STUDIA POHL: SERIES MAIOR

DISSERTATIONES SCIENTIFICAE DE REBUS ORIENTIS ANTIQUI

18

KONRAD VOLK,, - -.
with the collaboration of

Silvano Votto and Annette Zgoll

Second, revised edition

E PONTIFICIO INSTITUTO BIBLICO ROMAE

EDITRICE PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO BIBLICO ROMA 1999

The Pontifical Biblical Institute dedicates this series to the memory of P. Alfred Pohl, founder of its Faculty of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Studia Pohl reproduces in offset studies on Ancient Near Eastern history and philology, and is intended particularly to benefit younger scholars who wish to present the results of their doctoral studies to a wider pbblic.

To the memory of

Johannes Jacobus Adrianus van Dijk

(28.1.1915

- 14.5.1996)

and

Hermann Behrens SCJ

(15.7.1944

- 2.8.1996)

ISBN 88-7653-610-8

@ 1999 EDITRICE PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO BIBLICO

Piazza della Pilotta 35 - 00187 Roma, Italia

CONTENTS

Preface

............................................... IX Bibliographic Abbreviations ............................. XI List of Texts .......................................... XVI Texts 1-44 ............................................ 1 SignList ............................................. 43 List of Phonetic Values ................................. 75
Glossary

.............................. 78 Divine Names ................................... 100 Personal Names ................................. 104 Place Names .................................... 107 Sacred Buildings ................................. 110 Year Dates ...................................... 113 Year Names ..................................... 113 Festivals ........................................ 113
General Vocabulary

PREFACE
This SUMERIAN READER contains 44 texts of varying contents: royal

Neo-Assyrian so that the student can learn the Neo-Assyrian forms which are of basic importance for the use of the sign list in this book and, in general, for most assyriological sign lists. Each inscription is to be studied with the help of the sign list, the list of phonetic values, and the glossaries. In this SUMERIAN READER I have intentionally not dealt with questions of grammar. Instead, the reader is referred to two rather recent publications on the subject: M.-L. Thornsen, The Sumerian Language. An Introduction to its History and Grammatical Structure. Mesopotamia 10. Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology (Copenhagen 1984), and P. Attinger, ~le'mentsde linguistique sume'rienne.
(Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Sonderband; La construction de dull/e/di <<dire>> Fribourg/Gottingen 1993). For a general introduction to Sumerology, W.H.Ph. Romer,

zusammengestellt, teilweise transkribiert, in neuassyrische Zeichenf ormen iibertragen und mit Glossar und Zeichenliste versehen" (Eschbach 1978) that I wrote when I was a young

student of Assyriology at Freiburg i. Br. It soon proved to be a very useful and requested tool for many beginning students of Sumerian. Over the years a good number of both teachers and students who used my "Sumerische Chrestomathie" gave me their personal notes, corrections and improvements, for which I am very grateful. I want to thank the following persons for such help: J. Keetman, B. Kienast, G.J. Selz and H. Steible,

Lambert, Birmingham; W.R. Mayer, Rome. When I was already about to forget my first 'printed' effort in Assyriology that I issued privately as the demand arose, Fr. W.R. Mayer SJ of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome suggested that I produce an English version of this book and publish it as a volume in the Pontifical Biblical Institute's Series Studia Pohl. Then my friend and colleague from my Roman days, Fr. Silvano Votto SJ, not only translated the whole manuscript into English but also made a considerable number of improvements. To him I owe very special thanks for his invaluable contributions to this book, now called A SUMERIAN READER.' During the final stage of preparing this SUMERIAN READER, Annette Zgoll [Ganter] (Munich) was kind enough to type most of the glossaries on the computer and also to make a number of useful suggestions.

St. Peter 1997 / Tiibingen 1999

Konrad Volk

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS
With some exceptions and additions, bibliographic abbreviations follow the standard abbreviations in the Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago/Gluckstadt, 1956ff.), W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handworterbuch (Wiesbaden 1958-81), and The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, edited by A.w. Sjoberg (Philadelphia 1984ff.). ABZ R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (KevelaerINeukirchen-Vluyn 1978 [AOAT 331; Ergi4nzungsband [AOAT 33Al; 1981) Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen 1922ff.) J.-M. Durand, Archives 6pistolaires de Mari 1 1 1 (Paris 1988) Archiv fur Orientforschung, vols. 3ff. [vols. 1-2 = AfK] (Berlin, Graz and Horn 1926ff .) Analecta Orientalia (Rome 193Iff.) Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veroffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments (Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn 1969ff.) Altorientalische Forschungen (Berlin 1974ff.) J. Bauer, Altorientalistische Notizen (Wurzburg 1976ff.) Assyriological Studies (Chicago 193Iff.) Acta Sumerologica Japonica (Hiroshima 1979ff.) Aula Orientalis (Sabadell [Barcelona] 1983ff.) J. Bauer, Altsumerische Wirtschaftstexte aus LagaS (Rome 1972) Baghdader Forschungen (Mainz 1979ff.) Baghdader Mitteilungen (Berlin 1960ff.) Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies (Toronto 1981ff.) M. Krebemik, Die Beschwomngen aus Fara und Ebla. Untersuchungen zur altesten keilschriftlichen Beschwomngsliteratur (Hildesheim / Ziirich / New York 1984) Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden 1943ff.) Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture (Cambridge [U.K.] 1984ff.) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago/Gliickstadt, 1956ff.) E. Sollberger, Corpus des inscriptions 'royales' prdsargoniques de LagaS (Genbve 1956)

AcOr AEM I/ 1 AfO AnOr AOAT

AoF AoN AS ASJ AulOr AWL BaF BaM BCSMS BFE

BiOr BSA CAD CIRPL

Bibliographic Abbreviations

Bibliographic Abbreviations

XI11

clergt? CM CRRA

CT Cultic Calendars DC

ELS ~ ~ i t h b troyales es Familiengriindung

FAOS FI

Fossey FT Gazetteer

D. Charpin, Le clergt?d'Ur au sikle d'Hammurabi (XIXe-XVIIIe sibcles av. J.-C.) (Genbve I Paris 1986) Cuneiform Monographs (Groningen 1992ff.) Compte rendu de la ... Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. 19: P. Garelli (ed.), Le palais et la royautb (ArchCologie et Civilisation; Paris 1974) Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum (London 1896ff.) M.E. Cohen, The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East (Bethesda [MD] 1993) Dkouvertes en Chald6e par E. de Sarzec, ouvrage accompagne de planches, publid par les soins de L. Heuzey, avec le concours de A. Amiaud et F. Thureau-Dangin pour la partie Cpigraphique. Premier volume: texte (Paris 1884-1912): Second volume: Partie Bpigraphique et planches (Paris 1884-1912) M.V. Nikolskij, Dokumenty chozjajstvemoj otEetnosti drevnejSej epochi Chaldei iz sobranija N.P. LichaEeva. Drevnosti Vostoc'nyja Trudy VostoEnoj Komissii Imperatorskago Moskovskago ArcheologiEeskago ObSCestva 3/II (St. Petersburg 1908) de linguistique sumbrienne. La construction P. Attinger, ~lkrnents de dull/e/di <(dire*(Fribourg / Gottingen 1993) M.-J. Seux, Bpith&tesroyales akkadiennes et sumCriemes (Paris 1967) C. Wilcke, Familiengriindung im Alten Babylonien. In: Geschlechtsreife und Legitimation zur Zeugung (= Kindheit Jugend Familie I, E.W. Muller, ed.). Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fiir Historische Anthropologie 3 (Freiburg 1 Miinchen 1985) 213-317 Freiburger altorientalische Studien (Wiesbaden, Stuttgart 1975ff.) M. Civil, The Farmer's Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural Manual. Aula Orientalis - Supplementa 5 (Sabadell [Barcelona] 1994) W. Fortsch, Altbabylonische Wirtschaftstexte aus der Zeit Lugalanda's und Urukagina's (VS 1411, Leipzig 1916) Ch. Fossey, Manuel d'Assyriologie, Tome 11. ~volutiondes cun6iformes (Paris 1926) H. de Genouillac, Fouilles de Tello (Paris 1934-1936) A.R. George, House Most High. The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 (Winona Lake 1993) 63- 161: 'Gazetteer of Ceremonial Names'.

HANEIS HSAO

History of the Ancient Near East / Studies (Padova 1990ff.) Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient - A. Falkenstein zum 17. September 1966 (Wiesbaden 1967) Hebrew Union College Annual (Cincinnati 1924ff.) HUCA Iraq. Published by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq Iraq (London 1934ff.) 1st.Mitt. Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Archaologischen Institut, Abteilung Istanbul (Istanbul and Tubingen 1933ff.) Inventaire des tablettes de Tello conservCes au MusCe ImpCrial ITT Ottoman (Paris 1910-1921) Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven 1893ff.) JAOS JCS Journal of Cuneifo Studies (New Haven, Cambridge [Mass.], Philadelphia, Balti ore 1947ff.) Journal of Near Eas em Studies (Chicago 1942ff.) JNES Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia 191011Iff .) JQR (NS) Kutscher Memorial Vol. kinattutu Sa ddrhti. Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume. Edited by A.F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, M. Sigrist and D. Ussishkin (Tel Aviv 1993). R. Labat, Manuel d9Cpigraphieakkadienne (Paris 1976~) Labat A. Deimel, Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen von Fara LAK (WVDOG 40, Leipzig 1922) L.W. King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi (London LIH 1898-1900) Mesopotamian Civilizations (Winona Lake 1989ff.) MC Materiali epigrafici di Ebla (Napoli 1979ff.) MEE Mesopotamia. Rivista di Archeologia (Torino 1966f.) Mesopotamia Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon (Rome 1937ff.) MSL Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brhves et Utilitaires (RouenIParis N.A.B.U. 1987ff.) A. Falkenstein, Die neusumerischen Gerichtsurkunden (Miinchen NG 1956-1957) Oriens Antiquus. Rivista del Centro per le Antichit&e la Storia OA dell'Arte del Vicino Oriente (Rome 1962ff.) Oriental Institute Publications (Chicago 1924ff.) OIP Orientalia. Nova Series (Rome 1932ff.) OrNS PROTO-Ea (Nippur Recension). In: MSL XIV (Rome 1979) 30PEa 63 Z. Yang, Sargonic Inscriptions from Adab. The Institute for the PPAC 1 History of Ancient Civilisations, Periodic Publications on Ancient Civilisations 1 (Changchun 1989)

XIV
PSD

Bibliographic Abbreviations

Bibliographic Abbreviations

XV

REC RGTC

RIME RIA SANTAG

SARI SAZ SEL SKLy SRU St.Poh1 St.Poh1 SM Studies Birot Studies Borger

DiakOnoff Studies Hal10

Studies Matous

SrudiesSJoberg

The S~ITlerianDictionary of the University Museum of fie of Pennsylvania, edited by A.w. Sjoberg (Philadelphia 1984ff.) F- Thureau-Dangin, Recherches sur l'origine de 19&riture cun6iforme (Paris 1898-1899) geographique des textes cuneiformes. Beihefte zum T"binger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Series B (Wiesbaden 1974ff.) The Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods (Toronto 1990ff.) Reallexikon der Assyriologie (BerlinLeipzig and Berlin/New York 1932ff.) SANTAG- Arkiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde. Herausgegekn van K. Hecker ~d W, Sommerfeld miesbaden 1990ff.) J-S. Cooper, Smerian and Akkadian Royal hscriptions 1: Presargonic Inscriptions (New Haven 1986) A- Cavigneaux, Die sumerisch-akkadischen Zeichenlisten: uberlieferungsprobleme (Diss. Miinchen 19-76) Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico (Verona 1984ff.) J. Krecher, Sumerische Kultlynk (Wiesbaden 1966) D.O. Edzard, Sumerische Rechtsurkunden des 111. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der 111. Dynastie von Ur (Munchen 1968) Studia Pohl (Rome 1967ff.) Studia Pohl: Series Maior (Rome 196gff.) Miscellanea Babylonica. Mtlanges offerts Maurice ~ i ~ ~ t . Munis Par J.-M. Durand et J.-R. Kupper (Paris 1985) Tikip santakki ma& bagmu... Festschrift fGr Rykle Borger seinem 65. Gebufistag am 24. Mai 1994. Herausgegeben van Stefan M- Maul. Cuneiform Monographs 10 (Groningen 1998) Societies alld Limguages of the Ancient Near East. studies in Honour of 1.M. Diakonoff (Warminster 1982) The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in honour of William W. Hallo. M.E. Cohen, D.C. Snell, D.B. Weisberg, eds. (Bethesda [MD] 1993) Festschrift Lubor MatouS. Herausgegehn van B. H ~ undsG. ~ ~ Komor6czy (Budapest 1978) DUMU-E2-DUB-B~-~. Studies in Honor of Ake W. sj6krg. Edited by H e Behrens, D. Loding and M.T. Roth. Occasional

Studies Tadmor

Sumer

TCS

T~SH
TMH(NF) TUAT UET UGASL

UVB

WVDOG Xenia YOS ZA(NF)

Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 11 (Philadelphia 1989) ~ h AsSyria , ... Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Eastem Historiography, presented to Hayim Tadmor- M- Cogan and I. Eph'al, eds. (Jerusalem 1991) Sumer. A Journal of Archaeology and History in Iraq- The Republiq of Iraq. Directorate General of Antiquities (Baghdad 1945ff.) Texts from cuneiform sources ( ~ 0 c u s tvalley [New York] 1966ff.) J. Klein, Three Sulgi Hymns. Sumerian Royal Hymns Glorifying ~ i n Sulgi g of Ur (Ramat-Gan 1981) ~~~t~ und Materialien der Frau Prof. Hilprecht Collection of Babylonian Antiquities (Neue Folge: Leipzig, Berlin 1932ff-) 0. Kaiser (ed.), Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments (Gutersloh 1982ff.) u r Excavations, Texts (London 1928ff.) G.J. Selz, Untersuchungen zur Gotterwelt des alts~merischen Stadtstaates van Lagag. Occasional Publications of fie Samuel Kramer Fund 13 (Philadelphia 1995) uruk, Vorlhfiger Bericht iiber die vOn dem Deutschen ~~~hfi~l~ Institut ~ i ~ und c h der e n Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft aus Mitt& der Deutschen ~orschungsgemeinschaftUternommenen Ausgrabungen in Umk-Warka (Berlin 1930ff.) siglum of h e vorderasiatische Abteilung of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin vorderasiatische sch*ftdenkrnaler der KoniglichenIStaatlichen Museen zu Berlin (Leipzig, Berlin 1907ff-) Die Welt des Orients (Wuppertal, Stuttgart and Gottingen 1947ff.) wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Leipzig, Berlin 1901ff.1 Xenia. Konstanzer Althistorische Vortrage und Forschmgen (WSchuller ed., Konstanz 198Iff.) yale oriental Series, Babylonian Texts (New Haven 1915ff-) Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie (Leipzig, Berlin, Strafiburg 1886ff.; Neue Folge: Berlin/Leipzig, Berlin, BerlinINew York 1924ff.)

LIST OF TEXTS
The number of each text is accompanied by the original publication of the copy reproduced in this book and by its most recent edition.

2 0 . CIRPL 36, Ent. 26 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 226f. ('Entemena 21. CIRPL 32, Ent. 1 (diorite statue); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 21 Iff. ('Entemena 2 2 . DC I, pl. VI-VII (diorite statue, "petite statue debout"); D.O. Edzard, RIME

I. Royal Inscriptions
1 . CT XXI, pl. 3, No. 90015 (brick); D.R. Frayne, RIME 312'69ff. ('Ur-Nammu
E312.1.1.33') 2 . YOS IX 14 (clay nail); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 113 ('Gudea E311.1.7.8') 3 . CT XXI, pl. 2, No. 90009 (brick); D.R. Frayne, RIME 3/2,25f. ('Ur-Nammu E312.1.1.4') 4 . VS I 22, VA 57 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 156 ('Gudea E311.1.7.64') 5 . CT XXI, pl. 36, No. 90289 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 154f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.62') 6 . CT XXI, pl. 37, No. 90288 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 120f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.18') 7 .OIP 14 33 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 135f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.37') 8 . VS 1 23, VA 3129 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 141f. ('Gudea E311.1. 7.44') 9 .VS 1 21, VA 55 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 130f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.3 1') 1 0 . FT 11, pl. XXXIX, TG 2429 (stone tablet); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 109f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.4') 1 1 . CIRPL 34, Ent. 18 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 221f. ('Entemena 18') 12.CIRPL 1, Urn. 3 (copper nail); H. Steible, FAOS 5/1,79f. ('UmanSe 2') 1 3 . CIRPL 35, Ent. 22 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 222f. ('Entemena 22') 1 4 . CIRPL 36, Ent. 27 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 227f. ('Entemena 27 ') 15. DC I, pl. XLVI; photo: DC 11, pl. 31bis, 3 (brick); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 182ff. ('Enannatum I. 2') 1 6 . DC I, pl. XLV (brick); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 165ff. ('E'annatum 22') 17.CIRPL 59, Ukg. 17 (clay olive); H. Steible, FAOS 511,338f. ('Uru'inimgina 17') 18. CIRPL 56, Ukg. 10 (stone tablet); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 326ff. ('Urn'inimgina 10') 19.CIRPL 45, En.11 1 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511,273f.

3/1,29f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StA')

2 3 . DC I, pl. XVI-XVII (diorite statue, "statue dite aux Bpaules Btroites"); D.O.
Edzard, RIME 3/1,38ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StC')

2 4 . DC I, pl. XVII-XIX (diorite statue, "statue colossale"); D.O. Edzard, RIME

3/1,40ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StD')

2 5 . DC I, pl. XXIII-XXV (diorite statue, "l'architecte B la rhgle"); D.O. Edzard,

RIME 3/1,46ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StF') 2 6 . DC I, pl. XVIII (diorite statue, "petite statue assise, acBphale"); D.O. Edzard, RIME 3/1,50f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StH') 2 7 . UVB 10, pl. 28 (door socket); D.R. Frayne, RIME 312,262ff. ('Amar-Suena E312.1.3.16') 2 8 . LIH 58 (shaft); D.R. Frayne, RIME 4,347ff. ('uammu-rapi E4.3.6.12') 2 9 . UET 8 84 (cone head); D.R. Frayne, RIME 4,278f. ('Rim-Sin I E4.2.14.6')

11. Legal Documents

3 0 . OIP 14 192 (clay tablet); Z. Yang, PPAC 1, 119-120; 346-347 (loan of sil31.TMHNF 112 24 (clay tablet); N. Schneider, OrNS 8 (1939) 62 (loan of silver) 32.JCS 8 (1954) 46 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, If. (marriage decree) 33. DV 3/11 293 (clay tablet); G.J. Selz, FAOS 1511, 521f. (purchase of slaves
and workers) 34. DV 3/11 17 (clay tablet); D.O. Edzard, SRU, 93f. (purchase of a cult singer) 35.TMH 5 216 (clay tablet); D.O. Edzard, SRU, 127 (guarantee) 36. TMHNF 112 259 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 212f. (record of an

37. NG 111, pl. 2 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 27f. (suit for breach of betrothal promise) 3 8 . ITT 312, pl. 21, 5279 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 159ff. (claim of property and a slave; liberation of the daughters of this slave) 39. ZA 55 (1962) 71 (clay tablet); for this controversial document see S. Greengus, HUCA 40-41 (1969-1970) 33-44; J. van Dijk, OrNS 39 (1970) 99-102; A. Sjoberg, ibid. 92; M. Roth, JAOS 103 (1983) 278 ad 24; H. Lutzmann, TUAT 1

XVIII

List of Texts

Texts

(1982) 198; J.-M. Durand, AEM 111, 525 b); C. Wilcke, Xenia 32 (1992) 7oZ5 (decree of divorce)

111. Economic Documents

40. VS 1411 44 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 281f. (delivery of fodder) 41. VS 1411 128 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 324 (delivery of animal products for a festival) 42. VS 1411 35 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 289f. (account of sheep and goats) 43. VS 1411 145 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 296f. (purchase and branding of a steer) 44. VS 1411 157 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL 452ff. (offerin$ of beer to the gods)

dinanna / nin-a-ni / ur-%ammu / nita-kala-ga / lugal-uri5 ( s E s . A B ) ~ ~/- lugal-ki-en-gi-ki-uri-ke4 ~~ / &a-ni I mu-na-dii

Texts

Texts

ddumu-zi-abzu(~~ I.nin-a-ni ~ ~ ) / gh-di-a / insi(PA.TE.SI)- / 1 a g a S ( ~ 1 R . B ~ R . ~ ~ )I-6-gir-suki-ka-ni ke4 / mu-na-dh

dnanna(~~ /~ lugal-a-ni . ~ ~ ) / ur-%ammu / l ~ ~ a l - u r i ~ ( ~ E & A B ) ~ ~ ki ma-ke4 16a-ni / mu-na-dh / ~ M - U ~ ~ ~ ( S E S . -ma A B/ ) mu-na-dh

'nin-gig-zi-da / digir-ra-ni I gh-d6-a 1ensi(PA.TE.SI)-/ l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ /. bgfr-suki-ka-ni ~ ~ ) k i - k e/ mu-na-dh

Texts

Texts

dinanna 1nin-kur-kur-ra 1nin-a-ni 1gb-d6-a I Insi(PA.TE.SI)-1 l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ /. ur~ rdl-, ~ ga-tiim-dulO-ke4 ~ . ~ ~ ) k i 1I-gir-suki-ka-ni I mu-na-db

Texts

Texts

%in-gir-su I ur-sag-kala-ga- 1 den-lil-16-ra 1 gb-d6-a 1 6nsi(PA.TE.SI)-/ lagaS(~1R.~~R.~~ I) nig-ul-e - k e 4 pa mu-na-&(UD.DU) I 6ninnudanzu(~~.~~)muSen-b6bbar-ra-ni / mu-na-db / ki-bi mu-na-gi4

Tats

Texts

11

REC 2301

en-te:me-na / knsi(PA.TE.SI)-1 l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ /. 16 ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i BB-gi-gi-gii-na- / %in-gir-s6-ka dii-a / digir-ra-nI / dSul-utul12

dba-~Z / munus-sag-ga / dumu-an-na / nin-iri-kti-ga / nin-a-ni I gii-dba / dn$i(PA.TE.SI)-/ l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ /. 16 ~6-ninnu~ ~ . / ~ ~ ) f i %in-gir-su-ka / 6-gidru 6ub-riminl-a-ni / mu-dii-a / biri-kti-gaka<-ni> / mu-na-dii

Texts

Texts

13

15

lo-6glSgigir-ra dc-a digir-ra-ni

Texts

Texts

iii

*#
R

Texts

Texts

19

20

dnin-gir-s6 / ur-sag-den-lil-ra / en-an-na-tiim / tnsi(PA.TE.SI)- / (5) laga~(S1~.~u~.LA / Sh-pi-da)'" / dnanSe I 6nsi-gal- 1dnin-gir-sG-ka 1 ( 1 0 ) dumu-en-te:me-na- / &nsi(PA.TE.SI)-I l a g a S ( S 1 R . ~ u ~ . ~ ~ ) ~ - k a ke4 / dnin-gir-s6-ra / 6-bhppir-ka-ni / (15) ki-bi mu-na-gi4 / en-an. . .a . . . - . - . - . gi4-a 1 (20) digir-ra-ni I
. . .. . .

dlugal-urux(LJ~~x~~ /~ dama-uSumgal-an-na-ra 2>ki / en-te:me-na / knsi(PA.TE.SI)- 1(5) l a g a ~ ( S 1 ~ . ~ ~ I Sh-pa-da~ . ~ ~ ) /kd i n a n ~/ e ensi(PA.TE.SI)-gal- I dnin-glr-sG-ka 1 (10) dumu-en-an-na-llm / knsi (PA.TE.SI)- 1l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ /)u4 ki dnanSe - k a -Ir nam-lugala / (15) l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~1 .mu-na-SGm-ma-a ~ ~ ) k i - s a / dnin-gir-sG-ke4/ mu e-ni-pida-a I u4-ba 1 (20) en-te:me-na-ke4 I d l u g a l - u ~ ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ I z 6)Li-ra gal-ur~~(~~~xK~~ 1 mu-na-dii ~ ) ~ - k/ aM-sipl7 - n i rkiil-babbar-ra / (25) Su mu-na-ni-tag I kii-za-gh I gu4-20 I udu-20 / kisal-dlugal-urux (uRuxKAR~)~/ - (30) ~ ~ -s A ~ i-mi-dul ~~ l-dul I en-te:me-na / [l]d
b d l u g a l - u r u x ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~dG-a 2>E / digir-ra-ni -ka I d~ul-utul12-am6

Texts

Texts

21

ru

dc!

(1) This line is to be read [E2]-ad-[dal-'kal-ra, cf. vi 6.

Texts

Texts

22 ctd. iii 1

23

iii 1

right shoulder gh-d6-a / tnsi-lagaiki / lli 6-ninnu- / (5) dnin-gir-su-ka

in-dh-a 1( i ) dnin-hur-sag / nin iri-da mli-a / ama-dumu-dumu-ne / nin-a-ni / ( 5 ) gh-d6-a tnsi- I lagaski-ke4/ 6-iri-gir-suki-ka-ni/ muna-db / (ii) DUB.SEN(= REC 429)-E-ga-ni / mu-na-dim / gisd6r-garm&-nam-nin-ka-ni / mu-na-dim / (5) 6-ma-ni-a mu-na-ni-ku4/ kurmbganE-ta 1(iii) na4esiim-ta-el alan-na-ni-ib / mu-tu I nin an-kia nam-tar-re-db 1( 5 ) dnin-tu / ama-digir-re-ne-ke4I gb-d6-a I (iv) Id-bdb-a-ka 1nam-ti-la-ni mu-sh I mu-Sb mu-na-sa4 16-a mu-na-ni-ku4

Texts

Texts

21

23 ctd.

Texts

Texts

24 ctd.

25

Texts

Texts

25 ctd.

26

iii 1

1) Collation shows a clear

Texts

Texts

26 ctd.

27

iii 1

(i) d b a - ~/2munus-sasga / dumu-an-na / nin-iri-kh-ga1(5) ninb6-gAl dumu-an-kh-ga / nin-a-ni / gh-dd-a / dnsi- / lagaSfi-ke4 / (ii) u4 6-TAR-sir-sir / 6-ki-Ag-ni / 6 h6-du7-iri-kii-ga/ mu-na-dh-a / ( 5 ) kur-mA-ganb-ta / na4esi!(=PA) im-tael / alan-na-ni-Sb / mu-tu (iii) nin dumu-ki-6g-an-kh-ga-ke4/ ama d b a - ~/26-TAR-sir-sir-ta1 gh-dC-a 1(5) nam-ti mu-na-lhm I mu-Sb mu-na-sa4 / biri-kh-ga-ka / mu-na-ni! (=GAG)-ku4

Texts

Texts

28

29

This is the Sumerian part of a bilingual text, and should be read in the light of the Akkadian original. See the List of Texts, p. XVII, 28.

Texts

30

obv.

rev.

obv. 1

5 gig4 k6-babbar ~r-~eS~-~eS Su ba-ti

an-da-tuku 1 gig4 ur-kkSG Su ba-ti an-da-tuku Su-ri-kam Se-bi 0.2-ta si-dam lugal-DUR2

rev.

10

Texts

Texts

32
obv. 1 rev.

33

obv. 1

10 rev.

di-til-la ISi-Su-ni@n dumu-6-Sb-hC-DU utul ~r-~nanS dumu-ba-Si-58-ra-gi-ke4 e ba-an-tuku igi-di-ku5-ne-Sb mu-lugal-bi in-pi-eS ur-digdim dumu-16-gulo maSkim ~d-~~sira ur-digtaran 16-digir-ra di-ku5-bi-me
(space)

15

mu ds'u-dsin lugal~ri~~~-ma-ke, na-ni-a-ma den-lil dnin-lil-ra mu-ne-dii

Texts

Texts

obv.

rev.

f#
45
T

%Pfl

obv.

/ -

-6

rev.

6f D

tCj -

rev. obv. 1 lugal-nig-zu dam-gir nin-him-zi-da dam-ur-su nagar-ke, Su-dug-a-an-niI-'DUl Iur-su! Sitim Iur-dinanna dumu-ama-iri lnig-gurl
(space)

5 rev. 6

10

lii-ki-him-ma-bi-me

Texts

38

Texts

Texts

40
i obv. obv.
1 1

..

rev. reverse blank

obv. i 1

A 15 sa <6->durun,-na 1800 l SeS-16-duIo ugula mu-ku5 mA-2 e-me-gar en-ig-gal nu-bhnda ganun-gig-kig-ti '1-DU 2

5 obv. ii 1

(i 1) 1 udu-nita / ezem-amar-a-a-rsil-ge4-da-ka / Bnsi-ke4 / 'abzul EiS bi-tag / (5) 10 18 1kuS-us / ( i i 1) 8 kuS-udu-nita / ~r-~nin-ma@ / sipa-pa5-sir-raE-ke4/ Su-a bi-gi4 1 (5j kuS-ud[u] r61-rum-I (iii 1) den-ki-pa5-sir-ka-kam 2

Texts

Tats

obv.

111

1
obv.

rev.

rev.

(i 1 ) 6 udu-'nital 1 30 19 1 ma8 I mag-aSa5-ga-kam 150 maS /

( 5 ) 15 udu / (ii 1 ) ur-du6 / kuS7-kam / Su-nfgin 21 udu-nita / 80 18 1 mag / ( 5 ) mag-aSa5-ga- / (iii 1 ) dba-~,-kam/ en-ig-gal / nu-bhda / e-ta-b / ( 5 ) ezemdba-~2-ka (iv 1 ) iri-KA-gi-na I lugal- I lagaSrm-ke4 / 6-dba-~2-ka / ( 5 ) i-lah, / z A bi-SuS 2

Texts

44

SIGN LIST

obv.

vii rev.

This list is limited to the signs that occur in the texts in this book and arranges them, in the column on the right, according to their Neo-Assyrian order. It is to these numbers that the numbers in the alphabetically arranged List of Phonetic Values refer. The second column to the right lists the values that the signs have in the texts in this book. The central column presents the signs in chronological order. It does not include every variant, since the same sign can be written somewhat differently within the same text. The forms are typical and are intended to help the reader in identifying the signs. The column to the left, column L, refers to R. Labat, Manuel d'dpigraphie akkadieme, Paris 1976~. Since the sign numbers in R. Labat, with minor exceptions, are the same as those in R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (ABZ), KevelaerfNeukirchen-Vluyn 1978 (AOAT 33; Erghzungsband AOAT 33A; 1981), the reader may use the L(abat) numbers to find the same signs in R. Borger, ABZ. Furthermore these numbers refer, again with minor exceptions, to A. Deimel's mostly outdated, but sometimes still useful book, Sumerisches Lexikon, 11. Vollstindige Ideogramm-Sammlung. 4 Vols. (Roma 1928-1933; reeditio photomechanica 1961). In addition, chapter V "Zeichennamen" in R. Borger's Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (ABZ), 376-413 is highly recommended to the reader of this book as a reference list.

Sign List

rum

e
1

bsl bala

+'
6

sila tar

46

Sign List

L
Grdu 50/51
18

L
pa5
60

k4.l
26a

52

0 a &

iti

3
19 m u
61

P-V
27

53

$ m
" O w

6ubur 20 la

w w
A%

a 1 0

H
21 22

62

slla sagi

28

55

56

57

d 6=3 w
~ ~ )$$$sq M
5 . l

%m

engar

62

28a

m.2
23

6 3-

taka4

P4fff
29

gi16 tu 67

4 ! f 4 4
30

))a

k"4

68

>
+ A

ru &ub

a
31

ti1

e
32

58

wr8

24

69

59

>m
%

1e
li

dn
kiir

m
&
26

70

4444
gir

4
33

25

4
34

60

71
laga;/s 71

dqq@
34a

Sign List

Sign List

L
72

e
* . 6 - <
I-

numun

4
35

ti

AK
36

73

a74

E L

bar

+
37

Pg.
75 76

+
W

++
fl

nu

+
38

me&

+4
39

78

79

80

Bu mugen

4 7
40

,+&f b+q

* E

. i5 ghl

q4Tic
4 1

44k4
42

Sign List

Sign List

A BZ

duran 60a-

108

99

sin

53a

dira 100

4H
T

*
$ i Puih

54

sur )5ur

101

55
m325

+7r

703

56

inanna 103

+T

ghba
103c

qr fa
56b

122b

66

Am104

Etj=
aggab

diri

AF&

57

123

67

57a

Sign List

Sign List

53

Sign List

Sign List

_L/1L

m*
167 168

z@!=#%

d"8
89

eden

M
90

I 70

91

The position of this sign according to Neo-Assyrian order follows R. Labat, Manuel d'kpigraphie akkadienne, Paris 1976~, 104-105, although this sign should be placed among the signs that begin with three horizontals. This inconsistency is due to the ancient scribes outside of Niniveh, who sometimes wrote this sign with only two horizontals, as if SAR and K E S were ~ the same sign in Neo-Assyrian script. See R. Borger, ABZ, 138, sign 331e ("Auch wie n 152").

56

Sign List

dW=f
du

L 3
206

rh

2~
101

ABZ
206

la%

b 3 3
101a

207

w
P

ib

f l ~
102

208 208

?EF=-

ange 103

ddr

=a
103a

gegtin 210

$ X :
104 231

n&
ni
112

m m b p q
211 211 212

fis uls
nita gala

@
105

231

112a

+ q H
105a

232

PPp
W a
ABZ 233,22

ir

2F
113

wm
m*pmlsJ@+

is,

;ar
bi b6

LT
i 3

6
ge26

bFd
114 II4a a l l 5

106

233 233

PJ

gita

214

107

237

dagal

24ic

aI6

Sign List

Sign List

L
249

kisal par4 117

sila,
252

255

rn
m

cr
urul 2

a
3 bWFt
%

118

119

gal ga

278

120

280

dag

****

121

295

pa gidru ugula rig7

122

443
122a

295~ maigim 295d 295k

*fl 122c
Qnsi

122b

&Hfl
122d

295 sipa 295m 2 96 752 296 296

&H
122e

-0
ABZ 331e

$$

gig
kiri5

j $ m

3 1 2 3 123a

~ 6 . t ~

dg$3b
@&pq
123c

gigtu

Sign List

Sign List

L
nir
325

139
gi4 ge4

m
140 141

326

d l @ @
328

ra

Kcg

JsP*
&ru4 kala
gig1

1 6

330

* J?P
FA%
urin

142

>
331 331 331

gel

esi

Gri
i 5

nanna

%iZ ~~~ g#@R* + d l &

143
W3a

143c

zh
322

rn
144

Sign List

64

Sign List

"
381 381

4Q93?sq

babbar
bar6

u4 ud utu
bebba~

+8
a$17oa

170

dadag
I 7ob

lama 381

$ @

d
381 zimbir 381 373 mug 374
tir

4 ' w 170a

170c

8k$m@
r E 170e m
170f

buranun

166

381

383 167

FHR
168

@
384 392

+*
qw
'%

q *
ra
69
&in

171

fl
172

375

Q%@*
376 376

te temen unu6

Yr 169 fld

Qvr
B
<?A

173

oVV
376*

kar

~rn
169b

169a

393

394

Q
0

174

nmue

175 8hr0 176

OQ

396

66

Sign List

" P W @
399
399
399

im i ' k u r

+&R

4G 177

777a + N C + T 177b

401

402

406

* 4 ?@ @
P
Q

64 ++qb

bur
bug

46
178

&<E
179

kam
b6ru u 8 ~ 4

4180

<<

&u&
4 11

Q
181

10

4 12

u@;u

++v
182

4 18 4 18

y w

ugun

4 % V
183

&;tar

+<g&y
183a

Bb
420

<E184

utul
420

4: Jjg
184a

68

Sign List

nigin

~~~H'IT
" +
196

"8

449

igi 8i

457

1
I

silim

202

Sign List

Sign List

U ~ U

lu

537

222

538

6
bEEr
IllI

W l 0 ki$ 223

539

siki

HE
224 225

eren

541

&fi

545

1
i * w

226

546

+*f+
p 8

k&&

diir dab5 tus

546

w
D@-

227

gudul

! =

mi
gal4 munus

554 umu8 tfig

c*

228

229

536

R B E

fib

556

#@=w

221
durunx

The readings of the signs DUR2 1 TUG2 1 SE] given here are those that occur in the texts in this book. For further information about how to distinguish these signs in third millennium sources see R. Biggs, JCS 20 (1966) 77, fig. 1; 77f., note 37; 87, note 101; J. Krechcr, WO 18 (1987) 18f.

557

nin

c d
2 30

P
geme

te
c d d

231

558

232

Sign List

Sign List

L
gu

L
a

559

233

560

579
&Dl

na,
hbhu

~4
234

579 579 381 II 586 i7

ri -F

244

244a

562 562

c e r
H*rqH
235 235a

R E 244b
Bmfl
244c

buranun Tf

ulnma

564

a
@4%~
w I T
w

sikil

c w
2 36

II

lf

za

1%
245

565

num ~ y m murgu

fct:

7$; 4 $4 rk 4

9a
e95 3
gi iz4 iga

%%< 246

237
593

l $ H 4
238 min 2 susana 1/3
"
' I

567

IliFP
P P E K

m W
$4.

247

248
Ear

570

239

571

Qu
&f

E
$Ep

597 240 598a 241

nig

249

ia
5 imin 7

kingusili

W
250 251

573

5/6

574

t
ur

598c

242

575

243

LIST OF PHONETIC VALUES

APPENDIX
REC SIGNS

2 30

w @*
CAPACITY MEASURES

This List contains the honet tic values in alphabetical order. The number accompanying each phonetic value refers to the number of its sign in our sign list.
utul12
252

a A ab A b abzu

244 146 70 184 3a

bal bala bhda bhppir bar

6 6 78 107a 37

dil
d"6 d"7 dug

111 203a 193 89 176

esag, esi eS CS b S

138a 137a 207 22 1 70

REC
498

0
SURFACE MEASURES

2 (b a r i g a )

253

I
I

agrig akkil alam/n dim am im

am6

REC
509

00
4\

I (biir)
254

REC
510

10

"
255

(=bur ' u ) 60

REC
511

I'

256

PRE-SARGONIC YEAR DATES (texts 33-34 and 40-44)

I . (year)*

2. ( y e a r )

etc.
257

ama amar ambar an anSe anzu ar asila, dS aHa, aSgab

248 199 52 49 125 161 185 91 244a 10 115 191 216 10 103 177b 198 83 149 58 57a

b6 bi bi bu bur bilru buranun

107 107 92 165 155 181 170f 244c

dug dugud dul dul, dumu dur dCr dGr duran durun,

129 194 203 22 1 78 60 22 1 103a 60a 221a

ezem/n

82

ga

ga
gada gag gal gal gal4 gala galga gan gha Eanun gar ga'ra gL ge ge4
ge26

da dab, dadag dag daial dam dar dira d C db

de6

ba babbar bhbbar bhd baar

2 170 170b 84 129a

di dilmun dim digir diri dig du

147 22 1 167b 121 115 23 1 63 54 148 92 101 202 112a 192 10 67 209 101

e C b el 1 eden elam en bn engar engur Cnsi br eren eridu 6rim Crin

128 138 170d 203b 90 189a 53 25 22 212 122d 17 225 47a 92a 174

gCme gen gCS gC&u geStin gCStu gbltu

134 114 48 111 151 42 229 105a 120 77 58 116 249 134a 145 45 140 114 232 101 209 219 104 123b 123c

76 gi gi4 gi6
gi6

List of Phonetic Values

List of Phonetic Values

77 75 69 29 9 169 169 36 32 168 24 22 1 242 157a 101 190 22 1 mug ur iir iirdu uri iiri uri5 urin uru Urn12
uru16

gig gi16 gibil gid gidru gig4 gfgir gim gh gir gin17 giS giggal gu 86 gh g"4 g"7

g"lo
gub gum @ n u 4 ' gur giir gUr4 @'.a gurlo gurll gurus

45 140 186 186 196 30 93 165 122 248 215 192 163 7 11 123 16b 233 59 11 124 12 27 101 96 97 61 135 21 1 24 223 134 137

i i
l7

ia ib ib ibila ig igi

fl
im imin in inanna inim ir iri iS ilkur iStaran iti izi ka kd
ka5

76 112 2441, 250 220 102 78a 42 196 135 177 25 1 80 56a 11 113 13 106 177a 1l a 19 92 11 72 159 158 137 130 180 158 169b 58 88 100 131 85 227 204 109 223 217

kingusili kiri, kisal kii ku4

k"5

kur ldr kuS

kuS7

fiSu

241 123a 117 206 24 9 163 26 4 106 235

mi min mu mii mu1 mun munus murgu mu8 miiS muSen

229 239 27 86 71 51 229 237 167 56 40

Pa PB Pa5 Par4 peg pi P U PG ra ri4 re

ri n' rig7 ru ni rum

122 197 26a 117 153 171 165 215 141 101 46 101 46 13 122a 31 111 1

silim sh sipa sir su sd sii

S"13

su'en suhuS sukkal sur

202 53a 122e 165 4 3 166 165 53a 99 136 55

ha hb hu hul bur huS

246 77 40 201 178 179

kad4 kala kalam kam klm kar kL kas kas4

ke4

la 19 lagaS/s lab5 larsa le li li li, lik 1 fl limmu lu 1 ii l"5 lugal lub lum

21 210 34a lOla 170c 25 25 112 92 243 131 68 222 142 159 81 136 237

na "a4 nagar nam nammu nanna nanSe nar ne n C ni ni

40

k C H kbS

k i
kib kig kilib

ma md mab mar marduk maS mAS maSkim me mi

150 65 23 127 191a 37 39 122b 218 186

nig nigh nigh nigir nim nin nina nimu nir nita nu nii niim numun nun nunuz

33 110 234 41 212 143c 98 159 92 112 112 177 21 1 249 21 1 195 154 189 230 98a 208 139 105 38 188 237 35 47 175

sa si4 sa4

Sale sag sagi s&ar sagga s h sar sb si sig4 sigls

siki sikil sila sila sila4

57 202 43 160 95 64 28a 106 132 95 86 87 62 238 137 45 224 236 9 28 118

H a SB Sab Sakan SAr Ska Se Sb Sen SeS Si Sim Sir Sita Sitim Su 56 gu4 Sub Sub, Siiba Subur Sudul Sul S6m Sur SuS SuSana

156 172 122c 187 176 214 164 221 5 143 196 108 34 114a 192 157 226 181 31 44a 56b 20 228 205 87 55 181 240

ta tag taka4 tar te temen ti ti1 tir tu t& tuku tukumbi t6m thm tuS

u ii ii
U4

u18

ub G b ud
~ 5

as

udu

ug5 U g U ugula Ugun

lib
ul um umbin umma umuS un unken unu6

181 133 200 170 213 16b 126 22 1 170 66 222 130 84 182 122 183 173 193 73 50 235a 22 1 130 14 169a

URUxA Urn, iis US uSum uSumgal utu utul utu112

97a 243 119 18 162 143a 143b 143 13 119 53 16a 15 105 105 8 151a 170a 184a 252

za zl zal zi zimbir zu z G

245 144 112 44 170e 3 11

General Vocabulary

79

GLOSSARY
This glossary is divided into the following parts: General Vocabulary Divine Names Personal Names Place Names Sacred Buildings Year Dates Year Names Festivals The General Vocabulary contains the words that appear in the texts contained in this book. It does not claim to.give a detailed definition of each word, but rather the general sense. Particular meanings are given only when they are necessary to understand a particular passage; in such a case the passage in question is indicated. Grammatical elements are not included among the words that are defined. The Akkadian equivalents, when known, are placed next to each Sumerian word: naturally, the Akkadian words themselves do not appear in the Sumerian texts. On the other hand, Sumerian equivalents are placed next to each Akkadian word in the Akkadian glossary. Within the General Vocabulary the following grammatical terms and abbreviations are used: bamtu / mare: for a discussion of these Akkadian grammatical terms that are used to describe aspects of the Sumerian verb, see P. Attinger, Elements de linguistique sum6rienne. La construction de dul /e/di adire>>(Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Sonderband; FribourgIGtittingen 1993), 119 and 4 120. R = word root cf. (confer) is a way of indicating that the Akkadian represents an equivalent, although such an equation does not explicitly appear in the ancient texts. It also indicates a semantic relationship rather than a translation.

ta A -...A b (litturn) abzu (apsiim) ad-da (abum) A g (madcidum) (A--)@ W(-g>-->Ag hga-kh--&(-g) hga-6s (redem) agrig (abarakkum) AK (epZum) (nig--)ak-(ak) (Su-gibil--)ak akkil (ikkillum) a1 (allum) alam/n (salmum) dim (ditanum, kusarikkum) ama (ummum) ama-ar-gig(andurdrum) amar (bnrum) amar-a-a-si-ge4-da ambar (apparum)

at the prompting of; by means of the strength of

COW

GENERALVOCABULARY
SUMERIAN a (mii) (amar-)a-a-si-ge4-da a-ga (cf. warkatum) a-ra-zu (teshtum) a-rA (adi / -i-5u) a--ru (Sardkum) A (idum) A--Ag (wcirum D) water see amar-R-R-si-ge4-da back room prayer x times to dedicate a r m ; strength; power; rent (3 1:2) to give a command or an instruction

an (Samii) an-ub-da (kibrdtum) anSe (imerum) asila, [EZENxSILA* (rigtum) aSa5(-g> (eqlum) aSgab (uikapum) ba (qiciSum) (Su--)ba ba-al (beriim) babbar / b4bbar (namrum; pesiim) (kii-)bAbbar bad (darum)

see Sacred Buildings father to measure (by means of a measure of capacity) see A--R see ki--R to strike with a weapon; to conquer (see J. Klein, Studies Tadrnor, 3 10f.) policeman steward; an important temple administrator to do; for the different readings of AK see A. Cavigneaux, SAZ, 45-47; M. Powell, Studies Diakonoff, 3 14-319 see nig--R-(R) see Su-gibil--R lamentation hoe; see note to z6 statue bison mother freedom? (gig is a graphic variant of gi4); lit.: to return to mother, cf. G. Farber, AulOr 9 (1991) 87 calf; a young animal see Festivals swamp; canebrake. The reading /ambar/ is conventional; according to PEa 42 (and other sources) it should rather be labbar/; see J. Krecher, AOAT 1 (1969) 171, note 20 heaven; sky regions; "quarter" donkey joy a plot of land; see GANA, leatherworker to donate see SU--R to dig a canal; to channel shining; white see kii-R wall

General Vocabulary (sig4-)b&ar bala (pahim)

(nu-)blinds

General Vocabulary 2. (dinum) judgment

(6-)bAppir (lii-)bAppir bar (igi-gd-ni) (igi--)bar (igi-zi--)bar bariga ('UL'; pars/s'iktum) -bi-da(-ke4) (u) bhr (biirum)

see sig4-R term of office; reign; dynasty see nu-R see Sacred Buildings see lii-R see note to igi-gd see igi--R see igi-zi--R a measure of capacity (ca. 60 1.; cf. R1A 7,492ff.; 497 6 N.5) and a surface measure (loan from the Akkadian): 1biir = 3 eSe = 18 iku = 1800 s/Sar (see RIA 7,480f. 8 n.11) to pierce

dim (epeeurn)

@ ) d i m
diri-...- 88 diS (istiin) du (alcikum [marii])

to build; to make see kii-R beyond one to go

dab5 (~abatum) (di--)dab5 dadag (namrum) (gCla--)&g dagal 1. (rapcum) 2. (rapaSum D) (Su-)dagal--(dul l) dam (&Saturn) (kii-)dam-(takd dam-gAr (tamkarum)

(md-)dka-(abzu) (gii--)d6
de6

di (qabiim) [marc participle of dul 1(-g)l di--dab5 (dinam SGuzum)

nearness (to someone; see J. Krecher, ASJ 9 [I9871 88, note 39) to seize; to take; to take away see di--R pure; shining; bright see gA-la--R wide to broaden see SU-R--dul1 wife see kii-R-tak4 merchant (loan from the Akkadian); for the reading dam-gba instead of dam-gAr, see J. Bauer, ZA 61 (1971) 317ff. see Divine Names mountain goat; the reading d b a is conventional, see P. Steinkeller, SEL 6 (1989) 3-7 see mCR-abzu see gb-R see DU to say; to speak to take up a lawsuit; for a discussion of this term see E. Dombradi, FAOS 20/1, 224 and 5 421423 judge

(mun-)du dii [*dru] (baniim; epgcum)

see mun-R to build; to construct; to erect (for dh/h = dru see P. Steinkeller, JCS 35 [I9831 249f.) see gir--R (gfr--)dii see gig--R (giS--)dii du7 (wasmum) fitting; suitable; necessary @6-)du7 see b6-R (SU--)du7 see Su--du7 to spread; to mould bricks du8 1. (labanum) to coat with pitch; to caulk 2. (pehiim) see Su-R-a--DU (Su-)dug-(a--DU) see igi-nu-R (igi-nu-)dug dulo(-g) @bum) good; favorable; pleasing duli(-g) (qabiim; dababum [hamfu]) to say; to declare (sA--)dul l-dul I see sd--R-R see SU-&gal--R (Su-dagal--)dul see Su-tag--R (Su-tag--)dul

(sag-)dub

see note to sag-R

dugud (kabtum) dul (katamum)

heavy; important to cover

82 du15 (katamum) dumu 1. (mrum) 2. (martum) dumu-KA dumu-mi (martum) dumu-tu-da gisddr-gar (kussiim; durga(r)rii) dar (miirum) dim-KAS4 (Saniim)

General Vocabulary to cover (du15 is the graph used in Pre-Sargonic texts such as in 18 ii 4. It is later replaced by dul) child; son daughter grandson (see A. Sjoberg, HSAO, 209f.) daughter son of (lit.: son born (of)); see note to tu(-d) chair; throne (see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 8,327f., 5.2) foal donkey foal (the reading of KAS4 is uncertain, cf. MSL VIII/l, 52: 380-38 1) to place (objects [15 iii 31); for DUR2DUR2 = durun, (plural form of the verb tug) see P. Steinkeller, OrNS 48 (1979) 55f., note 6 see d-R

General Vocabulary white cedar(wood) see nam-R see nam-R--la5(-d? see nam-R = alesag, see J. Krecher, storeroom; for E ~ S E Studies MatouS II,36; A. Sjoberg, ZA 83 (1993) 15f. diorite (as in (all?) of Gudea's statues); olivinegabbro (see W. Heimpel, RA 76 [I9821 65ff; ZA 77 [I9871 48f.) three (36:4) sanctuary (see CAD B, 282, lexical section) three festival; feast. The reading ezemln is conventional; for /izim/ or Iizinl in OB and preOB sources, see A. Sjiiberg, ZA 83 (1993) 15; P. Steinkeller, Studies Hallo, 245. For particulars about the festivals that appear in texts 41-44, see the information in Festivals

(nam-)6rim (nam-)brim--(ku5(-d?> (nam-)6rin esag, ( ~ 2 5(qaritum) ~ )

eS (= eS5; SalaS) bS (bitum) el5 (SalaS) ezem/n (isinnum)

to say; see dul l(-g) house; temple (see the names in Sacred Buildings); plot of land 6-gal (ekallum) palace 6-mi women's residence (see K. Maekawa, Mesopotamia 819 [1973-1974177ff.) b [hamtu; marc: b(-d)] (wqiim G, 5) to (let) go out; to come out; to lead out; to bring out; to appear (as a witness) (pa--)b see pa--R to bring down; to fetch el l(-d) (waradum 5) d e n (edinu; $drum) steppe; plain (gd-)den-(na) see gd-R-na en 1. (enum) a kind of priest; a partner in the sacred marriage 2. (belum) lord (ki-)en-(gi(-r)) see ki-R-gi(-r) en-nu-ug5 (massarturn) guard; watchpost (the reading en-nu-ug5 (not 1-ug& is confirmed by MSL XII, 101:167; 116: 14 contrary to J. Krecher, Studies MatouH II,37) (sag-)bn-(tar) see sag-R-tar engar (ikkarum) farmer engar-gu4-ra farmer (and) oxherd (see H. Steible, FAOS 912, 54f .) 6nsi (SSiakkum) city ruler Bnsi-gal a kind of priest(?) gis)eren (erenum) cedar(wood) 6 (bitum)

e (qabiim [marc])

ga (Sizbum) gd-la--dag (naparkiim) *@-~m-dulo(-g) gd-gl%-Sub-ba (nalbanum) (na-)gada gisgag-si-sd (Siltahurn) gal 1. (rabiim) gal-zu (miidiim) (6-)gal (6nsi-)gal gdl--taka4(petcm) (igi-(x-))Ed1 (nir-)gd (zi-)gd-(la)

milk (see M. Stol, R1A 8, 189ff.) to stop working see Divine Names brick making shed (see D.A. Foxvog, N.A.B.U. 199817) see na-R arrow big; mighty; great chief (34 vi 4) wise; intelligent see 6-R see 6nsi-R to open see igi-(x-)R see nir-R see zi-R-la see giri17-Su--R see gd-gig--R see zi-SB-R female sexual organs; vulva (/-la/ in gal4-la /*galla/ is a phonetic complement)

84 gala (kaMm)

General Vocabulary liturgical singer (see J. Krecher, SKLy, 27f., 35f.); the archaic spelling of gala was GIS~.DUR~ 'penis + anus' (see P. Steinkeller / J.N. Postgate, MC 4, 37) advice said about females: "which bore or can bear" see ~ B - R ~ ~ a plot of land; for GANA2(-g) = aHa5(-g) see M. Civil, JCS 25 (1973) 171ff. and M. Powell, ibid., 178ff. storehouse; granary to set; to put see giSd6r-R see igi--R see NE.NE-R see s8-R see dam-R to go sixty six hundred grape juice; bunch of grapes ear understanding; wisdom reed a sacred building ('reed chamber'; see Sacred Buildings) a sacred building ('reed chamber'), see gi-gii-na to be firm; to make firm; to be steadfast; to be stable; to fix; to award; with ka-g.a: to agree with a statement see ki-en-R to return; to bring back; to take a case up again see ki-bi--R-R see Su--R dark see kas-R dwelling of the en-priest or en-priestess see ama-ar-R lasting; of lasting value see Su-R--AK to drag; to tow; to measure; to manage (38:7) see mCR scepter

I
giSgigir(narkabtum) -gim (kima) gir--DU3 (dnin-)gir-(su1/2)

General Vocabulary

85

galga (milkum) gan (wdlittum) (mA->gan GANA2 (eqlum) ganun (gan~num) gar (Sakanum) (giSdcr-)gar (igi--)gar (NE.NE-)gar (s8-)gar (dam-)ghr gen (aldkum [bmtu, singular]) g6S (S=i) g6S-u (neru) geStin (karanum) g6Stu(-g) / g&Stu(-g) 1. (uznum) 2. (basisurn) gi (apum; qaniim) gi-gii-na (giguniim) gi-gunu4 gi (-n N gi-in) (ktinum G, D) (ki-en-)gi(-r) gi4 (ttirum G, D) (ki-bi--)gi4-(gi4) (Su--)gi4 gi6(-g) (?almum) (kas-)gi6 gi6-par4(gipa(r)ru) (ama-ar-)gi8 gi16-sa (ddriim, ddritum) (SU-)gibil--(AK) gid (Sadadurn) (m8-)gfd gidru (baflum)

wagon; chariot like to cut off(?) see Divine Names nose; the conventional reading Nril is most likely 101 rev. I), whereas PEa Nippur indicates a reading /giri/ (= giri17),cf. PEa 305; 418 to greet and entreat (lit.: to let the hand be at the nose; see U. Magen, BaF 9 (1986) 60-61; 104108) tree; wood determinative for wooden objects; the reading giS is conventional; lexical (PEa 641) and other sources indicate a reading geS timber (see H. Steible, FAOS 9/2,43f.) to make a drawing; to design cultic rule or ordinance (cf. G. Farber-Fliigge, St. Pohl 10, 181f.; AulOr 9 [I9911 85f.) craftsman bed; see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 8,326f.; for GIS.NU? see gG-R--g81 see 1-R throne; chair (see H. Waetzoldt, RIA 8,327f.) chair-bearer; throne-bearer to provide a delivery of wood to call; to name steer; ox see engar-R-ra to eat; to suck (milk); to enjoy the usufruct of something see nig-R-a my to stand; to set up see gi-R see gi-R to return; to give back see md-R

giri17-Su--gil (appam labdnum)

giS 1. (&urn) 2. gii-dii-a gig--bur (eperum) gig-@-ti (kiSlea/ittii)

0-)giS giSgu-za(kussiim) gu-za-18 (guzaliim) gG-giS--gAl gh--d6 (nabiim) gu4 (-d3 (alpurn) (engar)-gu4-(ra) gu7 (akdlum) (nig-)gu7-(a) -gulo (-i/-ja) gub (izuzzum G, S) (gi-)gh-n(a) (gi-)gunu4 gur (thrum G, D) (m6-)gurg

General Vocabulary see Se-R--ku5 see nig-R an adult; young man; recruit; worker (ne-lba ba-la (zittum) ha-lu-db (bahluppum) be-du, (wusmum) bd-&il (&(n)gallum; tubdum) bul (Sulputum) see ne-R lot; assigned portion oak(?) (see BSA 3, 135; 146; BSA 6, 159; 182) decoration overflow; abundance to destroy; to ruin; for a discussion of the verb l?pl/<->/?julu/see J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 192f., with note 103 see gig-R see gig--R hill country; mountainous region red; terrifying to come out; to appear (in the phrase u4-ul-li-a-ta); there seems to be a semantic relation between /i/ and /&I, but it is uncertain whether /i/ and /&I can be considered as identical verbs vegetable oil; animal fat heir (syllabic writing of ibila) porter; door keeper sesame oil river; canal determinative for rivers and canals five heir (loan from the Akkadian?) (panel of a) door eye; glance in the presence of (said about witnesses at a trial) to look at (see J. Krecher, Kutscher Memorial Vol., 108ff.) a phrase used to express fractions (see J. Friberg, RIA 7,535f. 3.1); the phrase bar igi-g81-ni (38:5) is difficult to define to appear before someone (37:3); for this use of igi--gar, corresponding to the Akkadian pani Sakanum, see E. Dombradi, FAOS 20/1, 402

General Vocabulary helper; unskilled worker (see G.J. Selz, FAOS igi-zi--bar (kiniS naplusum) fl (-am) (sag--)a im Ctidum) imin (sebe) him (awatum) him-ma--s&(-g) (Id-)him-(ma) (Id-ki-)him-(ma) ir (eri/~Sum) iri 1. (alum) 2. iti (warbum) izi (Saturn) izi--18

87

I
I

(CiS-)hur (@$--)bur bur-sag (hrkinum) hug (buSSlim; ruSSlim)

to choose; to legitimate (lit.: to look on favorably) to lift; to bring, to convey; to endure see sag--R clay; loam seven (<*fa-min,5+2) word; statement; decree to imagine (lit.: to place in a word; see M. Civil, Studies Birot, 75) see 16-R-ma see lil-ki-R-ma fragrance; perfume; fragrant city; district determinative for cities month (for the individual month names see the index in M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 483ff.) fire to purify with fire (see J. Bauer, AfO 4014 1 [I9931 941 95; for a reading bi--18, to spread smoke, see J. Krecher, OrNS 54 [I9851 147, note 31)

i (Samnum) 1-bi-la (aplum) )-dug (atlim) 1-giS (ellum; Sarnnum) i7(-d) 1. (ndrum) 2. ia (hamis> hila (aplum) ig (daltum) igi (inum) igi-...S& (mabar) igi--bar (amarum; napbum)

ka-al(-ak) (cf. kalakkurn) ka(-g) (plim) ka-Sakan

(dumu-)KA kd (babum) kala(-g) (dannum) kalam (matum) Yam (nakarum D) kar (karum) (Bga-)kQ--(s&(-g)) kas (Sika/arum) kas-gi6(-g) kas-sig15 (dbr-)KAS4 kt%(-d? (*keS(e)dr/*kSed? (rakasum)

loam pit (23 ii 22; 25 ii 14; see D.A. Foxvog, N.A.B.U. 199817) statement (in the expression ka.g- ... -a--gi(-n) [37:11; 38:29]; see J. Krecher, ZA 69 [I9791 1-3) chief oil-maker (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17,200, and (ka-)Sakan below) see dumu-R gate strong; mighty land (specifically, Sumer) to overturn; to change (29:7) quay see hga-R--s&(-g) beer (fermented barley); alcoholic beverage (see CAD 3111,428, discussion section) dark beer light beer (see M. Powell, HANEIS 6, 104ff.) see dbr-R to bind (see A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 85 [I9951 36, note 8)

88 (~6--)k6l(-d? ki 1. (drum) 2. ki-...ta ki-bi--gi4-(giq) (ana airis'u turrum) ki-en-gi(-r; *kengir) (16-)ki-(him-ma) ki-tul (Subtum) ki-uri ki(-g)--4g 1. (rbmum) 2. (nardmum) (gig-)HE-(ti) kilib (napharum) kingusili (parasrab) (nu-)kiri6(-k) kisal (kisallum) Eli4 (muttatum) M(-g) 1. (elelum D) 2. (ellum) 3. (kaspum) M-b4bbar (kaspum) M-dam-taka4 (uzubbiim) M-dim (kuttimmum) M-luh (kaspum mesiim) M-sig l7 (hurasum) (h--)ku4

General Vocabulary see z6--R place; location; area; world determinative for place names disbursed by (lit.: from the place of) to restore (lit.: to return to its place) the land of Sumer (what the Sumerians called their land); see Place Names see 16-R-him-ma dwelling the land of Akkade (uri <*war(i);what the Sumerians called Akkade); see Place Names to love; to show affection beloved see gil-R-ti totality five-sixths see nu-R courtyard half (in 39:21 it refers to the hair of the head) to purify; to make culticly pure pure; holy silver silver divorce-settlement silversmith refined silver gold (see A. Sjoberg, JCS 40 [I9881 174) see h--R (this verbal root must be distinguished from ku4(-r) because it can appear as h--ku) to (let) enter; to bring in (see J. Krecher, ZA 77 [I9871 7ff.) to cut see di-R see nam-R see nam-6rim--R see Se-gurlO--R see umbin--R mountain; mountain range land to change skin (41 i 5) groom (see A. Cavigneaux, N.A.B.U. 19921103)

General Vocabulary

14 1. (Sagalum) 2. (mati) (izi--)I8 l a 5 (DU.DU; see DU) (mC)lah5 limmu (erbe) lu (balalum) 16 (awtlum) 16-bhppir (sirasiim)

M-him-ma (Stbum) 16-ki-him-ma (Sibum) 16-m4-gur8 16-nig-tuku (cf. raSiim) (nam-116-(him-ma) lugal 1. (Sarrum) 2. (belum) (mu-)lugal (mu-)lugal--(PA(-d)) (nam-)lugal (M-)lub (Su-)luh

to weigh; to pay; to bear (in gu-za-18) minus see izi--18 to bring (used for a plural object) see m4-R four to mix person; man brewer (for a possible reading of the variant LU~.$IMI LU~.SIMXGAR as l%unga see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17,291) witness (see S. Oh'e, ASJ 1 [I9791 69-84; I.J. Gelb et alii, OIP 104,234) witness (see S. Oh'e, ASJ 1 [I9791 69-84; I.J. Gelb et alii, OIP 104,233f.) boat captain debtor (lit.: a person who has something) see nam-R-him-ma king master; owner see mu-R see mu-R--pa(-d) see nam-R see M-R see lu-R

ma-na (maniim) m8 (eleppum) m4-gid m4-gur8 (makurrum) (16-)m4-(gur8) m4-la5 (malahum) m a (strum) (sukkal-)m& ma's 1. (laWm; urgum) 2. (sibturn) malkim (ra bkum)

ku5(-d? (nakasum) (di-)ku5(-d? (nam--)ku5(-d? (nam-brim--)ku5(-d? (le-gurlo--)ku5(-d? (umbin--)ku5(-dr) kur 1. (Sadiim) 2. (matum) Mr (nakdrum) kul (mdkum) kuS7 (kiziim)

mina (a unit of weight, ca. 500 gr.; see M. Powell, RIA 7,510 5 V.5) ship (the one) who tows the barge (full of first fruits to Enlil at Nippur; epithet of Gudea in 24 i 9) cargo boat see 16-R-gur8 sailor exalted; high see sukkal-R kid; he-goat produce; interest commissioner (see D.O. Edzard1F.A.M. Wiggermann, R1A 7,449ff.)

90 me 1. (baStim) 2. (mti; parsum) me-lig(-m) (melemmum) mi (sinniitum) (dumu-)mi (&)mi (nig-)mi-(6s-sQ min (Sina) mu 1. (Sumum) 2. (Sattum) mu-...a(k)-l& mu-lugal mu-lugal--ph(-d)

General Vocabulary to be divine power that makes the institutions of heaven and earth function (see G. Farber-Fliigge, RIA 7, 610ff.) terrifying glance (literally: shining divine power) woman see dumu-R see 6-R see nig-R-6s-si4 two name Year because (in a nominalized sentence) see mu-lugal--ph(d) to swear by the king, lit.: "to call the king's name", corresponding to the Akkadian niS Sarrim zakdrum "to pronounce the king's life"; mu-lugal in 37:4 is an abbreviation for mu-lugal--ph to choose (lit.: to name (someone); said about the ruler chosen by the divinity) (royal) inscription to name; to give as name the following year year-x (indicates a date according to a notable event that took place during the year) to make grow to (let) shine morning offering (see J. Bauer AWL, 41 1 ad I 1; CAD MIII, 202 f, disc. section; L. Milano, RIA 8, 25 sub 3) woman after; for the reading murgu (= LUM) see E. Sollberger, AOAT 25,440, note 15 bird determinative for birds stone (22 iii 2; 23 iii 16, iv 17; 26 ii 7); na is the original graph for the word 'stone' (usually written naq), see P. Steinkeller, BiOr 52 (1995) 707 herdsman (loan from the Akkadian) stele (lit.: 'set up, erected stone') see ma-R na4 1. (abnum) 2. nagar (nagarum) namnam-brim (mamiturn) nam-brim--ku5(-d? nam-6rin nam--ku5(-d") (nazarum) nam-16-inim-ma (Sibatum) nam-lugal (Sarratum) nam-nin (belatum) nam-nir-g61 (muttallntu) nam-lita nam-tar (Simtum) nam--tar (Siamum) nam-ti(-1) (balatum) nar (ndrum) ne-ha (nehtum) NE.NE-gar

General Vocabulary stone determinative for minerals and stones carpenter element used to form abstractions, such as in English -hood, -ship, and -scape assertory oath to take the assertory oath assertory oath (variant writing of nam-6rim; see A. Falkenstein, NG 1,64, note 2) to curse the act of witnessing distinction; superiority prayer (29:24; see H. BehrensIH. Steible, FAOS 6, 250f .) destiny to decree a destiny life musician rest (loan from the Akkadian) the fifth month in the Ur I11 calendar. Its

mu--PA(-d) ((Sumam) zakarum) mu-sar-ra (mrcs/Sarti) mu-l&--,a4 mu-6s-sa (Sanitum Sattum) mu-x m6 (wqtim 3) mu1 (nabatum G, 3) mun-du munus (sinniitum) murgu-...ta mulen 1. (&arum) 2. na ([in alamln-na(-ni-lh)] abnum)

I i

ni (pulu&um) ni--tuku 1. (palahum) 2. (na'dum) ni--te(-g) (palahum) nig (Sa) nig-ak-ak (epstum) nig-gu7-a (ukultum) nig-gurl (makkarum) nig-mi-6s-sa (te/irhatum) nig-si4m (Simum) (16-)nig-(tuku) nig-6-rum (makkarum) nig-ul (Sa siatim)

Cultic Calendars, 100-104) awe to experience awe or fear awesome (cf. M.-J. Seux, Bpith&tesroyales, 430f.) to fear; to respect a thing; something; a matter deed; activity consumption; food consumed possession; property price (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 153ff.) see 16-R-tuku possession; acquisition what is fit for the cult (literally: what is primordial; for the reading ul rather than du7 see Ur-Nammu 26 ii 1 in H. Steible, FAOS 912, 124f.)

na-gada (naqidum) na-n5-a (nartim) (ma-)na

General Vocabulary nigh 1. (lawiim) 2. (sa!zarum) to surround to turn around; to go around; the marc-form NIBIN~NI~I (39:24) N ~ is most likely to be read nilo-nilo (*ne/inni, see J. Krecher, Studies MatouS II,53; 71, note 80; AOAT 240, 162) see Hu-R herald lady see nam-R fifty see nam-R male; manly see sag-R see udu-R inspector; overseer; captain (see D.O. Edzard, ZANF 21 (1963) 91ff.; P. Attinger, ELS, 156f.) gardener (for the etymology of the Akkadian nukaribb/ppum see M. Krebemik, BFE, 330) see en-R-ug5 see igi-R-dug seed prince great; princely

General Vocabulary

see 6-R

(Su-)nigh nigir (nagirum) nin (belturn) (nam-)nin ninnu (harn/ns'cz) (nam-)nir-g Al nita (zikarum) (sag-)nita (udu-)nita nu-bhda (laputtiim) nu-kin6(-k) (nukarippum) (en-)nu-(ug5) (igi-)nu-(du8) numun (zerum) nun 1. (rubiim) 2. (rabiim)

sa (riksum) s8-dul 1 (Sattukkum) s8--dul i-dul 1 s8-gar (malikum) (giSgag-si-)s8

sa6(-g) 1. (damqum) 2. (tabum) salO(-salO)(Stimum) sag 1. (resum) 2. (reStum) 3. (rLiStiim) sag-dub

sag-&n-tar(paqidum) sag--0 (regam ulliim) sag-nita (regum) sag--rig7(Sarakum)

pa--&(wapiim $) ph(-d) (nabiim) (mu-lugal--)pii(-d) (mu--)PA(-d) (HA(-ge)--)PA(-d) Pa5 (palgum) (gi6-)par4 p6 (bartum)

to let shine to call; to name see mu-lugal--R see mu--R see SB(-ge)--R ditch; canal see gi6-R fountain

sag-Su4 (kubSum) sag-6s (reSam kullum)

I

(bur-)sag (ur-)sag sagga (Sangiim) sagi (gctqiim) s&ar (eperum) sar 1. (Satarum) 2. (mus/Sarum)

ni [*dru, see dii)] (baniim) (na-)ni-(a)

see du-R see SU-R see sag--R see a--R to receive; to bring back (see G.J. Selz, ASJ 17 [I9951 274, note 103) to raise up; to set up see na-R-a

bundle regular offering to provide regular offerings adviser; counsellor see giSgag-si-R see si--R-R see mu-SB--R (sa4 is a conventional reading; in OB texts it should be read Se21) good beautiful; fruitful to buy head; an architectural feature first-class first; first-class regular worker (see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512,230f.); the meaning of sag-dub in 36:3 remains doubtful, see A. Falkenstein, NG 2,213, note to 3 overseer; guardian to raise up; lit.: to lift the 'head' (of a wall or temple); 28: 13-14; 29:30 (grown) man (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 130ff.) to donate (sag/salT-rig7 may be a loan from the Akkadian Sarakum) cap (see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 6,200f.) to be available; to care for something's tes maintenance (cf. M.-J. Seux, ~ ~ i t h & royales, 440) see bur-R see ur-R temple-administrator cup-bearer (loan from the Akkadian; see J.-J. Glassner, R1A 8,420-422) dust; earth to write a surface measure: 1 s/Sar = 60 gig4 = 1/100 ikiim (see R1A 7,479 $11.5) see mu-R-ra to set (according to J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 195 and sb(-k) must be the verbal roots s&(-g) distinguished)

General Vocabulary (Bga-kh--)s&(-g) si-(si(-g)) (maliim D) (asil+--)si-si si-SA (is'arum) si--sd-sA (eierum 3; St) (giggag-)si-(s A ) sig4 (libittum) sig4-b&ar(-ra) (cf. agurrum) see Bga-kh--R to fill in see ad+--R-R right; legal to get ready (24 iii 2); to yoke (25 iii 12-13) see giggag-R-sl unbaked brick baked(?)lpotter's(?) brick; possibly to be read sig4(/Seg12)-slur,-ra, see P. Steinkeller, JNES 46 (1987) 59; JNES 52 (1993) 145 see kas-R (is sig15a syllabic writing of sig17 (GI) "light colored"?) wool see udu-R pure; virginal a measure of capacity; liter-vessel; in Pre-Sargonic Lagag as well as in the standard Akkad-Old Babylonian system 1 sila equals approximately 1 liter (see M. Powell, RIA 7,497 5 IV.4-5) lamb shepherd see Sacred Buildings see Place Names body; flesh (28:7,24); as for 39: 13 su/kuS= zumrumlmdkum must be taken into consideration, cf. A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 83 [I9931 202205 to satisfy? (34 v 1; this translation is based on the context; sh-sii(-g), literally "to make empty" remains difficult) to be long; to lenghten; to last foundation courier; a high-ranking official (the reading sukkal is conventional; in OB and Pre-OB sources suga17 is preferable) prime-minister the meaning of sur in 39:21 remains uncertain

General Vocabulary (zi-)$a-(gal) duggab(Sappum) (ka-)Hakan $fir(-SAr)(deSiim D) Se (Se'um) Se-ga (migrum) Se-gurlO-h5(-d")(esedum) see zi-R-gzil pot; vessel see ka-R (the reading HakanJSagan for SU,.GAN, is conventional) to make abundant grain; barley tes 448ff.) favorite (cf. M.-J. Seux, ~ ~ i t h & royales, The twelfth month in the Ur I11 calendar. Its Babylonian equivalent was the month of a(d)daru. The Sumerian means escdum "to harvest" (see M. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 119-124). The reading gurlo is not certain, see M. Civil, FI, 170f.; J. Bauer, JAOS 115 [I9951 294 see DUB.R brother (for a reading ses instead of SeS see J. Bauer, AoN 1985,2, n. 21) scent; fragrance fragrant determinative for perfumes see nam-R house builder hand; control to release (see J. Krecher, Kutscher Memorial Vol., 11lff.) to complete; to finish see ginl7-R--g81 to lead back; to bring back; to give back to decorate; to adorn to receive to erase (an inscription; lit.: to flatten the hand [on something]) to supply with abundantly to act as guarantor for (see J. MarzahnIH. Neumann, AoF 22 [I9951 115, ad I1 1') to renew purification ritual (cf. G. Farber-Fliigge, St.Poh1 10, 191ff.) total half (see J. Friberg, RIA 7,536 5 3.1; G.J. Selz, ASJ 17 [I9951 274) to sprinkle (in 23 iii 8-10 and 25 iii 3-5 it is said I and ) fine scent (ir-nun)) about oil ( see sag-R

siki (Sipatum) (udu-)siki sikil (ellum) sila (qiim)

sila4 (puhadum) sipa(-d) (re'iim) (6-TAR-)sir-(sir) (pa5-)sir-(ra) su (zumrum; Sirum [text 281)

Him 1. (riqum) 2. 3. (nam-)Sita Sitim (itinnum) Su (qatum) Su--ba(-dr/r) (wuSSurum) Su--du7-du7(Suklulum) (giri17-)Su--(gzil) Su--gi4 Su--tag (za'anum D) Su--ti (leqiim) Su--iir (pddtum)

su13(-d? (arakum G, D) suhui (is'dum) sukkal (Sukkallum)

sukkal-m& (sukkalma&u) sur

H a SB(-g) (libbum) SB(-ge--)pa(-d) HA-bi-ta

element used in fractions content; interior to choose (lit.: to call in the heart) from it (lit.: from its inside)

Su-nigh (napharum) Su-ri (miSlanu) Su-tag--dul (za'anum D)

General Vocabulary (g4-gi%-)Sub-(ba) Siiba (cf. namrum) Sudul (nirum) see g4-sib-R-ba shining (like the colour of the Siiba-stone [agate?]; for the variant readings /S/suba/, /subi/ see A. Sjoberg, JCS 40 [I9881 172f., note 6) is~ yoke (the reading Sudul for S U ~ . D U L conventional) to give; to hand over; to lend see zB-R one third see ki-...R R see murgu-...see gig--R see Hu--R see Su-R--du see gd1--R see M-darn-R see nam--R see sag-8n-R see Sacred Buildings see ni--R foundation peg (see S. Dunham, RA 80 [I9861 3164) life (the form a-ba-ti-la-da "so long as he lives" is difficult to explain. According to PSD A/I, 47,5. S.V. a-ba, it is sandhi writing. A. Falkenstein, NG 3, 166 S.V. ti(1) suggests that it means u4 ba-ti-lada) see giS-kig-R see nam-R see Su--R to destroy; to exterminate see di-R-la forest; grove (PEa 457: te-er) to give birth; to make (a statue 21 iii 9-10; 22 iii 23); the traditional reading tu(-d) is retained here since PEa 684-685 notes tu-6 [= marti?] as well as du-6 [= bamtu?]; see J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 160f. garment; clothing to have; with the infix I-da-/: to have a claim against somebody (30:5,8) to marry (lii-nig-)tuku (ni-)tuku tukumbi (Summa) tiim (dg~-)&m-(dulo(-g>> tuS (wdcibum G, 3)

General Vocabulary

97

see lii-nig-R see ni-R if; in case see DU see Divine Names to cause to dwell; to settle (for the plural form of this verb see durun,) see ki-R grass; a plant

u (Sammum)

(ki-...-) ta ta (murgu-...-) (gig--)tag &--)tag (Su-)tag--(dull) (&%-)taka4 (E-dam-)taka4 (nam--)tar (sag-8n-)tar (C-)TAR-(sir-sir) (ni--)te(-g) temen (temmenum)

ii-a (zaninum) ii-rum 6-durunx(DUR2.DUR2)-na (dba-)~2 ii--ku4(salcilum) (gd-)gl%-Sub-ba u4 (~mum) u4-...(a) (inu) u4-ba (ina amiSu) u4-bi-ta u4-Sb-US-e(iimiSam) u4-ul-li-a-ta (iStu iim sidtim) ug (labrum) u18-ru (sirum; ellim) ub (tubqum) (an-)ub-(da) ud5 [*uzd] (enzum) possession (see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512, 110f.) brushwood(?); hay(?); for a discussion of this term (oven-grass?) see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512,320f. see Divine Names to sleep; to rest (see (ii--)kuq) see g4-R day when at that time; then from long ago (for the meaning of ul and /i/ in this expression see J. van Dijk, AcOr 28 [I9641 33) ewe exalted; high (see M.-C. Ludwig, SANTAG 2, 107ff.) comer; a small room see an-R-da

(gig-kig-)ti (nam-)ti &-)ti ti1 (gamcirum) (di-)til-(la) tir (qiitum) tu(-d) (wal6dum)

tiig (subaturn) tuku 1. (Slim)

udu (immerum) udu-nita (immerum) udu-siki iig (niSa) (en-nu-)ug5 ugu (eli) ugula (waklum) ul (cf. ulllim)

/uzud/ see G. Selz, WO 26 [I9951 196) sheep ram wool-bearing sheep people; population see en-nu-R on; over (the reading ugu for U.GU3 is conventional) chief; overseer (loan from the Akkadian) distant (in time, either past or future)

98 (nig-)ul (u4-)ul-(li-a-ta) umbin--la5(-d? (gullubum)

General Vocabulary zal 1. (Sutebriim) 2. (nasahum) zi(-d) (kinum) zi-Ed-la (Siknat napis'tim)

General Vocabulary

99

see nig-R see u4-R-li-a-ta to shave; to shear (literally: to pluck with the fingernail) umuS (pmum) decision; understanding (29 i 6) unken (pubrum) assembly (i*hg-kig, lit.: seeking (= consulting) the people) unu6 (mmVabum; Subtum; makalum) living room; dining room? (where the gods received their food offerings); sanctuary (cf. A. Falkenstein, OrNS 35 [I9661 239ff.; D. Charpin, clerg6,337ff.) ur (kalbum) dog; for the meaning of ur in Personal Names like U~-*DN see R. Di Vito, StPohl SM 16, 116ff.; for Akkadian PN's containing the element kalbum see CAD K, 72 i) ur-sag (qarradum) hero (Su--)hr see SU--R drdu(-d) (wardum) slave; servant; subordinate uri (akkadiim) Akkadian (ki-)uri see ki-R urin (urinnum) standard the reading urnl2 expresses the verbal root iir (see urn12 Su--hr) plus the verbal ending -e urnl6(-n) (dannum; naklum) strong; clever (see M. Civil, Studies Sjoberg, 55) ds 1. (rediim) to (make) follow 2. (em~dum) to border; when said about ships, to dock (sag-)ds see sag-R (mu-)ds-(sa) see mu-R-sa (nig-mi-)ds-(sa) see nig-mi-R-sa US (uSSum) foundation; pit(?) (&a-)ds see hga-R uSumgal (uSumgallum) dragon (lit.: big snake) utul (utullum) herdsman (<*udu+lu,pasturing sheep) (d~ul-)utul~, see Divine Names

to pass when said about dating, u4-x zal-la means "on the x~ day" true; lawful, right; legitimate; legitimating living being

zi(-r) (pasasum D)

kagirum; rakasum)

to destroy; to annihilate your see gal-R see a-ra-R to oblige; for zd--keg(-dr [*keSedr 1 kSedr]) see A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 85 (1995) 36ff.

AKKADIAN ilum (digir)

-ma

malikum (ad-gi4-giq) pubrum (unken) rimum iemiim (giS--tuku) Su (cf. Id) u (-bi-da) ummum (ama)

(the) god and counselor; adviser assembly; council gift to hear the one who belongs to (in proper names of the SuDN type) and mother

AMORITE paternal uncle ("grandfather" according to J.M. Durand, CRRA 38 [I9921 120, note 174) healer

za-gin (uqniim) (Sisgu-)za zh(-g)--SuS (cf. Simtum)

lapis-lazuli see B S g u - ~ to brand; to mark (see D. Foxvog, ZA 85 [I9951 Iff.)

Divine Names

101

DIVINE NAMES
Each name is accompanied by: 1) Its etymology; 2) The chief cult place; 3) The god's chief features.

den-lil: 1) "Lord Breeze" is a popular etymology. What *e/illil really means is unknown. 2) Nippur; 3) The de f act0 head of the Sumerian pantheon. d&r-ra:3) A Semitic wanior and plague god who is identified with underworld deities. d e ~ 5 - p e2) ~ :Adab; 3) A divinity found in third-millenium god-lists from Fara and AbiiSalabikh, as well as Early-Dynastic and Early Sargonic mythological texts (see B. AlsterIA. Westenholz, ASJ 16 [I9941 37). d6gtar: 3) Save for the absence of the sacred marriage, she was the Semitic eqivalent of Inanna, with whom she was syncretized. d g h - t u m - d ~ ~ ~ 2) (-~ LagaS ) : (see G . J . Selz, UGASL, 134ff.); 3) The mother-goddess at LagaS; special protectress of Gudea. dig-alim: 1) "Door of the ~isoI;"(see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 144ff.); 2) LagaS; 3) SulSagana's twin brother; the son of Ba'U and Ningirsu. dinanna: 1) "Lady of Heaven" is a popular etymology; 2) Uruk; 3) The planet Venus; the heavenly courtesan; a warrior goddess; a Vegetation goddess whose sacred marriage to Dumuzi, repeated every new-year's day, guaranteed Sumer's fertility. She was syncretized with the Semitic EIIStar and was most commonly thought to be the daughter of Nanna-Su'en. As for her relationship to An, the god of the sky, see J. van Dijk, Studies Borger, 9- 11; 30. d i ~ k u r2) : Karkara; 3) The storm god. digtaran: 2) Der; 3) A god connected with judgement.

dama-u~umgal-an-na: 1) "'Lord-dragon' of Heaven" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 21f.); 3) Associated with Lugaluru(b) in Pre-Sargonic Lagag; eventually assimilated to Dumuzi. an: 1) "Heaven"; 2) Uruk; 3) Personification of heaven; nominal head of the Sumerian pantheon. danzu(-d)musen (for the latest study of this name see B. Alster, RA 85 [I9911 Iff.); 3) Personification of the storm-cloud, represented as a white eagle. Anzu stole the tablet of destiny from Enlil, but Ningirsu conquered him, returned the tablet to Enlil, and thus became his ur-sag-kala-ga. d b a - ~ 22) : Goddess of Iriku(-g) in LagaS (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 26ff.); 3) Vegetation goddess; Ningirsu's wife. dda-gan: 2) The region of Mari; 3) The West-Semitic storm-god, originally a chtonic god (cf. D.R. Frayne, BCSMS 25 [I9931 40 with note 31-41). dda-mu: 3) A god of healing; one of the disappearing and dying gods whose sister goes to search for him. ddumu-zi(-d): 1) "'True Child"' (cf. Th. Jacobsen, JQR 76 [I9851 41-45); 2) God of Badtibira; 3) There are two traditions: one about Dumuzi the fisherman and one about Dumuzi the sheperd. The fisherman is from Ku'ara, the shepherd is from Badtibira. The shepherd is Inanna's "husband" whom she sends to the underworld to substitute her. He is the archetypal disappearing and dying god. ddumu-zi-abzu: 1) "'True Child' of the Abyss"; 2) KinunirSa; 3) This divinity was generally regarded as female. At Eridu, however, it was considered male and formed part of Enki's entourage. den-ki(-g/-k): 1) "Lord of the Earth"; 2) Eridu; 3) The crafty god of magic and wisdom; the helper of mankind. This divinity is to be distinguished from en-ki "Lord Earth", one of the gods who existed before the separation of heaven and earth.

d l u g a l - u r u , ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ 1) 2) "King ~(-b of ) Uru(b)" : (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 163ff.); 2) Uru(b); 3) Syncretism identified him with Inanna's husband Dumuzi.
dmarduk: 1) The interpretation and milieu of the name *Marud/tuk (cf. the biblical Merod&) remain unclear. Certainly it is not, as popular etymology would have it, "calf of the sun god"; 2) Babylon; 3) Chief god of Babylon and, in the first millenium, head of the whole pantheon because of his victory over Tiamat. dnammu/a: 3) In the cosmogony of Eridu, the goddess who personified the primordial waters. For a reading namma rather than nammu see M. Civil, OrNS 54 (1985) 27, note 1.

102

Divine Names

Divine Names

dnanna: 2) Ur; 3) The Sumerian moon-god. His en-priestess lived in the Gipar at the Karzida in Ur and was one of the major personages in Sumerian religion. The god was identified with SuYen/Sin, the Semitic moon-god. dnan~e: 2) Sirara I Nina (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 181ff.); 3) Ningirsu's sister; interpreter of dreams; protectress of birds and fish; goddess of "social justice". dnin-a-zu: 1) "Lord Physician"; 2) Enegi; 3) An underworld healing-god; NingiSzida's father. dnin-dar: 2) Ki'eH; 3) NanHe's husband. The reading dar (not g h ) in the second part of the name is discussed by M. Civil, Studies Sjoberg, 50. dnin-gir-su: 1) "Lord of Girsu" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 218ff.); 2) Girsu; 3) Ba'U's husband; he became Enlil's hero when he recovered ihe tablet of destiny that Anzu had stolen. dnin-gi~-zi-da: 1) "Lord of the True Tree"; 2) GiSbanda; 3) Ninazu's son; an underworld snake-god; Gudea's patron god. The latter seemingly introduced him into the LagaS pantheon to justify his own assumption of power. dnin-hur-sag: 1) "Lady of the Mountain-Range"; 2) KeSi; 3) The mother-goddess. Her name indicates where she appears. She is the creator of gods and men. dnin-lil: 1) "Lady Breeze" (popular etymology analogous to den-lil 'lord breeze"); 2) Nippur; 3) Enlil's wife. d n i n - ~ ~1)~ "Lady . ~ of ~ Marg/ki"(?; : see P. Attinger, N.A.B.U. 1995133); 2) Guabba; 3) NanSe's daughter. dnin-~ubur: 1) "Lord I Lady of (the land of) Subur/~ubar(?)";2) Akkil; 3) When male, An's sukkal; when female, Inanna's sukkal. dnin-te-ug5-ga: 1) By popular etymology "Lady who Keeps the Dying Alive"; cf. Marduk's epithet muballit miti; 3) A goddess of healing. dnu-mu~-da: 2) Kazallu. dnun-gal: 1) "Great Nobility"; 2) Nippur; 3) A goddess connected with justice and judgement, especially the judicial ordeal.
d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ 3) ~ The 4 m determinative u S e n : muSen

h ' e n > dsin: 1) The original meaning of this name is uncertain (see M. Krebemik, R1A 8,362f.). According to D.R. Frayne, BCSMS 25 (1993) 40, it might go back to a ProtoIndo-European root; 2) Ur; 3) The Semitic moon-god identified with Nanna, the Sumerian moon-god. d ~ h r a2) : Umma; 3) Inanna's son; her manicurist and hair-dresser. d~ul-Ha-ga-na 1) "The Lad of his (Ningirsu's) Heart" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 277ff.); 2) LagaS; 3) Igalim's twin brother; the son of Ba'U and Ningirsu. d~ul-utul12 1) "The Lad who Pastures Sheep" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 279ff.); 2) LagaS; 3) Dynastic god of the rulers of LagaS from UmanSe to Enmetena. dutu: 1) "Sun"; 2) Sippar; 3) The sun god.

For further reading see: Black, J. - Green, A., Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary (London 1992). Edzard, D.O., in H.W. Haussig, Worterbuch der Mythologie, Band I (Stuttgart 1965) 19139. Leick, G., A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology (LondonINew York 1991). Selz, G.J., Untersuchungen zur Gotterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von LagaS (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 13, Philadelphia 1995). The relevant articles in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RIA). For the LagaS pantheon of the Gudea period: the relevant articles in A. Falkenstein, Die Inschriften Gudeas von LagaS. I. Einleitung (AnOr 30, Rome 1966).

shows that the divinity is a bird (see

G. Pettinato, MEE 3, 112:79; 117,l. 79).

PERSONAL NAMES
(Parentheses indicate the text in which the name appears)

a-ba-dutu-gim(30:4) a-kur-gal(15 i 4; 16 ii 1). A ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS. d-lu5-lu5(38~26) ad-da-Su-sikil(34vi 1) ama-iri (35:8) damar-dsu'en (27:4, 19,25). A ruler of Ur in the Ur I11 period. ba-Si-SB-ra-gi (32:3) bha-nam-tar-ra (34 iv 1). The wife of Lugalanda, a Pre-Sargonic ruler of LagaS. BU-KA (36:9) digir-a-gu10 (33 iv 2) du-du (38:4,6,7, 12, 16, 18,20,22,28,34,40,43) du-du-d (36: 12) 6-an-na-tum (16 i 1; iii 9). A ruler of Pre-sargonic LagaS. 6-me-li9-sh (34 iii 3) en-an-na-~m (I) (14:13; 15 i 1; 20:lO; 21 i 10) en-an-na-tdm (11) (19:3, 16) en-ig-gal(34 v 4; 40 ii 1; 42 iii 2; 44 ii 4) den-lfl-ld-an-zu(36: 10) en-ld (34 vi 6) en-Su (34 v 6) en-te:me-na [= en-me-te-na] (1 1:1; 13:3; 8; 14:3; 19:10; 20:3; 20; 3 1; 21 i 3; iii 8: 11; iv 2,7; vi 2). For the reading of this name see H. Steible, FAOS 512, 106 (1). ddr-ra,ma,lik (39:3) d~tar-um-mi (39: 1) gan-ki (34 ii 5) g6me-dig-alim (37: 15) g6me-dnun-gal(31:4) g6me-ti-ra-dS (38:36) gi-zi (38 ii 13) giggal-si (34 ii 6) gu-NI-DU (12 i 4). The father(?) of ur-dnanSe, a ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS. gii-d6-a (2:3; 4:3; 5:3; 6:4; 7:4; 8:4; 9:4; 10:6; 22 r. sh. 1; i 5; iii 7; 23 i 2; ii 4, 14; iii 18; 24 r. sh. 1; i 5; iv 4; v 5; 25 r. sh. 1; i 3; ii 6; 26 i 7; iii 4). A ruler of Lagal whose dating is uncertain. Perhaps he should be placed in the period that goes from the Guteans to the beginning of Ur 111. ha-am-mwra-pc'(28:1,21,33). A ruler of Babylon in the Old-Babylonian period. tli-A.ZU (39:2) L L ~ ' - D I G I(36:7) R~~~

Personal Names S8-Su-nigin (32:2) SeS-16-du10(40 i 2) HeS-sa6-ga (44 vi 5) Su-duran ([DUR!.KIB] 3 1:5) dsu,dsfn(32: 12) ti-ti (38:4) d-S&-h6-DU(32~2) ur-ba-g6ra (38:47) ~ r - ~ b a(37:8) -u~ ur-du, (42 ii 1) ur-ddumu-zi(43 iii 3) ur-6-mCl(33 i 3; 34 vi 3) ur-6-ninnu (38:7) ~ r - ~ e S ~ -(30:2) pel ur-gu-la (38:24) ~ r - ~ i ~ - a(32:7; l i m 37:6) ur-dinarma (35:7) ~ r - ~ i ~(3 k1 u:2,7) r ur-digtaran (32:9; 37: 18,22; 3850) ur-k&Ski (30:6) ur-ki (33 ii 4) ur-dnammu (1:3; 3:3) ~ r - ~ n a 1) n~ Aeruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS (12 i 1 [written: dnan~e:ur]; 21 i 14). 2) A party in a wedding contract (32:3). ur-nigin-gar (36: 11) u~-~~~~-MA (41 R ii .K 2)I ~r-~<nu->mul-da (37:2) U~-~NUNUZ.KAD (38:47) ~~~~~" ~ r - ~ s(3 in 1:8) ur-zu(!) (35:4; 6) drd~-~nanna (38: 19) utu-16-gu lo (34 iii 2)

PLACE NAMES
i7buranun (purattu) [28: 161: The Euphrates (UD.KIB.NUN read as bar6-91-nun seems to be syllabic writing). dilmunk: The region between what today is Falaika and Barain. C7)duran [31:5]: The river Diyiila. See D.O. Edzard, RGTC 1, 210. For the reading of d/tur(r)an (DUR.KIB) see MSL X, 26-27; K. Nashef, BaM 13 (1982) 120, note 15; 133f., note 72. 6-GUM.DUR2(-ra) [38:2,35]: Meaning and reading unknown. elam&: The region in south-west Iran with Susa as its center. It and Lagal were hereditary enemies. e r i d ~ ~ ( -A ~) city : in Sumer and the center of Enki's cult. The name seems to mean "Good City". gir-suki: An important settlement that was part of the city-state of LagaS. Its god was Ningirsu. gu-bik(-n): The location of this land, mentioned in 25 iv 9 in the sequence Magan, Meluma, Gubi, and Dilmun, is uncertain. See D.T. Potts, N.A.B.U. 1996165. gu-eden-na: ''The Border of the Steppe"; the boundary between LagaS and Umma, object of constant war between the two states. See H.J. Nissen, AS 20,34f. IM.KA.SU~~(ZI.ZI.SE~): A place mentioned in 21 v 2 whose reading is uncertain. See H. Steible / H. Behrens, FAOS 512, 109-110, note 15; J. Bauer, AoN 1987,6, n. 39. im-sag (18 iii 9): While this may be the name of a place, the location of Enlil's temple 6-ad-da, it could just as likely be the temple's epithet. It is discussed in H. Steible I H. Behrens, FAOS 5/2, 109f., note 15. iri-ku(-g): "Holy City". A section of ~ i r s u where the temple of Ba'U was located (see AnOr 30, 121; 141: for other early evidence about this toponym see V. Crawford, Iraq 36 [I9741 29ff.). K A ~ . D I ~ I R . R A"Gate ~ ~ : of God". This sumerogram for the name of Babylon is a popular etymology based on the semitic bab ili. For the likely genuine place-name *babilla see B. Kienast, Sumer 35 (1979) 246-248.

For further information about these names see R.A. Di Vito, Studies in Third Millennium Sumerian and Akkadian Personal Names. The Designation and Conception of the Personal God. Studia Pohl: Series Maior 16 (Rome 1993).

108

Place Names

kl-sur-ra (24 iii 6): "Boundary Gate" where kar-za-gin, ''The Lapis-lazuli Quay" was located. But it is not clear exactly where kA-sur-ra was. kar-nun (24 iii 4): "Princely Quay". Ba'U's magur-boat is connected with this place (24 iii 3). kar-silim-ma (28: 19): "Quay of Well-being"; located at Zimbir. kar-za-gin (24 iii 6): "Lapis-lazuli Quay" or "Pure Quay"; located at kA-sur-ra. kar-zi-da (27: 15): 'The True Quay". At Ur, the location of the dip= where Nanna's enpriestess lived. ki-en-gi(-r) ("kegir): "Native Land". The Sumerian name for their land (see C. Wilcke, CRRA 19 [I9741 202ff.; P. Steinkeller, HANEIS 5, 112, note 9; H. Steible, 1st.Mitt. 43 [I9931 25f .). ki-lagabki (29: 17): The city-state of LagaS, whose chief settlements where LagaS, dirsu and Nina(-Sirara); see M. Yoshikawa, ASJ 7 [I9851 157ff.). ki-uri: The Sumerian name for the land of Akkade. uri is the Sumerian rendering of the Semitic wadi) (see P. Steinkeller,HANEIS 5, 115f., note 18). lagaIfi: The settlement LagaS in the state of the same name (see M. Yoshikawa, ASJ 7 [I9851 157ff.). larsak"(-m): The Sumerian city of the sun-god. It ruled Sumer in Old-Babylonian times between the fall of Isin and the rise of Babylon. m6-ganki: A district corresponding to modem Oman; the source of precious metals, stone, and wood. me-lubbak": In the third and early second millennium this was probably the area of the Mohenjo-Daro civilization. nibruki (nippuru): Enlil's city, the religious center of Sumer. zimbirki (sippalir) [(28:17]: The city of the sun-god where Hammurapi built a canal. ninaki: A settlement in the state of LagaS whose goddess was NanSe. pa5-ku(-g) 121 v 41: "Pire canal"; located near Nina . For particulars about each place see the appropriate entry in RGTC 1 and 2. U~U,(URUXKAR~)~ A( settlement ~): in the state of LagaS. In text 20 it is mentioned in connection with offerings to its god Lugaluru(b). For the reading of this place-name see D.O. Edzard, RGTC 1,183; K. Volk, N.A.B.U. 1997160. uRuxAki (= uru'a?): A city conquered by Eannatum (16 ii 6). For a possible reading *urua see RGTC 1, 181; but also note MSL 14,432, C 6'-7'. ~ u r - ~ n a n (21 I e v 1): "Border of Nanle". Its location is unknown; see FAOS 5, 108, n.12. According to J. Cooper, SARI I, 64 n. 5 (ad La 5.17) "it is unclear if this is a personal or a geographical name". si-ma-numfi (38:51): A city locted near modem Mardin in south-eastem Turkey; it was ' s year. destroyed during ~ u ~ i nthird

name of the temple 6-SeS-gar-ra or just NanSe's epithet. Iubur: Subartu, the land to the north of Mesopotamia; it seems to appear in the name of the divinity dnin-Subur (see Divine Names). tir-ku(-g) (21 ii 15): "Pure 'Forest"'. The location of Nifiursag's gi-ga-na that Enmetena built. ummaki: A Sumerian city, the hereditary enemy of Lagal. unugk" (uruk): The city of An and Inanna.

SACRED BUILDINGS

4-engur-ra (21 ii 7): "House of the Abyss". NanSe's temple located at Sulum near Lagag, built by Enmetena (Gazetteer, n. 250). 6-dgh-tum-dulo(-g)[21 ii 223: "~atumdu'stemple", located in Iriku in Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1314). 6-gal-ti-ra-hH (18 i 8): "Palace of TiraS". Ningirsu's sanctuary dating to at least the time of UmanSe (Gazetteer, n. 1097).

a-hug (21 i 20): Syllabic writing of 6-huS, "Fearsome House". Ningirsu's sanctuary built by Enmetena (Gazetteer, n. 491). abzu: It is normally written ZU.AB, as in 37:24; but in 36:20 it is written ab-zu. It is Enki's underwater dwelling. The word refers to a cultic structure. In 41 i 4 it means Enki's sanctuary at Pasirra (Gazetteer, n. 31). an-ta-sur-ra (18 ii 1; 21 ii 18): "(House) which Twinkles from Heaven". Ningirsu's sanctuary, dating to at least the time of Umanle (Gazetteer, n. 83). ba-ghra (in our texts it appears only in the personal name ur-ba-gAra [38 iv 471): Ningirsu's sanctuary in Lagag (Gazetteer, n. 96). bur-sag (18 iv 2): "Foremost Jar". A kind of building (part of a temple(?), cf. PSD B 187 2.1). There was more than one bur-sag since various gods had one (FAOS 512 124f. ad 'Entemena' 33, note 3). Its epithet is ~-sA-du~~-an-na(-ta!)-~~~-a-ni "His House from which Regular Offerings are delivered to him (Ningirsu)" (Gazetteer, n. 129). 6-ad-da (18 iii 8; 21 i 2, iv 3, vi 6): "House of the Father". The sanctuary of Enlil, Ningirsu's father. Its exact location is unknown (Gazetteer, n. 40). 6-an-na (23 i 5, iv 3): "House of Heaven", Inanna's temple in Girsu. It probably owed its name to the 6-an-na in Uruk, Inanna's most important cult center (Gazetter n. 77). ~-~anzu~~~~"-b (8:8): h b b"House, ar White Anzu". The name of this temple is attested only on brick inscriptions found at Girsu, Tell I (see AnOr 30, 121; 123, a-ga-erena). ~ - ~ b(18 a iii - 5): ~ "Temple ~ of Ba'U", built by IriKAgina (see AWL, 198f. ad 46 I11 2). 6-bBbbar (17:2): "White House". This is not Utu's famous temple in ZimbirlSippar, but . J . Selz, FAOS 1511, 194, it was dedicated a temple in the state of LagaS. According to G to Ningirsu (Gazetteer, n. 99). 6-bappir (18 ii 6; 19:14): "House of Beer-Bread"; the brewery, part of the 6-ninnu where beer seems to have been brewed. Its epithet was geltin! sila-gal-[gal] kur-ta de6-a "(to which) Grape Juice Has Been Brought in 'Big' Liter-Vessels from the Mountain Regions".
I

6-g6Htu-Hu-du7 (29:25): "House that Perfects Understanding". Enki's temple in Ur (Gazetteer, n. 364). 6-gidru (10 rev. 3; 24 ii 11): "House of the Sceptre", a seven-comered house (6-ubimin). Part of the 6-ninnu (Gazetteer, n. 393). 6-gisgigir(l3:6; 18 ii 3): "Chariot House". Part of the 6-ninnu where Ningirsu's chariot was kept (see AnOr 30 126, 15). Its epithet was 6 me-li9-bi kur-kur-ra du15 (18 ii 4) "House whose Splendor Covers the Mountains" (Gazetteer, n. 766). 6-iri-ku-ga (10 rev. 5; 26 iii 7): "House of the Pure City". Temple of Ba'U in the sacred quarter of Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1198).

I
I
I

!
I

6-ma!! (22 ii 5): "Sublime House". While this is the name of Nir&ursag's temple in Girsu, it is uncertain whether our passage refers to the temple by name, or whether the phrase simply means "sublime house" (Gazetteer, n. 716). 6-me-bug-gal-an-ki (18 iii 3) "House of the Great Furious Me's of Heaven and Earth/Underworld". Igalim's temple in ~ i r s (Gazetteer, u n. 755). 6-mug (in the PN ur-6-m%, 33 i 3; 34 vi 3): "House, Foundation (of the Land)". Dumuzi's temple in Badtibira (Gazetteer, n. 829).

Anzu". The most important sacred building in the state of LagaH, it was Ningirsu's temple-complex in Girsu (cf. AnOr 30, 116-143). Its name shows that it incarnated the

112

Sacred Buildings

fifty me. This is clear from Gudea, cylinder A x 6. It dated to the time of UmanSe (12 ii 1: BS-gir-s6) but was substantially rebuilt by Gudea (Gazetteer, n. 897).

YEAR DATES
YEAR-DATES OF PRE-SARGONIC ADMINISTRATIVE TEXTS Text 33 = (Lugalanda) 6 Text 34 = (Lugalanda) 3 Text 40 = (IriKAgina) 2 Text 41 = (Lugalanda) 2 Text 42 = (IriKAgina) 2 Text 43 = (Lugalanda) 6 Text 44 = (IriKAgina) undated For the dating system in these texts see no. 257 in the Sign List.

6-sbdul l-an-na-ta!-~~2-a-ni (18 iv 3): "His House from which Regular Offerings are Delivered to him (Ningirsu)". Epithet of the bur-sag. 6-lu-sBga (29:29): "Cella", "Temple Chamber"; Part of Enki's temple 6-g6Htu-Su-du7 in Ur. C-TAR-sir-sir (26 ii 1; iii 3): Temple of Ba'U. Originally it was at LagaS but was transferred by Gudea to Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1086). &H-DUG.RU (21 i 18): "Sanctuary (in?) DUG.RU" that belonged to Ningirsu (Gazetteer, n. 1375). gi-gh-na (gigunzi): A building ('reed chamber') constructed on a terrace for Ningirsu [11:4 (bS-gi gi-ga-na)] (Gazetteer, n. 1376); for Ninhursag in Tirku(-g) [21 ii 141; for NanSe [21 iii 21 (Gazetteer, n. 1362). gi-gunu4 (24 ii 9): An alternate spelling of gi-ga-na. Here it designates the edifice located in the 6-ninnu. ib (tubuqtu; 44 i 7): 'Temple Niche(?)", see FAOS 6, 167 S.V. ib-gal (37:20, in PN 16-ib-gal): "Big Niche(?)". Inanna's temple complex in the city of LagaS (Gazetteer, n. 505). ki-tug-akkil-16 (18 ii 9): "Abode of Lamentation". $ulSagana's shrine at ~ i r s u (in the Cninnu? - Gazetteer, n. 618). I$-pa-da (21 ii 20): "(House) Called in the Heart", i.e. "Chosen House" NanSe's temple in the city of LagaS (Gazetteer, n. 1022).

YEAR NAMES
1

For the year names in the Ur I11 administrative texts, see the references in M. Sigrist and T. Gomi, The Comprehensive Catalogue of Published Ur I11 Tablets (Bethesda [MD] 1991). The variant writings of the individual year names are listed in N. Schneider, Die Zeitbestimmungen der Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur 111 (Rome 1936), 30ff. ('4. Gimilsin' [= Susin]). Text 3 1 = &sin 8 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327) Text 32 = &sin 6 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327) Text 36 = &sin 3a (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327) Text 37 = usi in 2 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 326) Text 38 = &sin 4a (M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)

FESTIVALS
For further information about the buildings mentioned above see A.R. George, House Most High. The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 (Winona Lake 1993). 'Gazetteer' in the Glossary refers to p. 63-161 of this book. Text 41: ezem-amar-a-a-si-ge4-da(see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 58-60; G.J. Selz, UGASL, 258f. sub 8; J. Bauer, AfO 36/37 [1989/90] 88f.) Text 42: e ~ e m - ~ b a (see - u ~ M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 53-54; G.J. Selz, UGASL, 70 sub 149,72 sub 152) Text 43: ezern-~e-gu~-~nanSe (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 44-46) Text 44: ezem-an-ta-sur-ra (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 57; G.J. Selz, UGASL, 240 sub 100; 242f. sub 110)