. What are some of the factors that determine whether a communication system is a /0) or W0)? 1I. What is an internet? What is the Internet? 12. Why are protoco!s needed? 13. Why are standards needed? 1 . What is the ma'imum number of characters or symbo!s that can be represented by 1nicode? 1#. 0 co!or image uses 1$ bits to represent a pi'e!. What is the ma'imum number of different co!ors that can be represented?

1$. 0ssume si' devices are arranged in a mesh topo!ogy. 2ow many cab!es are needed?2ow many ports are needed for each device? 1&. ,or each of the fo!!owing four networks* discuss the conse-uences if a connection fai!s. a. ,ive devices arranged in a mesh topo!ogy b. ,ive devices arranged in a star topo!ogy 3not counting the hub4 c. ,ive devices arranged in a bus topo!ogy d. ,ive devices arranged in a ring topo!ogy 1(. 5raw a hybrid topo!ogy with a star backbone and three ring networks. 1+. 5raw a hybrid topo!ogy with a ring backbone and two bus networks. 2.. 6erformance is inverse!y re!ated to de!ay. When you use the Internet* which of the fo!!owing app!ications are more sensitive to de!ay? a. 7ending an e"mai! b. Copying a fi!e c. 7urfing the Internet 21. When a party makes a !oca! te!ephone ca!! to another party* is this a point"to" point or mu!tipoint connection? 8'p!ain your answer. 22. Compare the te!ephone network and the Internet. What are the simi!arities? What are the differences? Unit 1 Chapter 2 NETWORK MODEL 1. /ist the !ayers of the Internet mode!. 2. Which !ayers in the Internet mode! are the network support !ayers? 3. Which !ayer in the Internet mode! is the user support !ayer?

. What is the difference between network !ayer de!ivery and transport !ayer de!ivery? #. What is a peer"to"peer process? $. 2ow does information get passed from one !ayer to the ne't in the Internet mode!? &. What are headers and trai!ers* and how do they get added and removed? (. What are the concerns of the physica! !ayer in the Internet mode!? +. What are the responsibi!ities of the data !ink !ayer in the Internet mode!? 1.. What are the responsibi!ities of the network !ayer in the Internet mode!? 11. What are the responsibi!ities of the transport !ayer in the Internet mode!? 12. What is the difference between a port address* a !ogica! address* and a physica! address? 13. )ame some services provided by the app!ication !ayer in the Internet mode!. 1 . 2ow do the !ayers of the Internet mode! corre!ate to the !ayers of the 97I mode!? 1#. 2ow are 97I and I79 re!ated to each other? 1$. :atch the fo!!owing to one or more !ayers of the 97I mode!: a. ;oute determination b. ,!ow contro! c. Interface to transmission media d. 6rovides access for the end user

I &.:atch the fo!!owing to one or more !ayers of the 97I mode!:

a. ;e!iab!e process"to"process message de!ivery b. ;oute se!ection c. 5efines frames d. 6rovides user services such as e"mai! and fi!e transfer e. <ransmission of bit stream across physica! medium 1(. :atch the fo!!owing to one or more !ayers of the 97! mode!: a. Communicates direct!y with user=s app!ication program b. 8rror correction and retransmission c. :echanica!* e!ectrica!* and functiona! interface d. ;esponsibi!ity for carrying frames between ad>acent nodes 1+. :atch the fo!!owing to one or more !ayers of the 97I mode!: a. ,ormat and code conversion services b. 8stab!ishes* manages* and terminates sessions c. 8nsures re!iab!e transmission of data d. /og"in and !og"out procedures e. 6rovides independence from differences in data representation 22. 7uppose a computer sends a frame to another computer on a bus topo!ogy /0). <he physica! destination address of the frame is corrupted during the transmission. What happens to the frame? 2ow can the sender be informed about the situation? 23. 7uppose a computer sends a packet at the network !ayer to another computer somewhere in the Internet. <he !ogica! destination address of the packet is cor" rupted. What happens to the packet? 2ow can the source computer be informed of the situation?

2 . 7uppose a computer sends a packet at the transport !ayer to another computer somewhere in the Internet. <here is no process with the destination port address running at the destination computer. What wi!! happen? 2#. If the data !ink !ayer can detect errors between hops* why do you think we need another checking mechanism at the transport !ayer?

Unit: 2 Chapter 3 P !SICA" "A!ER AND MEDIA

1. What is the re!ationship between period and fre-uency? 2. What does the amp!itude of a signa! measure? What does the fre-uency of a signa! measure? What does the phase of a signa! measure? 3. 2ow can a composite signa! be decomposed into its individua! fre-uencies? . )ame three types of transmission impairment.? #. 5istinguish between baseband transmission and broadband transmission.? $. 5istinguish between a !ow"pass channe! and a band"pass channe!.? &. What does the )y-uist theorem have to do with communications? (. What does the 7hannon capacity have to do with communications? +. Why do optica! signa!s used in fiber optic cab!es have a very short wave !ength? 1.. Can we say if a signa! is periodic or nonperiodic by >ust !ooking at its fre-uency domain p!ot? 2ow? 11. Is the fre-uency domain p!ot of a voice signa! discrete or continuous? 12. Is the fre-uency domain p!ot of an a!arm system discrete or continuous? 13. We send a voice signa! from a microphone to a recorder. Is this baseband or broadband transmission?

1 . We send a digita! signa! from one station on a /0) to another station. Is this baseband or broadband transmission? 1#. We modu!ate severa! voice signa!s and send them through the air. Is this baseband or broadband transmission? 1$. ?iven the fre-uencies !isted be!ow* ca!cu!ate the corresponding periods. a. 2 2% b. ( :2% c. 1 . @2% 1&. ?iven the fo!!owing periods* ca!cu!ate the corresponding fre-uencies. a. # s b. 12 A!s c. 22. ns 1(. What is the phase shift for the foI!owing? a. 0 sine wave with the ma'imum amp!itude at time %ero b. 0 sine wave with ma'imum amp!itude after 1B cyc!e c. 0 sine wave with %ero amp!itude after 3B cyc!e and increasing 1+. What is the bandwidth of a signa! that can be decomposed into five sine waves with fre-uencies at .* 2.* #.* 1..* and 2.. 2%? 0!! peak amp!itudes are the same. 5raw the bandwidth. 2.. 0 periodic composite signa! with a bandwidth of 2... 2% is composed of two sine waves. <he first one has a fre-uency of 1.. 2% with a ma'imum amp!itude of 2. C*the second one has a ma'imum amp!itude of # C. 5raw the bandwidth. 21. Which signa! has a wider bandwidth* a sine wave with a fre-uency of 1.. 2% or a*sine wave with a fre-uency of 2.. 2%?

22. What is the bit rate for each of the fo!!owing signa!s? a. 0 signa! in which 1 bit !asts ....1 s b. 0 signa! in which 1 bit !asts 2 ms c. 0 signa! in which 1. bits !ast 2. A"!s 23. 0 device is sending out data at the rate of 1... bps. a. 2ow !ong does it take to send out 1. bits? b. 2ow !ong does it take to send out a sing!e character 3( bits4? c. 2ow !ong does it take to send a fi!e of 1..*... characters? 2 . 0 signa! trave!s from point 0 to point D. 0t point 0* the signa! power is 1.. W. 0t point D* the power is +.W. What is the attenuation in decibe!s? 2#. <he attenuation of a signa! is "1. dD. What is the fina! signa! power if it was origina!!y #W? 2$. 0 signa! has passed through three cascaded amp!ifiers* each with a What is the tota! gain? 2ow much is the signa! amp!ified? 2&. If the bandwidth of the channe! is # @bps* how !ong does it take to send a frame of 1..*... bits out of this device? <he !ight of the sun takes appro'imate!y eight minutes to reach the earth. What is the distance between the sun and the earth? 2(. 0 signa! has a wave!ength of 1 11m in air. 2ow far can the front of the wave trave! during 1... periods? 2+. 0 !ine has a signa!"to"noise ratio of 1... and a bandwidth of ... @2%. What is the ma'imum data rate supported by this !ine? 3.. We measure the performance of a te!ephone !ine 3 @2% of bandwidth4. When the signa! is 1. C* the noise is # mC. What is the ma'imum data rate supported by this te!ephone !ine? 31. 0 computer monitor has a reso!ution of 12.. by 1... pi'e!s. If each pi'e! uses dD gain.

1.2 co!ors* how many bits are needed to send the comp!ete contents of a screen? 32. If the peak vo!tage va!ue of a signa! is 2. times the peak vo!tage va!ue of the noise* what is the 7);? What is the 7); ? 33. We need to upgrade a channe! to a higher bandwidth. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. 2ow is the rate improved if we doub!e the bandwidth? b. 2ow is the rate improved if we doub!e the 7);?

3 . We have a channe! with @2% bandwidth. If we want to send data at 1.. @bps*what is the minimum 7); ?What is 7);? 3#. What is the transmission time of a packet sent by a station if the !ength of the packet is 1 mi!!ion bytes and the bandwidth of the channe! is 2.. @bps? 3$. What is the !ength of a bit in a channe! with a propagation speed of 2 ' 1. m!s if the channe! bandwidth is a. 1:bps? h. 1. :bps? c. 1.. :bps? 3&. 2ow many bits can fit on a !ink with a 2 ms de!ay if the bandwidth of the !ink is a. 1:bps? b. 1. :bps? c. 1.. :bps?

UNIT 2:C APTER #: DI$ITA" TRANSMISSION

1. /ist three techni-ues of digita!"to"digita! conversion. 2. 5istinguish between a signa! e!ement and a data e!ement. 3. 5istinguish between data rate and signa! rate. . 5efine base!ine wandering and its effect on digita! transmission. #. 5efine a 5C component and its effect on digita! transmission. $. 5efine the characteristics of a se!f"synchroni%ing signa!. &. /ist five !ine coding schemes discussed in this book. (. 5efine b!ock coding and give its purpose. +. 5efine scramb!ing and give its purpose. 1.. Compare and contrast 6C: and 5:. 11. What are the differences between para!!e! and seria! transmission? 12. /ist three different techni-ues in seria! transmission and e'p!ain the differences. 13. Ca!cu!ate the va!ue of the signa! rate for each case in ,igure .2 if the data rate is 1:bps and c E 1B2. 1 . In a digita! transmission* the sender c!ock is ..2 percent faster than the receiver c!ock. 2ow many e'tra bits per second does the sender send if the data rate is 1:bps? 1#. 5raw the graph of the );F"/ scheme using each of the fo!!owing data streams* assuming that the !ast signa11eve! has been positive. ,rom the graphs* guess the bandwidth for this scheme using the average number of changes in the signa! !eve!. Compare your guess with the corresp.onding entry in <ab!e .1. a. ........

b. 11111111 c. .1.1.1.1 d. ..11..11 1$. ;epeat 8'ercise 1# for the );F"I scheme. 1&. ;epeat 8'ercise 1# for the :anchester scheme. 1(. ;epeat 8'ercise 1# for the differentia! :anchester scheme. 1+. ;epeat 8'ercise 1# for the 2D1G scheme* but use the fo!!owing data streams. a. ................ b. 1111111111111111 c. .1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 d. ..11..11..11..11 2.. ;epeat 8'ercise 1# for the :/<"3 scheme* but use the fo!!owing data streams. a. ........ b. 11111111 c. .1.1.1.1 d. ...11... 21. 0n );F"I signa! has a data rate of 1.. @bps. 1sing ,igure .$* ca!cu!ate the va!ue of the norma!i%ed energy 364 for fre-uencies at . 2%* #. @2%* and 1.. @2%. 22. 0 :anchester signa! has a data rate of 1.. @bps. 1sing ,igure .(* ca!cu!ate the va!ue of the norma!i%ed energy 364 for fre-uencies at . 2%* #. @2%* 1.. @2%. 23. <he input stream to a DB#D b!ock encoder is .1.. .... .... .... .... 999I. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. What is the output stream? b. What is the !ength of the !ongest consecutive se-uence of 9s in the input?

c. What is the !ength of the !ongest consecutive se-uence of 9s in the output? 2 . 2ow many inva!id 3unused4 code se-uences can we have in #DB$D encoding? 2ow many in 3DB D encoding? 2#. What is the resu!t of scramb!ing the se-uence 111........... using one of the fo!!owing scramb!ing techni-ues? 0ssume that the !ast non"%ero signa! !eve! has been positive. a. D(F7 b. 25D3 3<he number of non%ero pu!es is odd after the !ast substitution4 2$. What is the )y-uist samp!ing rate for each of the fo!!owing signa!s? a. 0 !ow"pass signa! with bandwidth of 2.. @2%? b. 0 band"pass signa! with bandwidth of 2.. @2% if the !owest fre-uency is 1.. @2%? 2&. We have samp!ed a !ow"pass signa! with a bandwidth of 2.. @2% using 1.2 !eve!s of -uanti%ation. a. Ca!cu!ate the bit rate of the digiti%ed signa!. b. Ca!cu!ate the 7); for this signa!. dD c. Ca!cu!ate the 6C: bandwidth of this signa!. 2(. What is the ma'imum data rate of a channe! with a bandwidth of 2.. @2% if we use four !eve!s of digita! signa!ing. 2+. 0n ana!og signa! has a bandwidth of 2. @2%. If we samp!e this signa! and send it through a 3. @bps channe! what is the 7); ? dD 3.. We have a baseband channe! with a I":2% bandwidth. What is the data rate for this channe! if we use one of the fo!!owing !ine coding schemes? a. );F"/ b. :anchester

c. :/<"3 d. 2D1G 31. We want to transmit 1... characters with each character encoded as ( bits. a. ,ind the number of transmitted bits for synchronous transmission. b. ,ind the number of transmitted bits for asynchronous transmission. c. ,ind the redundancy percent in each case.

Unit 2: Chapter %
ANA"O$ TRANSMISSION 1. 5efine ana!og transmission. 2. 5efine carrier signa! and its ro!e in ana!og transmission. 3. 5efine digita!"to"ana!og conversion. . Which characteristics of an ana!og signa! are changed to represent the digita! signa! in each of the fo!!owing digita!"to"ana!og conversion? a. 07@ b. ,7@ c. 67@ d. G0: #. Which of the four digita!"to"ana!og conversion techni-ues 307@* ,7@* 67@ or G0:4 is the most susceptib!e to noise? 5efend your answer. $. 5efine conste!!ation diagram and its ro!e in ana!og transmission. &. What are the two components of a signa! when the signa! is represented on a conste!!ation diagram? Which component is shown on the hori%onta! a'is? Which is shown on the vertica! a'is?

(. 5efine ana!og"to"ana!og conversion? +. Which characteristics of an ana!og signa! are changed to represent the !owpass ana!og signa! in each of the fo!!owing ana!og"to"ana!og conversions? a. 0: b. ,: c. 6: 1.. Which of the three ana!og"to"ana!og conversion techni-ues 30:* ,:* or 6:4 is the most susceptib!e to noise? 5efend your answer. 11. Ca!cu!ate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modu!ation. a. 2... bps* ,7@ b. ... bps* 07@ c. $... bps* G67@ d. 3$*... bps* $ "G0: 12. Ca!cu!ate the bit rate for the given baud rate and type of modu!ation. a. 1... baud* ,7@ b. 1... baud* 07@ c. 1... baud* D67@ d. 1... baud* 1$"G0: 13. What is the number of bits per baud for the fo!!owing techni-ues? a. 07@ with four different amp!itudes b. ,7@ with ( different fre-uencies c. 67@ with four different phases d. G0: with a conste!!ation of 12( points.

1 . 5raw the conste!!ation diagram for the fo!!owing: a. 07@* with peak amp!itude va!ues of 1 and 3 b. D67@* with a peak amp!itude va!ue of 2 c. G67@* with a peak amp!itude va!ue of 3 d. ("G0: with two different peak amp!itude va!ues* I and 3* and four different phases. 1#. 5raw the conste!!ation diagram for the fo!!owing cases. ,ind the peak amp!itude va!ue for each case and define the type of modu!ation 307@* ,7@* 67@* or G0:4. <he numbers in parentheses define the va!ues of I and G respective!y. a. <wo points at 32* .4 and 33* .4. b. <wo points at 33* .4 and 3"3* .4. c. ,our points at 32* 24* 3"2* 24* 3"2* "24* and 32* "24. d. <wo points at 3. * 24 and 3.* "24. 1$. 2ow many bits per baud can we send in each of the fo!!owing cases if the signa! conste!!ation has one of the fo!!owing number of points? a. 2 b. c. 1$ d. 1.2 1&. What is the re-uired bandwidth for the fo!!owing cases if we need to send ... bps? /et d E 1. a. 07@ b. ,7@ with E @2% 2Hf

c. G67@ d. 1$"G0: 1(. <he te!ephone !ine has @2% bandwidth. What is the ma'imum number of bits we can send using each of the fo!!owing techni-ues? /et d E 9. a. 07@ b. G67@ c. 1$"G0: d.$ "G0: 1+. 0 corporation has a medium with a I":2% bandwidth 3!owpass4. <he corporation needs to create 1. separate independent channe!s each capab!e of sending at !east 1. :bps. <he company has decided to use G0: techno!ogy. What is the mini"mum number of bits per baud for each channe!? What is the number of points in the conste!!ation diagram for each channe!? /et d E9. 2.. 0 cab!e company uses one of the cab!e <C channe!s 3with a bandwidth of $ :2%4 to provide digita! communication for each resident. What is the avai!ab!e data rate .for each resident if the company uses a $ "G0: techni-ue? 21. ,ind the tota! number of channe!s in the corresponding band a!!ocated by ,CC. a. 0: b. ,:

UNIT 2:C APTER & BAND'IDT UTI"I(ATION

1. 5escribe the goa!s of mu!tip!e'ing. 2. /ist three main mu!tip!e'ing techni-ues mentioned in this chapter.

3. 5istinguish between a !ink and a channe! in mu!tip!e'ing. . Which of the three mu!tip!e'ing techni-ues is 3are4 used to combine ana!og signa!s?Which of the three mu!tip!e'ing techni-ues is 3are4 used to combine digita! signa!s? #. 5efine the ana!og hierarchy used by te!ephone companies and !ist different !eve!s of the hierarchy. $. 5efine the digita! hierarchy used by te!ephone companies and !ist different !eve!s of the hierarchy. &. Which of the three mu!tip!e'ing techni-ues is common for fiber optic !inks? 8'p!ain the reason. (. 5istinguish between mu!ti!eve! <5:* mu!tip!e s!ot <5:* and pu!se"stuffed <5:. +. 5istinguish between synchronous and statistica! <5:. 1.. 5efine spread spectrum and its goa!. /ist the two spread spectrum techni-ues discussed in this chapter. 11. 5efine ,277 and e'p!ain how it achieves bandwidth spreading. 12. 5efine 5777 and e'p!ain how it achieves bandwidth spreading. 13. 0ssume that a voice channe! occupies a bandwidth of k2%. We need to mu!tip!e' 1. voice channe!s with guard bands of #.. 2% using ,5:. Ca!cu!ate the re-uired bandwidth. 1 . We need to transmit 1.. digiti%ed voice channe!s using a pass"band channe! of 2. @2%. What shou!d be the ratio of bitsB2% if we use no guard band? 1#. In the ana!og hierarchy of ,igure $.+* find the overhead 3e'tra bandwidth for guard band or contro!4 in each hierarchy !eve! 3group* supergroup* master group* and >umbo group4.

1$. We need to use synchronous <5: and combine 2. digita! sources* each of 1.. @bps. 8ach output s!ot carries 1 bit from each digita! source* but one e'tra bit is added to each frame for synchroni%ation. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. What is the si%e of an output frame in bits? b. What is the output frame rate? c. What is the duration of an output frame? d. What is the output data rate? e. What is the efficiency of the system 3ratio of usefu! bits to the tota! bits4. 1&. ;epeat 8'ercise 1$ if each output s!ot carries 2 bits from each source. 1(. We have 1 sources* each creating #.. ("bit characters per second. 7ince on!y some of these sources are active at any moment* we use statistica! <5: to combine these sources using character inter!eaving. 8ach frame carries $ s!ots at a time* but we need to add four"bit addresses to each s!ot. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. What is the si%e of an output frame in bits? b. What is the output frame rate? c. What is the duration of an output frame? d. What is the output data rate? 1+. <en sources* si' with a bit rate of 2.. kbps and four with a bit rate of .. kbps are to be combined using mu!ti!eve! <5: with no synchroni%ing bits. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions about the fina! stage of the mu!tip!e'ing: a. What is the si%e of a frame in bits? b. What is the frame rate? c. What is the duration of a frame? d. What is the data rate?

2.. ,our channe!s* two with a bit rate of 2.. kbps and two with a bit rate of 1#. kbps* are to be mu!tip!e'ed using mu!tip!e s!ot <5: with no synchroni%ation bits. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. What is the si%e of a frame in bits? b. What is the frame rate? c. What is the duration of a frame? d. What is the data rate? 21. <wo channe!s* one with a bit rate of 1+. kbps and another with a bit rate of 1(. kbps* are to be mu!tip!e'ed using pu!se stuffing <5: with no synchroni%ation bits. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. What is the si%e of a frame in bits? b. What is the frame rate? c. What is the duration of a frame? d. What is the data rate? 22. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions about a <"1 !ine: a. What is the duration of a frame? b. What is the overhead 3number of e'tra bits per second4? 23. 7how the contents of the five output frames for a synchronous <5: mu!tip!e'er that combines four sources sending the fo!!owing characters. )ote that the characters are sent in the same order that they are typed. <he third source is si!ent. a. 7ource 1message: 28//9 b. 7ource 2 message: 2I c. 7ource 3 message: d. 7ource message: DI8

2 . 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions about the digita! hierarchy in ,igure $.23: a. What is the overhead 3number of e'tra bits4 in the 57"! service? b. What is the overhead 3number of e'tra bits4 in the 57"2 service? c. What is the overhead 3number of e'tra bits4 in the 57"3 service? d. What is the overhead 3number of e'tra bits4 in the 57" service? 2#. What is the minimum number of bits in a 6) se-uence if we use ,277 with a channe! bandwidth of D E @2% and Dss E1.. @2%? 2$. 0n ,277 system uses a "bit 6) se-uence. If the bit rate of the 6) is $ bits per second* answer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. What is the tota! number of possib!e hops? b. What is the time needed to finish a comp!ete cyc!e of 6)? 2&. We have a digita! medium with a data rate of 1. :bps. 2ow many $ "kbps voice channe!s can be carried by this medium if we use 5777 with the Darker se-uence? UNIT 3: C APTER ) TRANSMISSION MEDIA 1. What is the position of the transmission media in the 97I or the Internet mode!? 2. )ame the two ma>or categories of transmission media. 3. 2ow do guided media differ from unguided media? . What are the three ma>or c!asses of guided media? #. What is the significance of the twisting in twisted"pair cab!e? $. What is refraction? What is ref!ection? &. What is the purpose of c!adding in an optica! fiber? (. )ame the advantages of optica! fiber over twisted"pair and coa'ia! cab!e.

+. 2ow does sky propagation differ from !ine"of"sight propagation? 1.. What is the difference between omnidirectiona! waves and unidirectiona! waves? 11. If the power at the beginning of a 1 @In 2.$B+.# mm coa'ia! cab!e is 2.. mw* what is the power at the end for fre-uencies 1 @2%* 1.@2%* and 1.. @2%? 12. Ca!cu!ate the bandwidth of the !ight for the fo!!owing wave!ength ranges 3assume a ( propagation speed of 2 ' 1. m4: a. 1... to 12.. nm b. 1... to 1 .. nm 2.. 0 !ight signa! is trave!!ing through a fiber. What is the de!ay in the signa! if the !ength of the fiber"optic cab!e is 1. m* 1.. m* and 1 @m 3assume a propagation ( speed of 2 ' 1. i!!4? 21. 0 beam of!ight moves from one medium to another medium with !ess density. <he critica! ang!e is $.J. 5o we have refraction or ref!ection for each of the fo!!owing incident ang!es? 7how the bending of the !ight ray in each case. a. .J b. $.J c. (. UNIT 3:C APTER *

S'ITC IN$
I. 5escribe the need for switching and define a switch. 2. /ist the three traditiona! switching methods. What are the most common today? 3. What are the two approaches to packet"switching? . Compare and contrast a circuit"switched network and a packet"switched network.

#. What is the ro!e of the address fie!d in a packet trave!ing through a datagram network? $. What is the ro!e of the address fie!d in a packet trave!ing through a virtua!" circuit network? &. Compare space"division and time"division switches. (. What is <7I and its ro!e in a time"division switching? +. 5efine b!ocking in a switched network. 1.. /ist four ma>or components of a packet switch and their functions. 11. 0 path in a digita! circuit"switched network has a data rate of I :bps. <he e'change of 1... bits is re-uired for the setup and teardown phases. <he distance between two parties is #... km. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions if the propagataion speed is 2 K 1.( m: a. What is the tota! de!ay if 1... bits of data are e'changed during the data transfer phase? b. What is the tota! de!ay if 1..*... bits of data are e'changed during the data transfer phase? c. What is the tota! de!ay if 1*...*... bits of data are e'changed during the data transfer phase? d. ,ind the de!ay per 1... bits of data for each of the above cases and compare them. What can you infer? 1 . We mentioned that two types of networks* datagram and virtua!"circuit* need a routing or switching tab!e to find the output port from which the information be!onging to a destination shou!d be sent out* but a circuit"switched network has no need for such a tab!e. ?ive the reason for this difference. above characteristics?

1$. <he minimum number of co!umns in a datagram network is twoL the minimum number of co!umns in a virtua!"circuit network is four. Can you e'p!ain the reason? Is the difference re!ated to the type of addresses carried in the packets of each network? 1&. 0nswer the fo!!owing -uestions: a. Can a routing tab!e in a datagram network have two entries with the same destination address? 8'p!ain. b. Can a switching tab!e in a virtua!"circuit network have two entries with the same input port number? With the same output port number? With the same incoming CC!s?With the same outgoing CC!s?With the same incoming va!ues 3port* CCI4? With the same outgoing va!ues 3port* CCI4? 1(. Consider an n K k crossbar switch with n inputs and k outputs. a. Can we say that switch acts as a mu!tip!e'er if n M k? b. Can we say that switch acts as a demu!tip!e'er if n N k? 1+. We need a three"stage space"division switch with )E1... We use 1. crossbars a the first and third stages and crossbars at the midd!e stage. a. 5raw the configuration diagram. b. Ca!cu!ate the tota! number of crosspoints. c. ,ind the possib!e number of simu!taneous connections. d. ,ind the possib!e number of simu!taneous connections if we use one sing!e crossbar 31.. ' 1..4. e. ,ind the b!ocking factor* the ratio of the number of connections in c and in d. 2.. ;edesign the configuration of 8'ercise 22 using the C!os criteria. 21. We need to have a space"division switch with 1... inputs and outputs. What is the tota! number of crosspoints in each of the fo!!owing cases? a. 1sing one sing!e crossbar.

b. 1sing a mu!ti"stage switch based on the C!ose criteria 22. We need a three"stage time"space"time switch with )E 1... We use 1. <7Is at the first and third stages and crossbars at the midd!e stage. a. 5raw the configuration diagram. b. Ca!cu!ate the tota! number of crosspoints. c. Ca!cu!ate the tota! number of memory !ocations we need for the <7Is. UNIT 3:C APTER 9

USIN$ TE"EP ONE AND CAB"E NET'ORKS

1. What are the three ma>or components of a te!ephone network? 2. ?ive some hierarchica! switching !eve!s of a te!ephone network. 3. What is /0<0?What are intra"/0<0 and inter"/0<0 services? . 5escribe the 77& service and its re!ation to the te!ephone network. 7. What are the two ma>or services provided by te!ephone companies in the 1nited 7tates? $. What is dia!"up modem techno!ogy? /ist some of the common modem standards discussed in this chapter and give their data rates. &. What is 57/ techno!ogy?What are the services provided by the te!ephone companies using 57/? 5istinguish between a 57/ modem and a 57/0:. (. Compare and contrast a traditiona! cab!e network with a hybrid fiber"coa'ia! network. +. 2ow is data transfer achieved using C0<C channe!s? 1.. 5istinguish between C: and C:<7. 11. 1sing the discussion of circuit"switching in Chapter (* e'p!ain why this type of switching was chosen for te!ephone networks.

12. In Chapter (* we discussed the three communication phases invo!ved in a circuit"switched network. :atch these phases with the phases in a te!ephone ca!! between two parties. 13. In Chapter (* we !earned that a circuit"switched network needs end"to"end addressing during the setup and teardown phases. 5efine end"to"end addressing in a te!ephone network when two parties communicate. 1 . When we have an overseas te!ephone conversation* we sometimes e'perience a de!ay. Can you e'p!ain the reason? 1#. 5raw a barchart to compare the different down!oading data rates of common modems. 1$. 5raw a barchart to compare the different down!oading data rates of common 57/ techno!ogy imp!ementations 3use minimum data rates4. 1&. Ca!cu!ate the minimum time re-uired to down!oad one mi!!ion bytes of information using each of the fo!!owing techno!ogies: a. C32 modem b. C32bis modem c. C+. modem 1(. ;epeat 8'ercise 1& using different 57/ imp!ementations 3consider the minimum rates4. 1+. ;epeat 8'ercise 1& using a cab!e modem 3consider the minimum rates4. 2.. What type of topo!ogy is used when customers in an area use 57/ modems for data transfer purposes? 8'p!ain. 21. What type of topo!ogy is used when customers in an area use cab!e modems for data transfer purposes? 8'p!ain.

UNIT #: C APTER 10 DATA "INK "A!ER

1. 2ow does a sing!e"bit error differ from a burst error? 2. 5iscuss the concept of redundancy in error detection and correction. 3. 5istinguish between forward error correction versus error correction by retransmission. . What is the definition of a !inear b!ock code?What is the definition of a cyc!ic code? #. What is the 2amming distance? What is the minimum 2amming distance? $. 2ow is the simp!e parity check re!ated to the two"dimensiona! parity check? &. In C;C* show the re!ationship between the fo!!owing entities 3si%e means the number of bits4: a. <he si%e of the dataword and the si%e of the codeword b. <he si%e of the divisor and the remainder c. <he degree of the po!ynomia! generator and the si%e of the divisor d. <he degree of the po!ynomia! generator and the si%e of the remainder (. What kind of arithmetic is used to add data items in checksum ca!cu!ation? +. What kind of error is undetectab!e by the checksum? 1.. Can the va!ue of a checksum be a!! 9s 3in binary4? 5efend your answer. Can the va!ue be a!!Is 3in binary4? 5efend your answer. 11. What is the ma'imum effect of a 2"ms burst of noise on data transmitted at the fo!!owing rates? a. 1#.. bps

b. 12 kbps c. 1.. kbps d. 1.. :bps 12. 0pp!y the e'c!usive"or operation on the fo!!owing pair of patterns 3the symbo! 8D means K9;4: a. 31...14 8D 31....4 b. 31...14 8D 31...14 3What do you infer from the resu!t?4 c. 3111..4 8D 3.....4 3What do you infer from the resu!t?4 d. 31..114 88! 3111114 3What do you infer from the resu!t?4 13. What is the 2amming distance for each of the fo!!owing codewords: a. d 31....* .....4 b. d 31.1.1* 1....4 c. d 311111*111114 d. d 3...* ...4 1 . ,ind the minimum 2amming distance for the fo!!owing cases: a. 5etection of two en"ors. b. Correction of two errors. c. 5etection of 3 errors or correction of 2 errors. d. 5etection of $ errors or correction of 2 errors. 1#. 0ssuming even parity* find the parity bit for each of the fo!!owing data units. a. 1..1.11 b. ...11.. c. 1......

d. 111.111 1$. ?iven the dataword 1.1..1111. and the divisor 1.111* a. 7how the generation of the codeword at the sender site 3using binary division4. h. 7how the checking of the codeword at the receiver site 3assume no error4

UNIT #:C APTER 11 DATA "INK CONTRO"

1. Drief!y describe the services provided by the data !ink !ayer. 2. 5efine framing and the reason for its need. 3. Compare and contrast byte"oriented and bit"oriented protoco!s. Which category has been popu!ar in the past 3e'p!ain the reason4? Which category is popu!ar now 3e'p!ain the reason4? . Compare and contrast byte"stuffing and bit"stuffing. Which techni-ue is used in byte"oriented protoco!s?Which techni-ue is used in bit"oriented protoco!s? #. Compare and contrast f!ow contro! and error contro!. $. What are the two protoco!s we discussed for noise!ess channe!s in this chapter? &. What are the three protoco!s we discussed for noisy channe!s in this chapter? (. 8'p!ain the reason for moving from the 7top"and"Wait 0;G 6rotoco! to the .." Dack")0;G 6rotoco!. +. Compare and contrast the ?o"Dack")0;G 6rotoco! with 7e!ective";epeat0;G. 1.. Compare and contrast 25/C with 666. Which one is byte"orientedL which one is bit"oriented? 11. 5efine piggybacking and its usefu!ness.

12. Which of the protoco!s described in this chapter uti!i%e pipe!ining?

UNIT %:C APTER 12

MU"TIP"E ACCESS + "ANS

1. /ist three categories of mu!tip!e access protoco!s discussed in this chapter. 2. 5efine random access and !ist three protoco!s in this category. 3. 5efine contro!!ed access and !ist three protoco!s in this category. . 5efine channe!i%ation and !ist three protoco!s in this category. #. 8'p!ain why co!!ision is an issue in a random access protoco! but not in contro!!ed access or channe!i%ing protoco!s. $. Compare and contrast a random access protoco! with a contro!!ed access protoco!. &. Compare and contrast a random access protoco! with a channe!i%ing protoco!. (. Compare and contrast a contro!!ed access protoco! with a channe!i%ing protoco!. +. 5o we need a mu!tip!e access protoco! when we use the 1oca!!oop of the te!ephone company to access the Internet? Why? 1.. 9ne hundred stations on a pure 0/920 network share a !":bps channe!. If framesare 1... bits !ong* find the throughput if each station is sending 1. frames per second.

UNIT %:C APTER 13

1. 2ow is the preamb!e fie!d different from the 7,5 fie!d? 2. What is the purpose of an )IC? 3. What is the difference between a unicast* mu!ticast* and broadcast address? . What are the advantages of dividing an 8thernet /0) with a bridge?

#. What is the re!ationship between a switch and a bridge? $. Why is there no need for C7:0!C5 on a fu!!"dup!e' 8thernet /0)? &. Compare the data rates for 7tandard 8thernet* ,ast 8thernet* ?igabit 8thernet* and <en"?igabit 8thernet. (. What are the common 7tandard 8thernet imp!ementations? +. What are the common ,ast 8thernet imp!ementations? 1.. What are the common ?igabit 8thernet imp!ementations? 11. What are the common <en"?igabit 8thernet imp!ementations? 12. What is the he'adecima! e-uiva!ent of the fo!!owing 8thernet address? .1.11.1. ...1...1 .1.1.1.1 ...11... 1.1.1.1. ....1111 13. 2ow does the 8thernet address !0:2D:3C05:#8:$, appear on the !ine in binary? 1 . If an 8thernet destination address is .&:.1:.2:.3:. :.#* what is the type of the address 3unicast* mu!ticast* or broadcast4?