EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

EE1351- SOLID STATE DRIVES

UNIT I Drive Characteristics
1. What are drives a d e!ectrica! drives" Motion control is required in large number of industrial and domestic applications like transportation systems, rolling mills, paper machines, and textile mills. Machine tools, fans, pumps, robots washing machines etc. Systems employed for motion control are called drives and the prime movers such as diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam engines, hydraulic motors and electric motors, for supplying mechanical energy for motion control and drives employing electric motors are known as electrical drives. #. S$eci%& the %' cti( s (% $()er *(d'!at(r. Power modulator performs one or more of the following four functions. a. Modulates flow of power form the source to the motor in such a manner that motor is imparted speed-torque characteristics required by the load. b. uring transient operations, such as starting, braking and speed reversal, it restricts source and motor currents within permissible values! excessive current drawn from source may overload it or may cause a voltage dip. 3. +e ti( the *(t(rs c(**( !& 'sed i e!ectrica! drives. Motors commonly used in electrical drives are, a. .". motors # Shunt, series, compound and permanent magnet. b. $nduction motors # Squirrel cage. %ound rotor and linear. c. Synchronous motors # %ound field and permanent magnet. d. &rushless .". motors. e. Stepper motors. f. Switched reluctance motors. ,. What are the %' cti( s $er%(r*ed -& e!ectric drives" 'arious functions performed by electric drives include the following. a. riving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps etc. b. (ifting goods by hoists and cranes c. $mparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and warehouses and d. )unning electric locomotives, trains, cars, trolley buses, lifts and drum winders etc. 5. What are the adva ta.es (% e!ectric drives" *he advantages of electric drives are, a. "ost is too low as compared to other systems of drive. b. *he system is more simple and clean. c. *he control is very easy and smooth. d. +lexible in layout e. +acility for remote control.

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

f. *ransmission of power from one place to other can be done with the help of cables instead of long shafts etc. g. $ts maintenance cost is quite low. h. $ts can started at any time without delay in time. /. What are the disadva ta.es (% e!ectric drives" *he disadvantages of electric drives. a. -lectric drives system is tied only up to the electrified area. b. *he condition arising under the short circuits, leakage from conductors and breakdown of overhead conductor may lead to fatal accidents. c. +ailure in supply for a few minutes may paraly.e the whole system. 0. C!assi%& e!ectric drives. /ccording to developments that have taken place electric drives in industrial applications may be classified into three types. a. 0roup drive system. b. $ndividual drive system c. Multi-motor drive system. 1. What are the adva ta.es (% .r('$ drive (ver i divid'a! drive" *he advantages of group drive over individual drive are a. $nitial cost1 $nitial cost of group drive is less as compared to that of the individual drive. b. Sequence of operation1 0roup drive system is useful because all the operations are stopped simultaneously. c. Space requirement1 (ess space is required in-group drive as compared to individual drive. d. (ow maintenance cost1 $t requires little maintenance as compared to individual drive. 2. What the .r('$ drive is (t 'sed e3te sive!&. /lthough the initial cost of group drive is less but yet this system is not used extensively because of following disadvantages. a. Power factor1 0roup drive has low power factor b. -fficiency1 0roup drive system when used and if all the machines are not working together the main motor shall work at very much reduced load. c. )eliability1 $n-group drive if the main motor fails whole industry will come to stand still. d. +lexibility1 Such arrangement is not possible in-group drive i.e., this arrangement is not suitable for the place where flexibility is the prime factor. e. Speed1 0roup drive does not provide constant speed. f. *ypes of machines1 0roup drive is not suitable for driving heavy machines such as cranes, lifts and hoists etc. 14. Write sh(rt (tes ( i divid'a! e!ectric drives. $n individual drive, a separate motor drives each individual machine. *his motor also imparts motion to various other parts of the machine. -xamples of such machines are single

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

spindle drilling machines 34niversal motor is used5 and lathes. $n a lathe, the motor rotates the spindle, moves the feed and also with the help of gears, transmits motion to lubricating and cooling pumps. / three-phase squirrel cage induction motor is used as the drive. $n many such applications the electric motor forms an integral part of the machine. 11. Which %act(rs are c( sidered i ch((si . (% e!ectrica! drives. "hoice of an electrical drives depends on a number of factors. Some of the important factors are. a. Steady state operation requirements1 6ature of speed torque characteristics, speed regulation, speed range, efficiency, duty cycle, quadrants of operation, speed fluctuations if any, ratings. b. *ransient operation requirements1 'alues of acceleration and deceleration, starting, braking and reversing performance. 1#. 5ive the i*$(rta ce (% (ise !eve! i the se!ecti( (% a *(t(r. 6oise level is the important feature to be considered while making the selection of a motor. 6oise should be kept as low as possible in the workshops, hospitals and other domestic purposes. *he noise may be due to bearing vibrations magnetic pulsations and faulty foundations. *he reduce the noise! 7ournal bearing may be used in place of ball bearings. *he motor should be mounted on a heavy concrete or cast iron block. *he electrical connections should be made through the flexible conduits. 13. 6() is the stat(r )i di . cha .ed d'ri . c( sta t t(r7'e a d c( sta t h(rse$()er ($erati( s" +or constant torque operation. *he change of stator winding is made from series # star to parallel # star, while for constant horsepower operation the change is made from series-delta to parallel-star. )egenerative braking takes place during changeover from higher to lower speeds. 1,. De%i e $(sitive a d e.ative *(t(r t(r7'e. Positive motor torque is defined as the torque, which produces acceleration or the positive rate of change of speed in forward direction. Positive load torque is negative if it produces deceleration. 15. What are the t)( *(des (% ($erati( i the *(t(r" *he two modes of operation in the motor are, motoring and braking. $n motoring, it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, which supports its motion. $n braking, it works as a generator converting mechanical energy to electrical energy and thus opposes the motion. 1/. E3$!ai the %('r 7'adra t ($erati( s i *(t(r. *he product of speed and torque gives power developed by a motor. $n $st quadrant, developed power is positive. 8ence machine works as a motor supplying mechanical energy. 9peration in quadrant $ is, therefore, called forward motoring. $n $$nd quadrant. Power is negative. 8ence machine works under braking opposing the motion. $n quadrant $$$ and $' can be identified as reverse motoring and braking respectively.

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

10. 6() )i!! &(' se!ect the *(t(r rati . %(r a s$eci%ic a$$!icati( " %hen operating for a specific application, motor rating should be carefully chosen that the insulation temperature never exceed the prescribed limit. 9therwise either it will lead to its immediate thermal breakdown causing short circuit and damage to winding, or it will lead to deteoriation of its quality resulting into thermal breakdown in near future. 11. 5ive the c!assi%icati( s (% !(ad t(r7'es. (oad torques is mainly classified into active and passive torque. /ctive (oad *orque is the torque which has the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium condition -.g.10ravitational force, tension, compression and torsion etc Passive load torque is the torque which is always oppose the motion and change their sign on the reversal of motion -.g.1+riction, windage, cutting etc 12. +e ti( the t&$es (% e!ectric -ra8i . e*$!(&ed %(r e!ectric drives. ynamic &raking 3i5 Plugging 3ii5 )egenerative &raking. #4. What are the three c(*$( e ts (% !(ad t(r7'e" 3i5 +riction torque 3ii5 %indage torque 3iii5 Mechanical torque. #1. What d( &(' *ea -& E7'i!i-ri'* ($erati . $(i t " ;/t constant speed, if the developed motor torque is equal to the sum of load torque and friction, then the drive is in its state of equilibrium< ##. What d( &(' *ea -& stead& state sta-i!it&" $f the changes from one state of equilibrium to another take place too slowly to have the effects of the above factors, the stability conditions refer to steady state stability. #3. What are the c!asses (% *(t(r d't&" 3i5 "ontinuous duty "ontinuous duty at constant load "ontinuous duty with variable load cycle Short time duty $ntermittent duty.

3ii5 3iii5

#,. What are a!! the c( diti( s t( -e satis%ied %(r the re.e erative -ra8i . ($erati( t( ta8e $!ace" ,. Motor speed is higher than the rated speed 2. &ack emf is greater than the supply voltage and negative armature current.

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

UNIT II C( verter9Ch($$er :ed D.C.+(t(r Drive

1. What are the adva ta.e a d disadva ta.es (% D.C. drives" *he advantages of .". drives are, a. /d7ustable speed b. 0ood speed regulation c. +requent starting, braking and reversing. *he disadvantage of .". drives is the presence of a mechanical commutator, which limits the maximum power rating and the speed. #. 5ive s(*e a$$!icati( s (% D.C. drives. *he applications of .". drives are, a. )olling mills b. Paper mills c. Mine winders d. 8oists e. Machine tools f. *raction g. Printing presses h. -xcavators i. *extile mils 7. "ranes. 3. Wh& D.C. d(*i ates the varia-!e s$eed a$$!icati( s drives" *he variable speed applications are dominated by .". drives because of lower cost, reliability ad simple control. ,. What is the 'se (% %!&)hee!" Where it is 'sed" $t is used for load equali.ation. $t is mounted on the motor shaft in compound motor. 5. What are the adva ta.es (% series *(t(r" *he advantages of series motors are, a. 8igh starting torque b. 8eavy torque overloads. /. What is -ra8i ." +e ti( its t&$es. *he motor works as a generator developing a negative torque, which opposes the motion, is called barking. $t is of three types. *hey are, a. )egenerative braking. b. ynamic or rheostat braking. c. Plugging or reverse voltage braking. 0. What are the three t&$es (% s$eed c( tr(!" *he three types of speed control as, a. /rmature voltage control b. +ield flux control c. /rmature resistance control.

>

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

1. What are the adva ta.es (% ar*at're v(!ta.e c( tr(!" *he advantages of armature voltage control are, a. 8igh efficiency b. 0ood transient response c. 0ood speed regulation. 2. What are the *eth(ds i v(!ved i ar*at're v(!ta.e c( tr(!" %hen the supply is /.". a. %ard-(eonard schemes b. *ransformer with taps and uncontrolled rectifier bridge. c. Static ward (eonard scheme or controlled rectifiers bridge %hen the supply is .". d. "hopper control. 14. 5ive s(*e dra)-ac8s a d 'ses (% Ward-Le( ard drive. *he drawbacks of %ard. (eonard drive is. a. 8igh initial cost b. (ow efficiency *he %ard-(eonard drive is used in rolling mills, mine winders, paper mills, elevators, machine tools etc. 11. What is ca!!ed Ward-Le( ard-Li .er" $f the load is heavy and intermittent, a slip-ring induction motor is employed and a flywheel is mounted on its shaft. *his is called the %ard-(eonard scheme. 1#. 5ive s(*e adva ta.es (% Ward-Le( ard drive. *he advantages of %ard-(eonard drive are, a. $nherent regenerative barking capability b. Power factor improvement. c. &ecause of the use of iode &ridge, circuit is not capable of regeneration. 13. What is the 'se (% c( tr(!!ed recti%iers" "ontrolled rectifiers are used to get variable voltage. .". 'oltage form an /.". Source of fixed

1,. What is 8 () as ha!%-c( tr(!!ed recti%ier a d %'!!& c( tr(!!ed recti%ier" *he rectifiers provide control of .". voltage in either direction and therefore, allow motor control in quadrants $' and $. *hey are known as fully controlled rectifiers. *he rectifiers allow .". 'oltage control only in one direction and motor control in quadrant $ only. *hey are known as half-controlled rectifiers. 15. What is ca!!ed c( ti '('s a d disc( ti '('s c( d'cti( " / .". motor is fed from a phase-controlled converter the current in the armature may flow in discrete pulses is called discontinuous conduction. / .". motor is fed from a phase controlled converter the current in the armature may flow continuously with an average value superimposed on by a ripple is called continuous conduction.

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

1/. What are the three i terva!s $rese t i disc( ti '('s c( d'cti( *(de (% si .!e $hase ha!% a d %'!!& c( tr(!!ed recti%ier" *he three intervals present in half controlled rectifier is, a. uty interval b. +ree, wheeling interval c. @ero current intervals. *he two intervals present in fully controlled rectifier are a. uty interval b. @ero current intervals. 10. What is ca!!ed i versi( " )ectifier takes power from .". terminals and transfers it to /.". mains is called inversion. 11. What is a static Ward Le( ard drive" "ontrolled rectifiers are used to get variable dc voltage from an ac source of fixed voltage. "ontrolled rectifier fed dc drives are also known as ;Static %ard (eonard drives< 12. What is a !i e c(**'tated i verter" +ull converter with firing angle delay greater than ABC is called ;line commutated inverter<.Such an operation is used in regenerative braking mode of a dc motor in which case a back emf is greater, than applied voltage. #4. What are the dra)-ac8s (% recti%ier %ed dc drives" 3i5 istortion of supply. 3ii5 (ow power factor 3iii5 )ipple in motor current #1. What are the adva ta.es i ($erati . ch($$ers at hi.h %re7'e c&" *he operation at a high frequency improves motor performance by reducing current ripple and eliminating discontinuous conduction. ##. State the adva ta.es (% dc ch($$er drives. c chopper drives has the advantages of high efficiency flexibility in control, light weight, small si.e,quick response and regeneration own to very low speed. #3. What are the adva ta.es (% c!(sed !(($ c( tr(! (% dc drives" "losed loop control system has the advantages of improved accuracy, fast dynamic response and reduced effects of disturbances and system non-linearities #,. What are the adva ta.es 'si . ;I c( tr(!!er i c!(sed !(($ c( tr(! (% dc drives" 3i5 Stabili.es the drive. 3ii5 /d7usts the damping ratio at desired value. 3iii5Makes the steady state speed error close to .ero by integral action and filters 9ut noise again due to the integral action.

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

#5. What are the t)( c( tr(! tech i7'es 'sed i dc ch($$er %ed drives" 3i5*ime ratio control 3or5 pulse width control 3ii5 "urrent limit control 3or5 point by point control. #/. What %(r a th&rist(r ch($$er is 'sed" *hyristor chopper is mainly used for high power application. i.e speed control of high power rating of " motors #0. What is *ea t -& a d't& c&c!e i a ch($$er circ'it" uty cycle is defined as the ratio of 96 time of the chopper to total time period of the chopper T = on T #2. Wh& th&rist(rs are (t $re%erred () da&s %(r ch($$er %ed DC drives ,. &ecause commutation circuit is complex for chopper circuit 2. Switching frequency of thyristors is limited when compared to M9S+-* which increases torque ripples. 34. What are the 'ses (% $hase c( tr(!!ed recti%iers i dc drives" i. )olling mills ii. Paper mills iii. 8oists iv. Printing presses v. *extile mills 31. +e ti( the a$$!icati( s (% Ch($$er %ed DC drives i. Subway cars ii. "ranes iii. *raction iv. &attery operated vehicles 3#. What are the adva ta.es (% three $hase drives (ver si .!e $hase drives" ,. 2. :. =. )educing the armature ripple current *he filtering requirement is less /rmature current is mostly continuous Motor performance is better.

33. Write the e3$ressi( %(r avera.e ('t$'t v(!ta.e (% %'!! c( verter %ed DC drives 2V Va = m Cos "ontinuous "onduction V ( cos cos ) + ( + ) Va = m iscontinuous conduction

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

3,. Wh& is the re.e erative -ra8i . (t $(ssi-!e i DC series *(t(r $n series motor as speed increases, armature current and flux decreases. "onsequently, condition 3-F' and negative $a5 cannot be obtained. *hus regenerative braking is not possible 35. Wh& is disc( ti '('s c( d'cti( *(de e3$ected )ith the ($erati( (% c( verter %ed DC drives" ,. (ow value of load inductance 2. 8igh value of firing angle :. (ow value of load current 3/. Wh& is disc( ti '('s c( d'cti( *(de e3$ected )ith the ($erati( (% ch($$er %ed DC drives" ,. (ow value of load inductance 2. uty cycle is low :. (ow value of load current

UNIT III I d'cti( +(t(r Drives

1. What are the adva ta.es (% i d'cti( *(t(rs (ver D.C. *(t(rs" *he main drawback of .". motors is the presence of commutate and brushes, which require frequent maintenance and make them unsuitable for explosive and dirty environments. 9n the other hand, induction motors, particularly squirrel-cage is rugged, cheaper, lighter, smaller, and more efficient, require lower maintenance and can operate in dirty and explosive environments. #. 5ive the a$$!icati( s (% i d'cti( *(t(rs drives. /lthough variable speed induction motor drives are generally expensive than .". drives, they are used in a number of applications such as fans, blowers, mill run-out tables, cranes, conveyors, traction etc., because of the advantages of induction motors. 9ther applications involved are underground and underwater installations, and explosive and dirty environments. 3. +e ti( the adva ta.es (% a c( verter %ed i dicati( *(t(r (ver a !i e %ed *(t(r. / converter fed induction motor has the following advantages over line fed motor. a. Smooth start up is guaranteed by variable frequency starting from a low value. b. Soft starting and acceleration at constant current and torque are possible. c. *he network is no longer sub7ected to a high switching surge current as with the direct switch 9n of cage induction motor, and as such, special starting equipment can be omitted even at high ratings. d. 8igh moments of inertia can be accelerated without need to over dimension the motor. e. *he converter acts as a decoupling device. *herefore feedback from the motor to the point of short circuit does not take place, when line short circuits occur. *he short

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

circuit rating on the basis of which the switchgear has to be over dimensioned is therefore low, permitting a saving to be made. ,. 6() is the s$eed c( tr(!!ed i i d'cti( *(t(r" Supplying the stator a variable voltage, variable frequency supply using static frequency converters can control the induction motor speed. Speed control is also possible by feeding the slip power to the supply system using converters in the rotor circuit! basically one distinguishes two different methods of speed control. a . Speed control by varying the slip frequency when the stator is fed from a constant voltage, constant frequency mains. b. Speed control of the motor using a variable frequency variable voltage motor operating at constant rotor frequency. 5. 6() is the s$eed c( tr(! -& variati( (% s!i$ %re7'e c& (-tai ed" Speed control by variation of slip frequency is obtained by the following ways. a. Stator voltage control using a three-phase voltage controller. b. )otor resistance control using a chopper controlled resistance in the rotor circuit. c. 4sing a converter cascade in the rotor circuit to recover slip energy. d. 4sing a cycloconverter in the rotor circuit. /. +e ti( the e%%ects (% varia-!e v(!ta.e s'$$!& i a ca.e i d'cti( *(t(r. %hen a cage induction motor is fed from a variable voltage for speed control the following observations may be made. a. *he torque curve beyond the maximum torque point has a negative shape. / stable operating point in this region is not possible for constant torque load. b. *he voltage controlled must be capable of withstanding high starting currents. *he range of speed control is rather limited. c. *he motor power factor is poor. 0. C!assi%& the t&$e (% !(ads drive -& the *(t(r. *he type of load driven by the motor influences the current drawn and losses of the motor as the slip various. *he normally occurring loads are a. "onstant torque loads. b. *orque varying proportional to speed. c. *orque varying preoperational to the square of the speed. 1. What are the disadva ta.es (% c( sta t t(r7'e !(ads" *he constant torque loads are not favoured due to increase in the losses linearly with slip and becoming maximum at sG ,.B. *his is obvious from the variation of flux as the voltage is varied for speed control. *o maintain constant torque the motor draws heavy current resulting in poor torqueHampere, poor efficiency ad poor power factor at low speeds. 2. I )hich cases< t(r7'e vers's s$eed *eth(d is s'ita-!e. *orque versus speed method is suitable only for the following cases.

,B

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

a. +or short time operations where the duration of speed control ids defined. b. +or speed control of blowers or pumps having parabolic or cubic variations of torque with speed. *his is not suitable for constant torque loads due to increases and heating. c. +or speed control of motor having poor efficiencies under normal operation. 14. 6() is the s$eed (% a s7'irre! ca.e i d'cti( *(t(r c( tr(!!ed" *he speed of a squirrel cage induction motor can be controlled very effectively by varying the stator frequency. +urther the operation of the motor is economical and efficient, if it operates at very small slips. *he speed of the motor is therefore, varied by varying the supply frequency and maintaining the rotor frequency at the rated value or a value corresponding to the required torque on the linear portion of the torque-speed curve. 11. Wh& the c( tr(! (% a three-$hase i dicati( *(t(r is *(re di%%ic'!t tha D.C. *(t(rs. *he control of a three-phase induction motor, particularly when the dynamic performance involved is more difficult than .". motors. *his is due to a. )elatively large internal resistance of the converter causes voltage fluctuations following load fluctuations because the capacitor cannot be ideally large. b. $n a .". motor there is a decoupling between the flux producing magneti.ing current and torque producing armature current. *hey can be independently controlled. *his is not the case with induction motors. c. /n induction motor is very poorly damped compared to a .". motor. 1#. What is *ea t -& stat(r v(!ta.e c( tr(!" *he speed of the induction motor can be changed by changing the stator voltage. &ecause the torque is proportional to square of the voltage. 13. What are the a$$!icati( s (% ac drives" *he stator voltage control method is suitable for applications where torque demand reduces with speed, which points towards its suitability for 3i5 +an 3ii5 Pump drives 1,. What are the three re.i( i the s$eed t(r7'e characteristics (% the i d'cti( *(t(r" 3i5 Motoring region3BIsI,5 3ii5 0enerating region 3sJB5 3iii5Plugging region 3,IsI25 where s is the slip. 15. What are the adva ta.es (% stat(r v(!ta.e c( tr(! *eth(d" 3i5 *he control circuitry is simple. 3ii5 "ompact si.e 3iii5 Kuick response time. 1/. What are the disadva ta.es (% stat(r v(!ta.e c( tr(! *eth(d" 3i5 'oltage and current waveforms are highly distorted due to harmonics, which affects the efficiency of the motor. 3ii5 Performance is poor under running condition at low speeds.

,,

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

3iii59perating efficiency is low as resistance losses are high . 3iv5 Maximum torque available from the motor decreases with reduction in stator 'oltage 10. What is *ea t -& V9% c( tr(!" %hen the frequency is reduced, the input voltage must be reduced proportionally so as to maintain constant flux. 9therwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive iron loss and magneti.ing current. *his type of induction motor behavior is similar to the working of dc series motors. 11. Where is the V9% c( tr(! 'sed" *he 'Hf control would be sufficient in some applications requiring variable torque, such as centrifugal pumps, compressors and fans. $n these, the torque varies as the square of the speed. *herefore at small speeds the required torque is also small and 'Hf control would be sufficient to drive these loads with no compensation required for resistance drop. *his is true also for the case of the liquid being pumped with minimal solids. 12. What are the adva ta.es (% V9: c( tr(!" Smooth speed control Small input current and improved power factor at low frequency start. 8igher starting torque for low resistance. #4. What is *ea t -& s(%t start" *he /" voltage controllers allow a stepless control of supply voltage from .ero to rated volt. *hey are used for soft start of motors. #1. What is s!i$ c( tr(!!ed drive" %hen the slip is used as a controlled quantity to maintain the flux constant in the motor the drive is called slip conrolled drive. &y making the slip negative 3i.e., decreasing the output frequency of the inverter5 *he machine may be made to operate as a generator and the energy of the rotating parts fed back to the mains by an additional line side converter or dissipated in a resistance for dynamic barking. &y keeping the slip frequency constant, braking at constant torque and current can be achieved. *hus braking is also fast. ##. 5ive the %eat'res %r(* )hich a s!i$ c( tr(!!ed drive is deve!($ed. *he stator current of an induction motor operating on a variable frequency, variable voltage supply is independent of stator frequency if the air gap flux is maintained constant. 8owever, it is a function of the rotor frequency. *he torque developed is also a function of rotor frequency only. 4sing these features a slip controlled drive can be developed employing a current source inverter to feed an induction motor. #3. 6() is the -ra8i . acti( $r(d'ced i $!'..i ." $n plugging, the barking torque is produced by interchange any two supply terminals, so that the direction of rotation of the rotating magnetic field is reversed with respect to the rotation of the motor. *he electromagnetic torque developed provides the braking action and brings the rotor to a quick stop.

,2

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

#,. 6() is the D.C. d& a*ic -ra8i . is (-tai ed" .". dynamic barking is obtained when the stator of an induction motor running at a speed is connected to a .". supply. .". current flowing though the stator produces a stationary magnetic field. Motion of rotor in this field induces voltage in the rotor winding. Machine, therefore, works as a generator. 0enerated energy is dissipated in the rotor circuit resistance, thus giving dynamic barking. #5. What is *ea t -& re.e erative -ra8i ." )egenerative braking occurs when the motor speed exceeds the synchronous speed. $n this case,the induction motor would run as the induction generator is converting the mechanical power into electrical power, which is delivered back to the electrical system. *his method of braking is known as regenerative braking. #/. Where is r(t(r resista ce c( tr(! 'sed" %here the motors drive loads with intermittent type duty, such as cranes, ore or coal unlades, skip hoists, mine hoists, lifts, etc. slip-ring induction motors with speed control by variation of resistance in the rotor circuit are frequently used. *his method of speed control is employed for a motor generator set with a flywheel used as an automatic slip regulator under shock loading conditions. #0. What are the adva ta.es a d disadva ta.es (% r(t(r resista ce c( tr(!" /dvantage of rotor resistance control is that motor torque capability remains unaltered even at low speeds. 9nly other method, which has this advantage, is variable frequency control. 8owever, cost of rotor resistance control is very low compared to variable frequency control. Ma7or disadvantage is low efficiency due to additional losses in resistors connected in the rotor circuit. #1. 5ive the e7'ati( (% s!i$ (% the *(t(r SL G S
)L M)L 2 ex )L

%here, )L2 G )otor resistance G )esistance included *he external resistance can be added very conveniently to the phases of a slip ring rotor. #2. 6() is the resista ce i the ('t$'t ter*i a!s (% a ch($$er varied" *he resistance connected across the output terminals of a chopper can be varied form 9 to ) by varying the time ratio of the chopper. %hen the chopper is always 9++, the supply is always connected to the resistance ). *he time ratio in this case is .ero and the effective resistance connected in ). Similarly when the chopper is always 96, the resistance is short,:
)L ex

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

circuited. *he time ratio in the case is unity and the effective resistance connected is B. 8ence by varying the time ratio from B to ,, the value of resistance can be varied from ) to 9. 34. What are the disadva ta.es a d adva ta.es (% ch($$er c( tr(!!ed resista ce i the r(t(r circ'it *eth(d" *he method is very inefficient because of losses in the resistance. $t is suitable for intermittent loads such as elevators. /t low speeds, in particular the motor has very poor efficiency. *he rotor current is non-sinusoidal. *hey harmonics of the rotor current produce torque pulsations. *hese have a frequency, which is six times the slip frequency. &ecause of the increased rotor resistance, the power factor is better. 31. 6() is the ra .e (% s$eed c( tr(! i creased" *he range of speed control can be increased if a combination of stator voltage control and rotor resistance control is employed. $nstead of using a high resistance rotor, a slip ring rotor with external rotor resistance can be used when stator voltage control is used for controlling the speed. 3#. What is c( verter cascade" 5ive the 'se (% it. *he combination of diode rectifier and phase-controlled inverter is called converter cascade. *he diode rectifier rectifies the slip power, which is inverted and fed back to the mains by the inverter. *he phase control of the inverter being in a speed control. 33. 6() is the $()er %act(r i*$r(ved" *he line factor is poor due to the phase control of the inverter and associated reactive power for the converter. *he induction motor draws a lagging current to establish the air gap flux. *he power factor can be improved if the inverter can be operated near about ,EB o in the complete speed range. / transformer can be interposed in between the inverter and line. /t the lowest speeds the firing angle is near ,EBo so that the transformer voltage matches the rotor voltage. 3,. Wh& the drive *(t(r *'st -e s!i.ht!& (ver di*e si( ed i s!i$ e er.& rec(ver& sche*e" *he losses in the circuits cause a slight reduction in efficiency. *his affiance is further affected by additional losses due to the non-sinusoidal nature of the rotor current. *herefore the drive motor must be slightly over dimensioned. *he motor used must have a rating 2BN higher than the required power. 35. Wh& the static scher-i's drive has a $((r $()er %act(r" rive input power is difference between motor input power and the power fed back. )eactive input power is the sum of motor and inverter reactive power. *herefore, drive has a poor power factor throughout the range of its options.

,=

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

3/. 6() is s'$er s& chr( ('s s$eed achieved" Super synchronous speed can be achieved if the power is fed to the rotor from /.". mains. *his can be made possible by replacing the converter cascade by a cycloconverter. / cycloconverter allows power flow in either direction making the static sherbiuss drive operate at both sub and super synchronous speeds. 30. 5ive the %eat'res (% static sher-i's drive *he torque pulsations and other reactions are minimal. *he performance of the drive improves with respect to additional losses and torque pulsations. / smooth transition is possible from sub to super synchronous speeds without any commutation problems. Speed reversal is not possible. / step up transformer may be interposed between the lines and the converter, to reduce the voltage rating of the converter. 31. Where is =ra*er e!ectrica! drive s&ste* 'sed" Some continuous rolling mills, large air blowers, mine ventilators, centrifugal pumps and any other mechanisms including pumps drives of hydraulic dredgers require speed ad7ustment in the range from ,> to :BN below or above normal. $f the induction motor is of comparatively big si.e 3,BB to 2BB O%5 it becomes uneconomical to ad7ust speed by means of external resistances due to copper losses as slip power is wasted as heat in the retort circuit resistance. $n this case, the Oramer electrical drive system is used, where slip power recovery takes places. 32. 6() is the s$eed c( tr(! (-tai ed i static =ra*er drive" +or speed control below synchronous speed, the slip power is pumped back to the supply, where as for the case of speed above synchronous speed, additional slip power is in7ected into the rotor circuit. ,4. What is static =ra*er drive" $nstead of wasting the slip power in the rotor circuit resistance, it can be converted to >B 8. /.". and pumped back to the line. *he slip power controlled drive that permits only a sub synchronous range of speed control through a converter cascade is know as static Oramer drive. ,1. What is the 'se a d %' cti( s (% ste$ d() tra s%(r*er is static =ra*er drive" +or a restricted speed range closer to synchronous speed, the system power factor can be further improved by using a step #down transformer. *he step-down transformer has essentially two functions1 besides improving the line power factor, it also helps to reduce the converter power ratings. ,#. What are the adva ta.es (% static =ra*er drive" *he static Oramer drive has been very popular in large power pump and fan-type drives, where the range of speed control is limited near, but below the synchronous speed. *he drive system is very efficient and the converted power rating is low because t has to handle only the slip power, $n fact, the power rating becomes lower with a more restricted range of speed control. *he additional advantages are that the drive system has .". machine like characteristics and the control is very simple.

,>

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

,3. What are the ca'ses (% har*( ic c'rre ts i static =ra*er drive" *he rectification of slip power causes harmonic currents in the rotor, and these harmonics are reflected to the stator by the transformer action of the machine. *he harmonic currents are also in7ected into the /.". line by the inverter. /s a result, the machine losses are increased and some amount of harmonic torque is produced. -ach harmonic current in the rotor will create a reading magnetic filed and its direction of rotation will depend on the order pf the harmonic. ,,. 5ive the %('r *(des (% ($erati( (% a Scher-i's drive *he four modes of operation of static Scherbius drive are, a. Sub synchronous motoring. b. Sub synchronous regeneration c. Super synchronous motoring d. Super synchronous regeneration ,5. 6() is the static Scher-i's drive ($erated i s'$er s& chr( ('s *(theri . *(de" $n super synchronous motoring mode, the shaft speed increases beyond the synchronous speed, the slip becomes negative and the rotor absorbs the slip power. *he slip power supplements the air gap power for the total mechanical power output. *he line therefore supplies slip power in addition to stator input power. /t this condition, the phase sequence of slip frequency is reversed so that the slip current # induced rotating magnetic filed is opposite to that of the stator.

UNIT IV S& chr( ('s +(t(r Drives

1. 5ive the 'se (% s& chr( ('s *(t(rs Synchronous motors were mainly used in constant speed applications. *he development of semiconductor variable frequency sources, such as inverters and cycloconverter, has allowed their use in variable speed applications such as high power and high speed compressors, blowers, induced and fouled draft fane, main line traction, servo drives, etc. #. 6() are the stat(r a d r(t(r (% the s& chr( ('s *(t(r s'$$!ied" *he stator of the synchronous motor is supplied from a *hyrsitor power converter capable of providing a variable frequency supply. *he rotor, depending upon the situation, may be constructed with slip rings, where it conforms to a conventional rotor. $t is supplied with .". through slip rings. Sometimes rotor may also be free from sliding contacts 3slip rings5, in which case the rotor is fed from a rectifier rotating with rotor. 3. What is the di%%ere ce -et)ee a i d'cti( *(t(r a d s& chr( ('s *(t(r" /n induction motor operates at lagging power factor and hence the converter supplying the same must invariable is a forced commutated one. / synchronous motor, on the other hand, can be operated at any power factor by controlling the field current.

,?

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

,. List ('t the c(**( !& 'sed s& chr( ('s *(t(rs. "ommonly used synchronous motors are, a. %ound field synchronous motors. b. Permanent magnet synchronous motors c. Synchronous reluctance motors. d. 8ysteresis motors. 5. +e ti( the *ai di%%ere ce -et)ee the )(' d %ie!d a d $er*a e t *a. et *(t(rs. %hen a wound filed motor is started as an induction motor, .". field is kept off. $n case of a permanent magnet motor, the field cannot be Pturned offL. /. 5ive the adva ta.es a d a$$!icati( s (% ;+S+. *he advantages of PMSM are, a. 8igh efficiency b. 8igh power factor c. (ow sensitivity to supply voltage variations. *he application of PMSM is that it is preferred of industrial applications with large duty cycle such as pumps, fans and compressors. 0. 5ive the 'ses (% a h&steresis s& chr( ('s *(t(r. Small hysteresis motors are extensively used in tape recorders, office equipment and fans. &ecause of the low starting current, it finds application in high inertia application such as gyrocompasses and small centrifuges. 1. +e ti( the t)( *(des e*$!(&ed i varia-!e %re7'e c& c( tr(! 'ariable frequency control may employ and of the two modes. a. *rue synchronous mode b. Self-controlled mode 2. Which *achi e is said t( -e se!%-c( tr(!!ed" / machine is said to be self controlled if it gets variable frequency from an inverter whose thyristors are fired in a sequence, using the information of rotor position or stator voltages. $n the former a rotor position sensor is employed which measures the rotor position with respect to the stator and sends pulses to the *hyrsitor. *hus frequency of the inverter output is decided by the rotor speed. 14. What is C(**'tat(r!ess +(t(r >CL+?" *he self controlled motor has properties of a .". Motors both under steady state and dynamic conditions and therefore is called commutatorless motor 3"(M5. *hese machines have better stability behaviors. *hey do not fall out of step and do not have oscillatory behaviors, as in normal synchronous motors.

,D

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

11. 5ive the a$$!icati( (% se!%-c( tr(!!ed s& chr( ('s *(t(r. / self-controlled synchronous motor is a substitute for a .". motor drive and finds application where a .". motor is ob7ectionable due to its mechanical commutator, which limits the speed range and power output. 1#. De%i e !(ad c(**'tati( "ommutation of *hyrsitor by induced voltages of load is known as load commutation, 13. List ('t the adva ta.es (% !(ad c(**'tati( (ver %(rced c(**'tati( . (oad commutation has a number of advantages over forced commutation a. $t does not require commutation circuits b. +requency of operation can be higher c. $t can operate at power levels beyond the capability of forced commutation. 1,. 5ive s(*e a$$!icati( (% !(ad-c(**'tated i verter %ed s& chr( ('s *(t(r drive. Some prominent applications of load-commutated inverter fed synchronous motor drive are high speed and high power drives for compressors, blowers, conveyers, steel rolling mills, main-line traction and aircraft test facilities. 15. 6() the *achi e ($erati( is $er%(r*ed i se!%-c( tr(!!ed *(de" +or machine operation in the self-controlled mode, rotating filed speed should be the same as rotor speed. *his condition is reali.ed by making frequency of voltage induced in the armature. +iring pulses are therefore generated either by comparison of motor terminal voltages or by rotor position sensors. 1/. What is *ea t -& *ar.i a .!e (% c(**'tati( " *he difference between the lead angle of firing and the overlap angle is called the margin angle of commutation. $f this angle of the *hyrsitor, commutation failure occurs. Safe commutation is assured if this angle has a minimum value equal to the turn off angle of the *hyrsitor. 10. What are the disadva ta.es (% VSI %ed s& chr( ('s *(t(r drive" 'S$ synchronous motor drives might impose fewer problems both on machine as well as on the system design. / normal 'S$ with ,EBo conduction of *hyrsitor required forced commutation and load commutation is not possible. 11. 6() is ;W+ i verter s'$$!ied i VSI %ed s& chr( ('s *(t(r" %hen a P%M inverter is used, two cases may arise the inverter may be fed from a constant .". source in which case regeneration is straightforward. *he .". supply to the inverter may be obtained form a diode rectifier. $n this case an additional phase controlled converter is required on the line side. 12. What is D.C. !i 8 c( verter a d c&c!(c( verter" .". link converter is a two-stage conversion device, which provides a variable voltage, variable frequency supply. "ycloconverter is a single stage conversion device, which provides a 'ariable voltage, variable frequency supply.

,E

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

#4. 5ive the a$$!icati( (% CSI %ed s& chr( ('s *(t(r. /pplication of this type of drive is in gas turbine starting, pumped hydro turbine starting, pump and blower drives, etc. #1. What are the disadva ta.es (% *achi e c(**'tati( " *he disadvantages of machine commutation are, a. (imitation on the speed range. b. *he machine si.e is large c. ue to overexciting it is underutili.ed. #3. What is the 'se (% a a'3i!iar& *(t(r" Sometimes when the power is small an auxiliary motor can be used to run up the synchronous motor to the desired speed. #,. What are the adva ta.es (% -r'sh!ess D.C. *(t(r" *he brushless .". motor is in fact an inverter-fed self-controlled permanent synchronous motor drive. *he advantages of brushless .". motor are low cost, simplicity, reliability and good performance.

UNIT V Desi. (% C( tr(!!ers

1. What are the adva ta.es (% c!(sed !(($ s$eed c( tr(!" i. System protection ii. 0reater accuracy iii. $mproved dynamic response iv. )educed effects of disturbances such as loading #. What are the t)( t&$es (% %eed-ac8 i dc drive" "urrent feedback Q speed feedback 3. What are the t)( c( tr(!!er e*$!(&ed i the c!(sed !(($ c( tr(! (% s& chr( ('s *(t(r drives" *he speed controller and current controller are the two ma7or controllers used in the closed loop control of drives. ,. Write d() the tra s%er %' cti( (% a se$arate!& e3cited dc *(t(r" Km N(S ) G Ea ( S ) , + S M , %here, Om # gain constant is Om, and Om2 m,- mechanical time constant of the motor 5. What is s$eed %eed-ac8" *he motor speed can be sensed by any one speed sensor and this signal is compared with reference speed. *his error signal is given to speed controller. *he speed controller produces control signal to the power converter. /. What is c'rre t %eed-ac8" ,A

EEE/PSNACET/SSD/2Marks Q&A

*he motor current can be sensed by current transducer. *his signal is compared with reference speed. *his error signal is given to current controller. *he current controller produces control signal to the power converter for controlling the output. 0. What are the desi. $r(ced'res %(r a c!(sed !(($ s$eed c( tr(! s&ste*" i. /ssuming that the feedback gains Ot and Or are fixed ii. "lamping value of -, also must be chosen iii. "alculate current controller gain O$ iv. calculate speed controller gain Os

2B