CHAPTER 2 SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS

PREPARED BY SANIZAH AHMAD

sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain the different types of sampling methods
Apply the different sampling methods

Explain different methods of collecting data and the suitability to their tasks
Design questionnaires

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Important statistical terms

Population: a set which includes all measurements of interest to the researcher (The collection of all responses, measurements, counts that are of interest)
CENSUS

or

Sample: A subset of the population

SAMPLE SURVEY

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WHAT IS SAMPLING?
Process of selecting sample from population
The sample must be selected in such a way so that it will

accurately represent its population Sampling technique scientific method of selecting sample from population (must be random and represent population) Sampling Unit individuals or items to be sampled Ex. Student, person who uses credit card Sampling frame - LIST of individuals or items from which the samples can be obtained (list of sampling units). Ex. Telephone directory, student list, customer list of credit card users
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Why sampling?
Get information about large populations when its impossible to study the whole population
Less costs Less field time Eliminate any BIAS More accuracy i.e. Can Do a Better Job of Data

Collection Once a sampling frame has been established, you can

choose a SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

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Types of Sampling Techniques

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING PROBABILITY SAMPLING Simple random sampling Systematic sampling

Convenience
sampling Judgemental sampling

Snowball sampling

Cluster sampling Stratified random sampling

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Quota sampling

Non probability sampling

The selection of the items/individuals without

their probabilities of selection Used when generalization concerning the population is not required or when sampling frames are difficult to obtain Advantage
Quick, inexpensive and convenient

Disadvantage
Sample selected not representative of the population
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Non probability sampling

Convenience sampling

pre-testing of questionnaires, gathering ideas and insights, or forming hypothesis Judgemental Sampling selected based on the judgement of researcher Snowball Sampling select respondent at random. After interviewed, ask respondent to identify others who are in the target population of interest Quota Sampling observes the specific characteristics of potential respondent.
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Non-Probability sampling

Technique
Convenience sampling Judgemental sampling

Strength
Less expensive, less time, convenient No need list of pop Less expensive, less time, convenient

Weakness
Selection bias, Not representative of the pop Bias due to experts belief may make sample unrepresentative High bias because sample units not independent Time consuming Selection bias maybe in researchers clasification of subjects Time consuming
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Quota sampling

Sample can be controlled for certain characteristics

Snowball sampling

Useful in reaching/locating rare populations/characteristic

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Probability sampling
The items/individuals are selected randomly, based on known probabilities
Random means the item has an equal chance of being

selected (unbias)

Used when a researcher plans to make inferences about the population

Advantage
The sample represent the population

Disadvantage
Sample selected not representative of the population
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 Simple random sampling (SRS)

Item/subject is selected from the population in such a way that each item have the same chance of being selected as a sample.

How to use simple random sampling:

STEP 1: Prepare sampling frame i.e.: Write everyone's name on a slip of paper or assigned number to

each of the people.

STEP 2: Select sample by using: Lucky draw method Table of random numbers Calculator random number generator

Notation: N = population size n = sample size

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Simple Random Sampling

List of clients = N

Random sample = n

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Suppose you want to select a sample of 4 people from a group of 12.

Let say we get 2, 5, 8, and 10. Our sample would then look this:

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Table of random numbers

204029273215632140 582032154785962024 362333254789120325 985263017424503686

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Simple random sampling

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Systematic Random Sampling

Procedure:
Let N = pop size and n = sample size.
Number units in population from 1 to N. Decide on the n that you want or need.

Let the interval size be k = N/n.

Randomly select a number from 1 to k. Let

the number be r. Take every kth unit until the sample size is obtained. (r + k)th, (r + 2k)th,
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Suppose you want to select a sample of 4 people from a group of 12 STEPS in using systematic sampling: 1. Find the range k = 12/4 = 3

2. Select first sample, r using SRS of every 3rd people. Let say you get number 2. 3. Find: i. 2nd element = 2 + 3 = 5 ii. 3rd element = 2 + (2x3)= 8 iii. 4th element = 8 + 3 = 11
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Systematic Random Sampling N = 100

Want n = 20
N/n = 5 Select a random number from 1-5: chose 4 Start with #4 and take every 5th unit The samples are 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, until the 20th sample
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
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Stratified Sampling
Example:
A company has a total of 360 employees in four different categories: Managers Drivers Administrative Staff 36 54 90

Solution:

Production Staff

180

How many from each category should be included in a stratified random sample of size 20 ?

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Stratified Sampling
Divide the population into several mutually exclusive groups (strata) and randomly sample from each of these strata Involves a 2 step process
STEP 1: Divide population into groups called strata Note: Elements within each stratum should be homogeneous, whereas the differences between strata should be heterogeneous STEP 2: Select elements from each stratum by a random procedure, usually SRS
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Stratified Sampling
List of clients
Malays

N
Chinese Others

Strata

N1

N2

N3

n1

n2
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n3
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Cluster Sampling
The target population is first divided into subpopulations or clusters.
Then a random sample of clusters is selected

based on a probability sampling technique such as SRS. For each selected cluster, all elements are included in the sample.

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Cluster Sampling
1 Population

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Probability sampling

Techniques Strength
Simple random sampling

Weakness

Easy to apply and analyze Difficult to obtain Results can be projected on sampling frame, expensive, not population recommended for descriptive research Easier to apply than SRS Decrease the no of respondents if a certain pattern is exist (periodic) Includes all important subpopulations, precision is improved Require accurate information in each stratum

Systematic sampling Stratified sampling

Cluster sampling

Easy to implement, cost effective and work is reduced

Difficult to assign the element in the cluster Not easy to interpret results
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Multi-Stage Sampling
Designed to reduce time and cost when

working with samples from very large populations. Example: Suppose we need a random sample of 2000 residents from the Malaysian population. How to choose the sample using multi-stage sampling?

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sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my

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DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Face-to-face Interview Telephone

Direct Observation Data collection

Questionnaire

Direct

Indirect
Others (e-mail; video record)
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Advantage
Face-to face interview A.k.a personal interview Interviewer initiate to get information from respondent the questioned asked based on prepared questionnaire Allow interviewer to clarify term to respondent have high response rate

Disadvantage
expensive (cost of travelling error inrecording interviewer bias use a lot of time only short question can be asked restricted to respondent who have telephone limited duration low response rate simple question can be asked

Telephone interview

less expensive than personal interview speed of data collection

Mail questionnaire

cheapest easiest no interviewer influence cover wide area respondent has more time to answer not influenced by others perception not effected by the respondent itself

Direct observation

need a high skilled and unbiased

Others

internet

Same as mail

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Designing a questionnaire
Before you begin drafting your questionnaire, it is important to consider:
Who is the questionnaire for? What is it intending to find out or measure?

Guidelines in Designing a questionnaire Design questions to meet the objective of the research. Questionnaires should be short , simple and easy to understand. Begin with simple and less controversial questions. Avoid: doubt, confusion, and vagueness. bias questions. sensitive questions. double barrel question. asking questions that are beyond the respondents' capabilities. questions that involve calculation.

Questionnaire checklist
Objectives of the study ii. Answers sought from the study iii. Variables used in the study iv. Methods of data analysis
i.

Once the above procedures are understood by the researchers, a proper questionnaire can be designed.

REFERENCES
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Laura Lake. Types of Data. resources.jorum.ac.uk

http://rchsbowman.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/stati stics-notes-sampling-techniques-2/ http://faculty.elgin.edu/dkernler/statistics/ch01/41.html http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/sYRUYJYOpG0stratified-sampling.aspx http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/bo ok9/bk9i18/bk9_18i3.html

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