2007 Final

Environment Friendly Architecture & its Limitations
This dissertation study will give a complete detailed picture of how to create an Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Building and which techniques and methods are to be used and where. In addition to this a study of the Limitations is also carried out so that, In future when we design out buildings we use all the good points of this type of architecture and avoid all the bad points.
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations
"The difference between animals and humans is that animals change themselves for the environment, but humans change the environment for themselves."
Ayn Rand
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Preface
The rapid growing population, conversing open spaces in to buildings, shops & industries, cutting edge technology, heavily loaded roads, demolitions and reconstruction, dusty air, flooded sewage and dry water reservoirs is the profile of the modern brown city, which was happen to be once upon a time a green beautiful town. The phenomenon of climate change is exaggerating the circumstances. In context to the environment of cities and towns, many aspects are irreversible now. So the study of Environment Friendly Architecture (EFA) and planning and designing for future is complex. Learn from the past, care for the present & preserve for the future. Buildings are not only spaces occupied by man to hold activities, but it is a place for the folks to live, to work and relax. EFA is the building design that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The Climate Sensitive practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating more energy efficient structures, the common objective is that these buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment. This study will gives a complete detailed picture of how to create an Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Building and which techniques and methods are to be used and where. In addition to this a study of the Limitations will also be carried out so that, In future when we design out buildings we use all the good points of this type of architecture and avoid all the bad points. It is hopes that this dissertation will be useful not only to the students and faculty members of architecture, but also to practicing architects also.
Shailendra Kumar Nangalia Student (M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal)
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Acknowledgement
I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank Dr. Nakul Dhagat for his guidance, understanding, patience, and most importantly, his friendship during my dissertation research study. He encouraged me to grow as an instructor and an independent thinker. I am not sure many graduate students are given the opportunity to develop their own individuality and self-sufficiency by being allowed to work with such independence. The writing of this dissertation has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever taken. Though the following dissertation is an individual work, I could never have reached the heights or explored the depths without the help of books published by various authors, the e-books available on the internet, the research papers published by various authors and the various organizations and websites providing information related to my dissertation topic. My very special thanks to the one person whom I owe everything I am today, my father, Pawan Agarwal. His unwavering faith and confidence in my abilities and in me is what has shaped me to be the person I am today. Thank you for everything. My thanks also go out to my uncle Gopiram Agarwal who showed me the true worth of hard work and became a moral support for me whenever needed. I would also like to thank my sister Shristi Nangalia and my mother Prabha Agarwal for their love and support. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my friends who also became the backbone of my support while researching on my dissertation for nights after nights restlessly.
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Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... 4 Contents ......................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter-1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 About The Research ............................................................................... 10
Introduction of the Topic............................................................................... 11 Need of the Topic .......................................................................................... 11 Aim ................................................................................................................ 12 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 12 Scope ............................................................................................................. 13 Limitations .................................................................................................... 13 Methodology Used ........................................................................................ 14 Introduction to Various Chapters of the Research ........................................ 15 Overview ................................................................................................ 15 General Concept of EFA ........................................................................ 15 Case Study 1 .......................................................................................... 15 Case Study 2 .......................................................................................... 15 Limitations to EFA ................................................................................ 15 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 15 Overview ................................................................................................ 16
1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.8.6 Chapter-2. 2.1 2.2
What is EFA? ................................................................................................ 17 Various Aspects of EFA ................................................................................ 17 Green Architecture ................................................................................. 17 Page | 5
2.2.1
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.3 2.4 Sustainable Architecture ........................................................................ 18 Climate Sensitive Architecture .............................................................. 19 Energy Efficient Architecture ................................................................ 19 Vernacular & Contemporary Architecture............................................. 20
History of EFA .............................................................................................. 21 The Use of This Research ............................................................................. 22
Chapter-3...................................................................................................................... 23 GENERAL CONCEPT OF EFA ................................................................................. 23 3.1 Designing of Building ................................................................................... 24 Sustainably ............................................................................................. 24 Energy Efficient ..................................................................................... 28 Case Study 1 .......................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 3.1.2 Chapter-4. 4.1 4.2 4.3
About the Building ........................................................................................ 42 Identifying the Various Techniques Used ..................................................... 43 Inference ........................................................................................................ 52 Positive Aspects of the Design .............................................................. 52 Negative Aspects of the Design ............................................................. 53
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4
Suggestions.................................................................................................... 53 Case Study 2 .......................................................................................... 55
Chapter-5. 5.1 5.2 5.3
About the Building ........................................................................................ 56 Identifying the Various Techniques Used ..................................................... 60 Inference ........................................................................................................ 64 Positive Aspects of the Design .............................................................. 64 Negative Aspects of the design .............................................................. 65
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4
Suggestions.................................................................................................... 65 Limitations to EFA ................................................................................ 67 Page | 6
Chapter-6.
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 6.1 6.2 6.3 Sustainable Architecture ............................................................................... 68 Energy Efficient Architecture ....................................................................... 70 Vernacular & Contemporary Architecture .................................................... 71 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 72
Chapter-7. 7.1 7.2
From the Case Studies ................................................................................... 73 From the Standards........................................................................................ 75 References .............................................................................................. 77
Chapter-8.
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List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 Sustainability Fig. 3.2 Sustainability in buildings Fig. 3.3 Thermal Mass Fig. 3.4 Wind Tower Fig. 3.5 PDEC Fig 3.6 Earth Tunnel Cooling Fig 3.7 Roof Shading Fig. 3.8 Pergolas Fig. 3.9 Roof Garden Fig. 3.10 Insulated Roof Fig. 3.11 Insulated Roof Fig. 3.12 Trombe Wall Fig 3.13 Solar Chimney Fig. 3.14 Light Shelves Fig. 3.15 Light Shelves Fig. 4.1 Section Showing Subterranean Spaces (Reference: web 1) Fig. 4.2 Construction of Vaulted Roof
1)Fig. 4.2 Construction of Vaulted Roof
Fig. 4.3 Vaulted Roof (Reference: web

Fig. 4.3 Vaulted Roof (Reference: web 1)
Fig. 4.4 Open Air Theater Fig. 4.4 Open Air Theater Fig. 4.6 Roof Water Ponds Fig. 4.6 Roof Water Ponds
Fig. 4.5 Lawns Fig. 4.5 Lawns Fig. 4.7 Water Channels Fig. 4.7 Water Channels Page | 8
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Fig. 4.8 Broken China Tiles Fig. 4.8 Broken China Tiles Fig. 4.9 Exposed Brick Work Fig. 4.9 Exposed Brick Work Fig. 4.11 Day Lighting Fig. 4.11 Day Lighting
Fig. 4.10 Day Lighting in the working Space Fig. 4.10 Day Lighting in the working Space Fig. 4.12 Cavity wall Fig. 5.1 Building Layout Fig. 5.2 Layout of IHC Fig. 5.3 Site Plan Fig. 5.4 Shading Devices Fig. 5.5 Shading Devices Fig. 5.6 Shading Devices Fig. 5.7 Faade
Chapter-1.
About The Research
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SYNOPSIS
EFA & its Limitations
1.1 Introduction of the Topic

EFA is the building design that is environmentally responsible and resourceefficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The Climate Sensitive practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating more energy efficient structures, the common objective is that these buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Everything we do in our day to day life effects the environment is some way or the other. When we go for a design which is green or sustainable or environment friendly we definitely make it in such a way that it merges with the surrounding and Page | 10
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations contributes to the environment and do not hamper the future needs of the society but there are some loop holes in this type of design : Not all configurations of buildings are possible. There is use of non-renewable resources in the building which takes very long time to replenish. We have to give upon the form, function and even aesthetics at times.
1.2 Need of the Topic

In todays context Green design, Sustainable Architecture, Energy Efficient Architecture and EFA has become a very important need of the hour. Rain-water Harvesting has anyways been made compulsory in the buildings. A few days back while going through a research paper related to EFA, and it kept me thinking that everything does has a positive and a negative side however small or big, There definitely is a negative side to this type of architecture too. Upon browsing the internet it was found shocking results for Limitations to EFA. For E.g.: One of the most common disadvantages of Green Building and the most heard criticism is the additional costs. This is an important consideration because, although the additional costs are usually balanced out by the energy savings, it is still extra money coming out of your pocket. In some instance a green builder may use a recycled product containing chemicals that emit volatile organic compounds (VOC) that have been found to be toxic to humans instead of choosing a nontoxic variation of the same product hampering the indoor air quality of the space. An EPA survey concluded that indoor air was 3 to 70 times more polluted than outdoor air. Another EPA study stated that the toxic chemicals in household cleaners are 3 times more likely to cause cancer than outdoor air. And many more
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Thus, these limitations can be avoided or minimized so that out building will not face the adverse effects of such type of practices. We always think that a green building is perfect and the best place where we can live in and that there are no limitations to it. But what is intend to discuss here is the negative effects too so that we can have a better home after all.
1.3 Aim
The aim of the dissertation is to understand in detail the various aspects of EFA, including the limitations so that when we design our buildings we not only try to include the positive side of it but also try to reduce the negative site of this so that the result will be even more impressive and appealing.
1.4 Objectives
Understanding the concept of Energy Efficient Architecture and EFA. Identifying various elements, techniques and methods used to attain energy efficiency. And parallel to it working out the adverse affect of this on the ecosystem. Taking up different desk appraisals and case studies (at least two) to study the use of above mentioned practices and to see the extent of energy efficiency and environment friendliness. Identifying the generalized limitations and checking it with the case studies taken up. Suggesting improvements for the case studies taken up so that they will be better responsible to the environment. Giving a proposal keeping in mind the limitations to EFA, So that when we design our buildings in future. We avoid the limitations and use all the good side of this.
1.5 Scope
This study will give a complete detailed picture of how to create an Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Building and which techniques and methods are to be used and where. In addition to this a study of the Limitations will also be
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations carried out so that, In future when we design out buildings we use all the good points of this type of architecture and avoid all the bad points.
1.6 Limitations
Provided with the limited time and resources, not all the aspects of Energy Efficient Architecture and EFA can be covered and moreover the study of the limitations will also not be possible till that extent as the case study of proper leed approved buildings will not be possible and its a little bit difficult to carry out surveys with people living there.
1.7 Methodology Used

Understanding the concept of Energy Efficient Architecture and EFA by conducting literature surveys.
Identifying various elements, techniques and methods used to attain energy efficiency
Working out the adverse affect of this on the eco-system Page | 13 Finding out the general limitations of such type of
1.8 Introduction to Various Chapters of the Research

1.8.1 Overview Understanding the meaning of EFA and the various aspects of EFA; like Green architecture, Sustainable architecture, Climate sensitive architecture, Energy efficient architecture, and Vernacular & Contemporary architecture. Knowing a brief history on EFA & Finding the use of this book. 1.8.2 General Concept of EFA How can we design a building sustainably, make it Energy efficient, Climate sensitive & Vernacular. What are the various techniques used to make a building Environment Friendly. Page | 14
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 1.8.3 Case Study 1 Identifying the various techniques used in the building, discussing the various positive aspects of the design by Appraisal, surveys & the various negative aspects of the design by Appraisal and surveys and suggesting improvements. Identifying the Limitations to EFA in that particular building. 1.8.4 Case Study 2 Identifying the various techniques used in the building, discussing the various positive aspects of the design by Appraisal, surveys & the various negative aspects of the design by Appraisal and surveys and suggesting improvements. Identifying the Limitations to EFA in that particular building. 1.8.5 Limitations to EFA After studying the general Limitation and through various techniques and aspects of EFA and the Limitations found in the case studies taken up. Summarizing all the Limitations. 1.8.6 Conclusion Identifying the alternatives for the Limitations so that they can be reduced and for the ones which do not have any alternatives can be avoided.
Chapter-2.
Overview
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INTRODUCTION
2.1 What is EFA?
EFA is the building design that is environmentally responsible and resourceefficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The Climate Sensitive practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating more energy efficient structures, the common objective is that these buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment. (Reference: wiki 3) The modern world is getting more eco-conscious by the minute so it is only natural our places of residence will do the same. The major progress in the society of today is getting more aware about the main issues of Environment friendly spaces. We are informed by every possible online and offline source about the most ecoPage | 16
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations friendly ways to build, renovate or improve our homes and is no wonder that common concepts of ecological buildings are one of the most sought and developed topics available today. (Reference: web 4)
2.2 Various Aspects of EFA

Everything we do in our day to day life effects the environment is some way or the other, so its important for us to design buildings which are Environment Friendly. There are various aspects which in total makes a building Environment Friendly. 2.2.1 Green Architecture Green architecture (also known as green construction) refers to a branch of architecture that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. The common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:

Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling Energy-efficient lighting and appliances Water-saving plumbing fixtures Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy Minimal harm to the natural habitat Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials Locally-obtained woods and stone Responsibly-harvested woods Adaptive reuse of older buildings Use of recycled architectural salvage Efficient use of space
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations While most green buildings do not have all of these features, the highest goal of green architecture is to be fully sustainable. (Reference: Web 7) 2.2.2 Sustainable Architecture Sustainable architecture is a general term that describes environmentally conscious design techniques in the field of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations. The term can be used to describe an energy and ecologically conscious approach to the design of the built environment. (Reference: wiki 4)
A Sustainable Building is always green; but a green building is not always sustainable ~ Source unknown 2.2.3 Climate Sensitive Architecture Traditionally, our buildings are regarded as our third skin, clothing the second, while the biological skin is considered the first. These three skins help us maintain the deep body temperature at around 37 C round the year in any geographical area. In the absence of precise temperature control measures, the role of the
settlement/building design in mitigating the vagaries of wind and weather is extremely important in providing indoor comfort. Understanding of the traditional architecture in terms of heat-humidity, air movement and light with respect to the physical environment provides vital lessons for the present design endeavours. The familiar elements of regional architectural styles (verandas, balconies, courtyards, shutters and such) are created to use the sun for warmth and light and to create shade and breeze for cooling. Climatic design Page | 18
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations lessons can be learned and inspiration can be sought by observation of the long tradition of vernacular architecture. With growing pressure from various interest groups, more and more buildings in India are being designed in aluminium and glass, only to be air conditioned, least concerning about the climate or context. As a result, the buildings relinquish all their local character and wear the same skin be it in the desert of Rajasthan or in the hills of Himalayas. (Reference: Web 8) 2.2.4 Energy Efficient Architecture Energy Efficient buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment. As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs. Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind
power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building. (Reference: wiki 3) 2.2.5 Vernacular & Contemporary Architecture A building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building would Page | 19
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally. The term is not to be confused with so-called "traditional" architecture, though there are links between the two. Traditional architecture can also include buildings which bear elements of polite design: temples and palaces, for example, which normally would not be included under the rubric of "vernacular." In architectural terms, 'the vernacular' can be contrasted with 'the polite', which is characterised by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated by a professional architect for aesthetic purposes which go beyond a building's functional requirements. Between the extremes of the wholly vernacular and the completely polite, examples occur which have some vernacular and some polite content, often making the differences between the vernacular and the polite a matter of degree. The Encyclopaedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World defines vernacular architecture as:
...comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of the people. Related to their
environmental contexts and available resources they are customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of the cultures that produce them.
(Reference: wiki 5)
2.3 History of EFA

Today, we are still at the beginning of the Eco construction movement, as solar panels, renewable materials, and energy efficient design are still being introduced into the mainstream. Tomorrow, it could be the norm. Individuals and companies have only been building Environment friendly buildings for the past thirty years; still, within that time, the green movement has been constantly growing. The history dates back much further than the 1970's. It was in the midst of the industrial revolution that Henri Becquerel first witnessed the Page | 20
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations transformation of solar energy into electrical energy, known as photovoltaic power. Around this time, the late 1800's to early 1900's, a number of solar power plants were built to utilize the sun's energy for steam power. Then, in the 1950's, solar energy was used on an extremely small-scale, making way for the solar panel solution twenty years later. During the energy crisis of the 1970's, EFA moved from research and development to reality. Builders and designers were looking for a way to reduce the reliance of buildings and homes on fossil fuels. Solar panels were used to make more environmentally friendly homes, although only in small numbers due to high initial costs. Since then, developers have been able to construct more efficient and less expensive solar panels, making solar energy more of a reality. Also, during this transition period, designers and consumers started wondering, if solar panels can make buildings more efficient, lower energy bills, and reduce the negative impact on the environment, what other steps can be taken to build even greener homes? Now, Eco construction involves so much more than simply using solar panels. (Reference: web 2)
2.4 The Use of This Research

Today, EFA is still a relatively new concept and its history only goes back a few decades. This however is changing the movement will inevitably grow. Not just because consumers want to have more environmentally-friendly, safer, cleaner homes for their families, but because society will be dependent on the efficiency and longterm expense reduction of building green homes. Those who have experience with green building and design, either through their own home or business or through working in the industry, have set an example of benefits of the eco transformation, saving money, energy and reducing waste. This dissertation study will give a complete detailed picture of how to create an Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Building and which techniques and methods are to be used and where. In addition to this a study of the Limitations is
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations also carried out so that, In future when we design out buildings we use all the good points of this type of architecture and avoid all the bad points.
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Chapter-3.
GENERAL CONCEPT OF EFA
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3.1 Designing of Building

Building design refers to the broadly based architectural, engineering
and technical applications to the design of buildings. All building projects require the services of a building designer, typically a licensed architect or structural engineer. Smaller, less complicated projects often do not require a licensed professional, and the design of such projects is often undertaken by building designers,
draftspersons, interior designers (for interior fit-outs or renovations), or contractors. Larger, more complex building projects require the services of many professionals trained in specialist disciplines, usually coordinated by an architect or engineer. There are various aspects an architect should keep in mind before designing a building to make it Environment Friendly. (Reference: wiki 1) 3.1.1 Sustainably
Sustainable construction is defined as "the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles". Sustainably designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency. According to Fig. 3.1 Human well being includes the following: Environment Sustainability Social Sustainability. Economic Sustainability.
Fig. 3.1 Sustainability (Reference: web 2) Page | 24
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account. In the past, attention has been primarily focused on the size of the building stock in many countries. Quality issues have hardly played a significant role. However, in strict quantity terms, the building and housing market is now saturated in most countries, and the demand for quality is growing in importance. Accordingly, policies that contribute to the sustainability of building practices should be implemented, with recognition of the importance of existing market conditions. Both the environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market. Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable buildings by encouraging these developments. Fig. 3.2 shows the objectives for sustainable buildings:
Resource Efficiency Energy Efficiency (including Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction) Pollution Prevention (including Indoor Air Quality and Noise Abatement) Harmonisation with Environment (including Environmental Assessment) Integrated and Systemic Approaches (including Environmental Management System) (Reference: web 2)
Fig. 3.2 Sustainability in buildings (Reference: web 2)
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 3.1.1.1 Principles of Sustainable Design 3.1.1.1.1 Understanding Place - Sustainable design begins with an intimate understanding of place. If we are sensitive to the nuances of place, we can inhabit without destroying it. Understanding place helps determine design practices such as solar orientation of a building on the site, preservation of the natural environment, and access to public transportation. 3.1.1.1.2 Connecting with Nature - Whether the design site is a building in the inner city or in a more natural setting, connecting with nature brings the designed environment back to life. Effective design helps inform us of our place within nature. 3.1.1.1.3 Understanding Natural Processes - In nature there is not waste. The byproduct of one organism becomes the food for another. In other words, natural systems are made of closed loops. By working with living processes, we respect the needs of all species. Engaging processes that regenerate rather than deplete, we become more alive. Making natural cycles and processes visible brings the designed environment back to life. 3.1.1.1.4 Understanding Environmental Impact - Sustainable design attempts to have an understanding of the environmental impact of the design by evaluating the site, the embodied energy and toxicity of the materials, and the energy efficiency of design, materials and construction techniques. Negative environmental impact can be mitigated through use of sustainably harvested building materials and finishes, materials with low toxicity in manufacturing and installation, and recycling building materials while on the job site. 3.1.1.1.5 Embracing Co-creative Design Processes - Sustainable designers are finding it is important to listen to every voice. Collaboration with systems consultants, engineers and other experts happens early in the design process, instead of an afterthought. Designers are also listening to the voices of local communities. Design charettes for the end user (neighborhood residents or office employers) are becoming a standard practice. Page | 26
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 3.1.1.1.6 Understanding People - Sustainable design must take into consideration the wide range of cultures, races, religions and habits of the people who are going to be using and inhabiting the built environment. This requires sensitivity and empathy on the needs of the people and the community. (Reference: Web 10) 3.1.1.2 Sustainable Building Materials Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or blown-in fibre glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete), panels made from paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, see grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, locally obtained stone and rock, and bamboo, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing woody plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints. 3.1.1.2.1 Recycled Materials - Materials - Sustainable architecture often incorporates the use of recycled or second hand materials, such as reclaimed lumber. The reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials). When older buildings are demolished, frequently any good wood is reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good dimension stone is similarly reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as doors, windows, mantels, and hardware, thus reducing the consumption of new goods. When new materials are employed, green designers look for materials that are rapidly replenished, such as bamboo, which can be harvested for commercial use after only 6 years of growth, sorghum or wheat straw, both of which are waste material that can be pressed into panels, or cork oak, in which only the outer bark is removed for use, thus preserving the tree. 3.1.1.2.2 Material Sustainability Standards - Despite the importance of materials to overall building sustainability, quantifying and evaluating the sustainability of building materials has proven difficult. There is a little
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations coherence in the measurement and assessment of materials sustainability attributes, resulting in a landscape today that is littered with hundreds of competing, inconsistent and often imprecise eco-
labels, standards and certifications. 3.1.1.2.3 Waste Management - Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-
products. Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste management, incorporating things such as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste. (Reference: wiki 4) 3.1.2 Energy Efficient
3.1.2.1 Thermal Mass Construction This is mostly used for energy saving in heating and cooling and mostly used in Hot & Dry and Composite Climatic zones. Technology description/principle - Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb heat energy, store it, and at a later time, release it in support of maintaining uniform temperature profiles.
Fig. 3.3 Thermal Mass (Reference: web Doc 1) Page | 28
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Application According to Fig. 3.3, thermal mass is most appropriate in climates with a large diurnal temperature range. As a rule of thumb, diurnal ranges of less than 6C are insufficient, 7C to 10C can be useful depending on the climate; and where they exceed 10C, high mass construction is desirable. Exceptions to the above rule occur in more extreme climates. Correct use of thermal mass can delay heat flow through the building envelope by as much as 10 to 12 hours, producing a warmer house at night in winter and a cooler house during the day in summer. Locating Thermal mass - Thermal mass can be located in the following building elements as indicated Walls - Insulated Masonry walls provide good thermal mass. Recycled materials such as concrete, gravel or re-used bricks can be used to build the thermal mass. Insulation improves the efficiency of the thermal mass, provided it is placed on the exterior. Floor Slab - Floor slab in contact with the ground, can act as a good thermal mass Roof Thermal mass in the roof will greatly reduce the solar heat gain. In hot and dry climates, thermal mass is most effective on southern and western rooms, which face maximum solar heat gain in the day and also have exposure to cooling night breezes. (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.2 Wind Towers This can be used for Energy saving in Cooling and Ventilation. It is mostly used in Hot and Dry & Composite Climatic zones. Technology description/principle Fig. 3.4 shows the principle of wind towers. The wind tower works on the principle of ventilation induced as a result of differential air pressure and temperature. The simplest design for a wind tower is a vertical construct that projects above its surroundings and has an open top. This will ensure negative pressure and provide suction in all wind directions. The hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower and is cooled when it comes in contact with the cool tower and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. When an inlet is provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side there is a draft of cool air. After a whole Page | 29
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations day of heat exchange, the wind tower becomes warm in the evening. During night the reverse happens, i.e. the cooler ambient air comes in contact with the bottom of the tower through the rooms; it gets heated up by the warm surface of the wind tower and begins to rise due to buoyancy, and thus an air flow is maintained in the reverse direction.
Fig. 3.4 Wind Tower (Reference: web Doc 1) Application - This system can work very effectively in hot and dry types of climate, where daily variations in temperatures are high with high temperatures during the day and low temperatures during the night. As a result of clear sky conditions during the night, radiative losses are high. The openings of the wind tower provided in the direction of the wind, and outlets on the leeward side take advantage of the pressure difference created by wind speed and direction. Normally, the outlets have thrice the area of the inlet for better efficiency. The inlet should be properly designed for uniform distribution. (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.3 Passive down Draft Evaporative Cooling System (PDEC) This is used for Energy saving in Cooling and Ventilation. It can be mostly used in Hot and Dry & Composite Climatic zones.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Technology description/principle - This system relies on the principle of evaporative cooling. Large amounts of heat are consumed by water as it evaporates. This is called the latent heat of evaporation. This heat is partially drawn from the surrounding air, causing cooling. As Fig 3.5 shows, The PDEC system consists of modified wind towers which guide outside breezes over a row of water filled porous pots, mist spray or waterfall. As the air comes in contact with the water it cools and descends down the tower and is let into the interior space. The water is collected in a pool below and can be pumped up into the system to be reused.
Fig. 3.5 PDEC (Reference: web Doc 1) Application - Evaporative cooling is efficient in hot and dry climates where relative humidity is low. This system of cooling originated in the desert regions of ancient Persia and can be seen in present day Iran and Turkey. As can be seen from the figure above, water sprayed into the wind tower of a building, cools the air creating a downward draw which leads to a drop in temperature
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations down the tower and introduces cooled air into the building space, while warmer air gets vented out from openings in the adjacent walls of the building. (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.4 Earth Tunnel Cooling This can be used in Energy saving in Cooling and Ventilation. It can be used in Hot and Dry, Composite, Moderate and Warm and humid climatic zones. Technology description/principle As it is described in Fig 3.6, the cooling process is based on the fact that the temperature a few meters below the ground is almost constant throughout the year. Daily temperature variations hardly affect the earths temperature at a depth of more than one meter, while the seasonal variations of the ambient temperature are strongly dampened by the earth. The earths temperature up to a depth of 6 to 8 m is influenced by the annual ambient temperature variations with a time delay of several months. It is seen that in Delhi the earths temperature at a depth of about 4 m is nearly constant at around 23C throughout the year. A tunnel in the form of pipes or otherwise will acquire the same temperature at its surface causing the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel to get cooled.
Fig 3.6 Earth Tunnel Cooling (Reference: web Doc 1)
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Application - Although this technique is essentially used for cooling the air in hot and dry climates, it can also be used for winter heating. Earth-air tunnels may be considered as special types of wind towers connected to an underground tunnel. A wind tower is connected to the underground tunnel, which runs from the bottom of the wind tower to the basement of the building. The wind tower catches the wind which is forced down the tower into the tunnel. The temperature of the tunnel, being lower than that of the ambient temperature, cools the air before it is circulated into the living space. In winter, the temperature of the air tunnel is higher than the ambient temperature and hence warms the air passing through it. Sensible cooling can be aided by evaporative cooling. To reduce the underground temperature, the ground can be shaded using vegetation and can be wetted by sprinkling water. This water seeps through and dampens the tunnel walls. Consequently, air from the tunnel is evaporative cooled as it passes through the tunnel. Another variation possible is to use buried pipes instead in place of a tunnel. (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.5 Roofing Systems The roof of a building receives the maximum solar radiation and contributes greatly to internal heat gain. The roofing systems mentioned in this section include various techniques to minimize heat gain. 3.1.2.5.1 Ventilated Double Roof This will help in Energy saving in Cooling and Ventilation. It is mostly used in Warm and Humid, Composite climatic zones. A ventilated double roof when used in a warm and humid climate helps to draw away warm air between the roof and the ceiling, thus preventing excessive heat gain from the roof. The radiative heat transfer from the roof to the ceiling can be reduced by using low emissivity or high reflective coating (e.g. aluminum foil) on either surface facing the cavity. With aluminum foil attached to the top of ceiling, the resistance for downward heat flow increase to about 0.7 m2k/w, compared to 0.21m2/k in the absence of the foil. (Reference: web Doc 1)
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 3.1.2.5.2 Roof Shading This can help in Energy saving in Cooling. It can be used in all climatic zones except cold. Shading the roof surface is an easy and costeffective way of reducing solar heat gain. Surface shading can be provided as an integral part of the building structure or as a separate cover. Shading can be provided by white washed inverted earthen pots or a cover of deciduous plants or creepers. According to Fig. 3.7, an effective roof-shading device is a removable canvas cover. This can be mounted close to the roof in the daytime and at night; it can be rolled up to permit radiative cooling. The upper surface of the canvas should be painted white to minimize the amount of absorbed radiation by the canvas and the consequent conductive heat gain through it.
Fig 3.7 Roof Shading (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.5.3 Pergolas It can be used in Energy saving in Cooling and can be used in all climatic zones except cold climate. As we can see in Fig. 3.8, pergolas are framework-imitating walls and ceiling without obscuring the view. Pergolas are often used in gardens to create vertical interest or to obscure or distract from unattractive underlying attributes. But they can be used as alternate roofing system to obstruct direct heat gain from the sun; especially on open terraces.
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Fig. 3.8 Pergolas (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.5.4 Reflective surfaces, paints and coatings (Cool Roofs) It can be used for energy saving in Cooling & can be used in all climatic zones except cold climates. Light colored roofs reflect heat and solar radiation, thus minimizing heat gain. Light colored tiles and paints greatly reduce heat gain in buildings. If the external surfaces of the building are painted with such colors that reflect solar radiation (in order to have minimum absorption) and the emission in the long wave region is high, then the heat flux transmitted into the building is also reduced considerably. Spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings are now available. These are called cool roof coatings which are made of transparent polymeric materials such as acrylic and white pigment such as titanium dioxide which makes the coating opaque and reflective. These coatings (cool roofs) typically reflect 70 to 80% of the suns energy. Cool roof coatings are also called thermal barrier paints. 3.1.2.6 Roof Garden It is used in energy saving in cooling and heating, reducing urban heat island effect & can be used in all climatic zones.
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Fig. 3.9 Roof Garden (Reference: web Doc 1) Technology description/principle The section of the roof Green can be seen in Fig. 3.9. Vegetated roof covers, play multiple roles as follows Reduce urban heat island effect Reduce CO2 impact Reduce energy consumption in cooling and heating Treat nitrogen pollution in rain Negate acid rain effect Aesthetically pleasing (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.7 Roof and Wall Insulation It helps in energy saving in Cooling and Heating and can be used in all climatic zones. Technology description/principle - Insulation stops heat flowing into or out of the building. Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor to achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. Page | 36
Fig. 3.10 Insulated Roof
Fig. 3.11 Insulated Roof
(Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.8 Trombe Wall It helps in energy saving in heating and is mostly used in Cold Climates. Technology description/principle As Fir. 3.12 shows, a Trombe wall combines the principles of thermal mass and a solarium. A Trombe wall consists of a sun-facing high thermal mass wall with vents at the top and bottom, placed behind insulated glazing with an air gap in between; together they act as a large solar thermal collector.
Fig. 3.12 Trombe Wall (Reference: web Doc 1) Application - Trombe walls are used largely in cold climates on southern facing walls in the northern hemisphere. During the day, the air between the glazing and the Page | 37
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations thermal mass wall gets heated up and flows through the vents into the interior space via convection, thus warming the interior space. At the same time the thermal mass wall absorbs and stores the incident solar radiation. During the night, the vents are closed and the thermal mass radiates the stored heat into the interior space through conduction and radiation. (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.9 Solar Chimney It helps in energy saving in cooling and heating and can be used in all climatic zones. Technology Description/Principle - A solar chimney often as shown in Fig. 3.13, referred to as a thermal chimney is a way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. In its simplest form, the solar chimney consists of a black-painted chimney, with a partly glazed surface area towards the top. During the day, solar energy heats the chimney and the air within it, creating an updraft of air in the chimney. The suction created at the chimney's base can be used to ventilate and cool the building below through stack effect.
Fig 3.13 Solar Chimney (Reference: web Doc 1) Application - The basic design elements of a solar chimney are
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations The solar collector area: This can be located in the top part of the chimney or can include the entire shaft. The orientation, type of glazing, insulation and thermal properties of this element are crucial for harnessing, retaining and utilizing solar gains The main ventilation shaft: The location, height, cross section and the thermal properties of this structure are also very important. The inlet and outlet air apertures: The sizes, location as well as aerodynamic aspects of these elements are also significant. The use of solar chimneys is advisable for regions where very low wind speeds exist. Solar chimneys can be designed for both summer cooling and winter heating as illustrated in the diagram below. (Reference: web Doc 1) 3.1.2.10 Light Shelf It helps in even distribution of daylight, energy saving in lighting and can be used in all Climatic zones. Technology Description/Principle As u can see in Fig. 3.14 & Fig. 3.15, a horizontal shelf positioned (usually above eye level) to reflect daylight onto the ceiling and to shield direct glare from the sky. It will result in a more even light gradient. This indirect light supplements and/or delays the artificial lighting requirement and thus reduces energy consumption.
Fig. 3.14 Light Shelves (Reference: web Doc 1)
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Application - A light shelf is a horizontal element installed within a window to divide it into two sections. The light shelf is opaque, with a highly reflective upper surface and a diffusing white under surface. Generally, the light shelf will split the window with one third of the glazing above and two thirds below. This will allow reflection of both daylight and sunlight up on to the ceiling, whilst not obstructing the view through the window. The combination of external sunshade and light shelf cuts the direct light from the sun and at the same time it gives reflected diffused light to the inner. (Reference: web Doc 1)
Fig. 3.15 Light Shelves (Reference: web Doc 1)
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Chapter-4.
Case Study 1
SANGATH, Ahmedabad
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4.1 About the Building Site: SANGATH, Ahmedabad.

Client: Balkrishna Doshi Principal Architect : Balkrishna Doshi Project Assistants : J.Joshipura, S. Patankar, H.M. Siddhpura Project Engineer : B.S. Jethwa, Y. Patel Structural Engineer: G.A.Tambe Location: Ahmedabad, India. Date: 1979- 81 Building Type: Architecture, Planning Offices and Research Activities. Site Area: 2346 m2 Total Built-up Area: 585 m2 SANGATH means moving together through participation "and the place is more than just an architectural office. The site was a quadrilateral looking south over a road towards open country with camels and tribal villagers going in one direction, diesel trucks and new suburbanites passing in the other. Climate & Topography: The city is located on the banks of Sabarmati River at 23 degrees N and 72.58 degrees E. The city has hot and humid climate. Situated at the height of 55m above the sea level, Ahmadabad experiences extreme climate. There is great difference between the temperatures of days and nights. There are typically three main seasons : o Summers start from the month of March and end by June. o Winters are cool and dry and period includes the month of November to February. o Monsoons are from July to September and obsessions.
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4.2 Identifying the Various Techniques Used

Design features: Underground construction with thermal storage walls. Vaulted roof form to create efficient surface/volume ratio. The vault induces convective air movement thereby cooling internal spaces. Vaulted roof of sandwiched construction with an insulating layer of locally made clay fuses sandwiched between two concrete slabs. Use of broken China mosaic glazed tiles from local factory as top finish for the vault to reflect heat. Day lighting by north-glazing, skylights, and roof cut-outs. Microclimate modified by vegetation and water bodies Rainwater and roof tank overflow water harnessed for recycling and reuse. (Reference: web 1) Details: Subterranean spaces The building is largely buried under the ground to use earth masses for natural insulation. Storage walls External walls of the building are nearly a meter deep but have been hollowed out as alcoves to provide storage that becomes an insulated wall with efficiency of space (for storage functions). (Fig 4.1)
Fig. 4.1 Section Showing Subterranean Spaces (Reference: web 1) Page | 43
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Vaulted roof form The roof form creates an efficient surface/volume ratio optimizing material quantities. The higher space volume thus created provides for hot air pockets due to convective currents that keep lower volumes relatively cool. (Fig 4.2, Fig 4.3) Vaulted roof of sandwiched construction with an insulating layer of locally made clay fuses sandwiched between two concrete slabs. The ventilating window at upper volume releases the accumulated hot air through pressure differences.
Fig. 4.2 Construction of Vaulted Roof
Fig. 4.3 Vaulted Roof (Reference: web 1)
Landscaping - Microclimate through vegetation Lawns and vegetative cover all around create a favorable microclimate by absorbing solar radiation and providing a cooler passage of air through humidity. (Fig 4.4, Fig 4.5)
Fig. 4.4 Open Air Theater
Fig. 4.5 Lawns (Reference: web 1) Page | 44
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Water channels Rainwater and overflow of pumped water from the roof tank are harnessed through roof channels that run through a series of cascading tanks and water channels to finally culminate in a pond from where it is recycled back or used for irrigating vegetation. (Fig. 4.6, Fig 4.7) Water cascades also provide interesting visual experiences
Fig. 4.6 Roof Water Ponds
Fig. 4.7 Water Channels (Reference: web 1)
Broken China Mosaic Tiles The use of broken China mosaic glazed tiles from local factory as top finish for the vault to reflect heat. (Fig. 4.8) Broken China Exposed brick work
mosaic glazed tiles
Fig. 4.8 Broken China Tiles
Fig. 4.9 Exposed Brick Work
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Exposed surface Exposed Brick work on the walls reduce the heat gain by the building. (Fig. 4.9) Day lighting Day lighting by North- glazing, skylights, and roof cut-outs provide enough natural lighting for the interior of the building. (Fig 4.10, Fig. 4.11)
Fig. 4.10 Day Lighting in the working Space
Fig. 4.11 Day Lighting (Reference: web 1)
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations West Elevation:
South Elevation:
Sections:
(Reference: web 1)
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4.3 Inference
4.3.1 Positive Aspects of the Design
Performance The above measures have ensured excellent climate control in terms of keeping the inside cool and increasing the time-lag for heat transfer. There is a difference of about 8 deg C between the interior and exterior roof skin temperatures. The time-lag for heat transfer is nearly six hours. The natural elements are harmoniously blended with the built environment, and water recycling and waste material reuse have ensured cost economy as well as environmental consciousness. Economics The exposed surfaces have saved nearly 10% of the project cost usually spent on finishes. Water recycling has been most rewarding economically to keep lawn areas possible. Natural daylight ensures that minimum electricity is consumed for artificial lighting and all insulative measures have resulted in a 30% to 50% cost reduction in energy required for cooling. Advantages Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design to minimize load on conventional systems (heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting). The sandwiched construction of clay fuses between two concrete slab and broken China mosaic glazed tiles reflects heat and has created a difference of about 8 c between the interior and exterior roof skin temperature. The landscape around the building and on the roof, the water cascading and the ponds give a comfortable microclimate. The special cut-outs designed in the vault roofs and in the flat roofs provide effective day lighting.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 4.3.2 The cross- ventilation opening (windows and doors) provides fresh and good natural ventilation. The vault shapes roof structure gives effective surface / volume ration by use of less building material. Water recycling by the water cascading and helps for keeping the lawn areas possible. Waste recycling by use of reusable building materials. The exposed brick work and the water cascading provide good aesthetics. Negative Aspects of the Design
Disadvantages The thermal walls are a meter deep and are thick so need more site area for this type of construction. The landscape area needs high maintenance.
4.4 Suggestions
The measures taken in the building have ensured excellent climate control in terms of keeping the inside cool and increasing the time-lag for heat transfer to about 6 hrs. 10% of the project cost was saved on finishes. 30% to 50% cost reduction in energy required heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting. The thermal wall which is one mtr deep and think needs a lot of money and site area too and thus can be replaced by cavity walls or insulated walls as shown in Fig. 4.12.
Fig. 4.12 Cavity wall Page | 53
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations This type of wall will act as a Thermal mass just as a thick wall and will require less amount of material and space too and can act as a better option. If the cavity of this wall is filled will different materials the thermal properties can be altered as required. The site is vastly covered with natural vegetation in the OAT, in and around the building, on the roof, etc. A self water sprinkling system can be installed on the site, which can take care of the watering of the plants, the design of a sustainable urban drainage system can: improve habitats for fauna and flora; improve recreational facilities, because people love to be beside water; save money. Other alternative to the construction could be use of stone masonry instead of brick, which acts as a better thermal mass and could help in capturing more heat in the day and release it at night. This would make the design even more Sustainable in nature.
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Chapter-5.
Case Study 2
Indian Habitat Centre
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5.1 About the Building

Site Coverage: 9.6 acres. Architect: Joseph Allen Stein Utilized space: 1.4 out of 2.5 permitted Ground Coverage: 9549 sq m 1st basement: 18512 sq m Superstructure: 53152 sq m Gross area: 90123 sq m Approx. cost: Rs 100 crs (Reference: Web 11) The India Habitat Centre, located in New Delhi, was conceived to be a catalyst relationship between individuals and institutions (e.g. NGOs) working in habitat related areas to increase their effectiveness. Sharing a common concern for habitat, various organizations have come together to participate in institution-building, evolving a synergy within the India Habitat Centre complex. (Reference: wiki 3) India habitat centre has unrivalled hospitality facilities. It accommodates a club, a convention centre, a cultural centre and an office complex. There are 10 lush green outdoor lawns and 2 level parking lot accommodating 1000 cars. It was completed n the year 1993. It was designed by stein, dishi and bhalla associates. The client of the project was old world hospitality Pvt. Ltd. The complex has a classical appreance of more brick appreance than glazing on the exterior facade and light gardens in the interior. The complex is accessed from all sides the major pedestrian entrance is from lodhi road in the north. The blocks along the lodhi road are reserved for the office blocks and public facilities.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations The third block on the south houses the convention centre which contains conference rooms, a large auditorium, a library and a guest house. The two basements contain all the parking and the services extend along the entire block the architect perceived the ground to be vehicle free. Only the conference block allows entry to vehicles to pause and the vehicle has to be parked elsewhere. Building Complex The whole complex consists of five main building blocks with aerial walkways interconnecting the building blocks. (Fig. 5.1) These building blocks being separated manage to create interesting courtyards
that are partially open to the element. (Fig. 5.2) (Reference: web 3)
Fig. 5.1 Building Layout (Reference: Web Doc 2)
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Fig. 5.2 Layout of IHC (Reference: web 3)
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Plans
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Fig. 5.3 Site Plan (Reference: web 3)
5.2 Identifying the Various Techniques Used

Form The different building volumes are interconnected by courtyards which act as public spaces. There are a series of terraces which are accessible from various offices and restaurants. Huge gateways are formed by building blocks that are linked at the fifth and the sixth floor.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Design concept of Indian habitat centre The creation of a green and healthy environment forms the backbone of the complex. This contributes to the urban level functions and also creates a healthy and pleasant environment for the working employees. The atrium of the structure is beautifully designed with various landscape features such as sculptures, green areas in the centers resulting in the formation of a roundabout in the atrium. The atrium is rectangular in shape and is divided into three parts. The middle one is left open whereas there is landscaped roundabout formation on its either sides.
Fig. 5.4 Shading Devices (Reference: Web 11)
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Shading Devices The reflectors are installed above the building to provide shade and prevent sun from entering into the building. The reflectors are aligned at an angle which reflect back 70% of the sunlight and change their angle during winter to allow sunlight to fall on the windows. (Fig 5.4, 5.5, 5.6)
Fig. 5.5 Shading Devices
Fig. 5.6 Shading Devices (Reference: Web 11)
Building Faade The external facade looks stable. It has got a classical appreance with brick masonry and little glazing. The exterior looks rigid and has a solid like appreance with a cornice on the top which is an entire floor cantilevering out on brackets. The planters are plastered and ceramic tiled. The courtyards have china mosaic tile finish for more colorfulness. Aluminum frames have been used for the windows. Vertical and horizontal ribbon windows have been used with a special glass that restricts the entry of sunlight. The courtyard is designed as a system of shaded canopies over large paved courts which provide relief from the tropical sun. (Fig 5.7) The roof is devised to shade the courtyard in the summers and to let in the sun in the winters. This reduces the load on air conditioning systems. The steel framed roof is covered with flat nylon panels of 1.6 1.4m fixed for positive sun control. Three courts have been covered with this roof. The frame is 1.2m deep tubular galvanized steel stretching edge to edge across the courtyard. It is anchored to concrete overhangs at the edges. Page | 62
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations The courtyard has landscape features such as sculptures, green areas in the centers resulting in the formation of a roundabout. Massive steel girders have been for the construction purpose. The entire office block rests on the steel girders without any support of the columns in between the longitudinal plan. Most of the horizontal ribbon windows have slots for plantation purpose which add to the beauty of the entire complex. (Reference: web 3)
Fig. 5.7 Faade (Reference: Web 11) Construction technique Massive Steel girders have been for the construction purpose. The entire office block rests on the steel girders without any support of the columns in between the longitudinal plan. The height of the building is around 30m high. The entire facade is cladded with red bricks which give a majestic look to the structure. Vertical and Horizontal ribbon windows have been used with a special glass that restricts the entry of sunlight.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Universal access: Handicap car parking is provided, plus railing is provided at very parts of the building where needed. Lift is provided from basement to the terrace. (Reference: web 3)
5.3 Inference
5.3.1 Positive Aspects of the Design
The building stands out in energy efficiency. The interesting blue sunshade provided between the two buildings in court helps to maintain the environment and gives a cool effect. The tree also helps to maintain the environment and gives the natural effect. Trees are planted at very part of the court. Fountains make the environment cooler & give an effect of lightness. It was planned in such a way so that the maximum part of the floor enjoys sunlight and also give sunlight in basement through very interesting ways. The primary functions in terms of the built programme of the India Habitat Centre are office spaces. The design of the complex is a fine example that offers complete flexibility of office space planning not just in terms of office layout but also in terms of services. The complex offers a wide range of functions making it a multiuse sociocultural institution. Different functions have been carefully zoned and linked together. The articulation of open spaces is a feature that makes the India Habitat Centre a distinctive and active public space in the city. Large open spaces have been fragmented so that they can cater to different activities offering interaction. Every part of the building speaks different language. One can enjoy different moods at different places. The environment in the courtyard gives a feel of freshness, when one is having his Pepsi under the blue light.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations 5.3.2
Negative Aspects of the design The 30m tall walls cladded with red brick masonry traps large amount of heat and Delhi being very hot in summers it makes the inside of the building very hot and thus mechanical cooling techniques are to be used to keep the interiors cool.
The courtyards are paved with china mosaic tiles which again reflect sunlight and heat and make the courtyard warmer.
The window frames are made up of aluminium which is good conductors of heat.
The roof is made up of steel framed structure, which also allows a lot of heat into the building.
5.4 Suggestions
The building stands out in energy efficiency. The interesting blue sunshade provided between the two buildings in court helps to maintain the environment and gives a cool effect. The tree also helps to maintain the environment and gives the natural effect. Trees are planted at very part of the court. Fountains make the environment cooler & give an effect of lightness. The 30m tall walls cladded with red brick masonry traps large amount of heat and Delhi being very hot in summers it makes the inside of the building very hot and thus mechanical cooling techniques are to be used to keep the interiors cool. This could have been replaced by materials which does not traps heat and reflect it back like ceramic tiles or cladded with some other sunlight reflecting material. Another alternative to this could be the use of cavity wall filled with thermocol which can trap the heat and does not allow the heat inside the building. This will reduce the load of HVAC of the building and keep it cooler. The courtyards are paved with china mosaic tiles which again reflect sunlight and heat and make the courtyard warmer. These could be left unpaved and grass could have been replaced so that it can not only give an appealing look but also will help in recharging of ground water and helping create a micro-climate inside the building.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations The window frames are made up of aluminum which is good conductors of heat. These frames could have been replaced with PVC frames which are strong and bad conductors of heat and would help in keeping the interior cool. The roof is made up of steel framed structure, which also allows a lot of heat into the building. This could have been replaced by green roof, roof ponds and roof gardens. This will not only reduce the heat flow but also will help in giving an aesthetic look to the building. In addition to this, since its a commercial building this terrace garden can help in providing a soothing place to hang out for the people working there and change their moods.
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Chapter-6. Limitations to EFA
Limitations of EFA
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With the ever increasing per capita energy consumption and exponentially rising population, technologists already see the end of the earths non-replenishable fuel resources. The oil crisis of the 1970s has dramatically drawn attention to this fact. In fact, we can no longer afford to use oil as a fuel for generations of electricity. In terms of bulk electricity generation, a distinct shift is taking place across the world in favor of coal and in particular nuclear sources for generation of electricity. Also, the problems of air and thermal pollution caused by power generation have to be efficiently tackled to avoid ecological disasters. This has led to the deployment of all the classes and fields of the society. Thus there is a very deep downfall in the architectural field also. There are different ways by which the buildings we build may adversely affect the environment as well as the people living in it. A few of these limitations have been discussed here. (Reference: Book 1)
6.1 Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable architecture mainly refers to the field of architecture which deals in environment conscious design techniques. In Broad context, it seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in use of materials, energy and development spaces. Study shows that there are some sustainable materials that have substantial emissions whereas some more "traditional" materials actually were lower emitters. Thus, the subject of emissions must be carefully investigated before concluding that natural materials are always the healthiest alternatives for occupants and for the Earth. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be found in any indoor environment coming from a variety of different sources. VOCs have a high vapour pressure and low water solubility, and are suspected of causing sick building syndrome type symptoms. This is because many VOCs have been known to cause sensory irritation and central nervous system symptoms characteristic to sick building syndrome, indoor concentrations of VOCs are higher than in the outdoor atmosphere, and when there are many VOCs present, they can cause additive and multiplicative effects.
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Some of the few points which acts as a limitation to sustainable building design are: Cost: Many believe the costs associated with green building make the building methods cost-prohibitive. One of the most common disadvantages of Green Building and the most heard criticism is the additional costs. This is an important consideration because, although the additional costs are usually balanced out by the energy savings, it is still extra money coming out of the pocket. Air Cooling Features: When utilizing green building cooling components, such as natural ventilation, consumers do not have a precise mechanism to increase or decrease exact temperatures: This is a difficult hurdle for many green building occupants to overcome. Structural Orientation: In order to best optimize sun exposure, green building may demand structural positioning opposite of other neighbourhood homes, causing friction among neighbours. In addition, differences in structural orientation will affect how natural daylight enters the building structure: with this in mind there may be a need to install more overhangs, blinds, or shades. Green roofs: In general, green roofs are comprised of multiple layers including a vegetation layer, growing medium, drainage or water storage, insulation, a waterproofing membrane, and roof support. Since they are usually heavier than a traditional roof, builders need to improve upon the existing roofs strength in order to install a green roof. Labour Laws: Labour law compliance requirements, in regards to green building, have not fully solidified. For this reason, it is advisable to seek experienced legal counsel in order to avoid costly liabilities. (Reference: Web 6) A direct correlation between the increases in asthma and indoor air pollution was noticed. In the last 20 years alone, an increase of 70% of childhood asthma has been documented as a result of the indoor air pollution. Because of this, Indoor Air Quality must be elevated to be the top priority in the Green Building Process. Chemicals get into our body through inhalation, ingestion and absorption. We breathe 10 to 20 thousand liters of air per day. Since 1980, asthma has increased by 600%. The American Lung Association directly links Indoor Air Quality to the increase in asthma. Page | 69
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations There has been a 26% increase in breast cancer since 1982. Breast cancer is the Number ONE killer of women between the ages of 35 and 54. Primary suspects are laundry detergents, household cleaners, cosmetics and pesticides. Formaldehyde, phenol, benzene, toluene, xylene are found in common household cleaners, cosmetics, beverages, fabrics and cigarette smoke. These chemicals are cancer causing and toxic to the immune system. Chemicals are attracted to, and stored in fatty tissue. The brain is a prime target for these destructive organics because of its high fat content and very rich blood supply. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health has found more than 2500 chemicals in cosmetics that are toxic, cause tumours, reproductive complications, biological mutations and skin and eye irritations. (Reference: Web 9)
6.2 Energy Efficient Architecture

One of the most significant barriers to energy-efficient building design is that buildings are complex systems. While the typical design process is linear and sequential, minimizing energy use requires optimizing the system as a whole by systematically addressing building form, orientation, envelope, glazing area and a host of interaction and control issues involving the buildings mechanical and electrical systems. Compounding the flaws in the typical design process is fragmentation in the building industry as a whole. Assuring the long-term energy performance and sustainability of buildings is all the more difficult when decisions at each stage of design, construction and operation involve multiple stakeholders. This division of responsibilities often contributes to suboptimal results (e.g., under-investment in energy-efficient approaches to envelope design because of a failure to capitalize on opportunities to down-size HVAC equipment). The Energy efficient techniques mentioned in 3.1.2 like Thermal mass construction, Wind towers, PDEC, Earth tunnel cooling, roofing system, roof gardens, roof & wall insulation, Trombe walls, etc. can be all used in some particular climatic Page | 70
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations zones only and cannot be used universally. Thus alternative methods have to be used to make the building energy efficient.
6.3 Vernacular & Contemporary Architecture

Vernacular & contemporary architecture design, use resources and materials those are local and available to the builder. The disadvantage of traditional house plans is the limitation placed on the availability of certain materials needed to accomplish the design or build for the home owner. These buildings are predicated on preserving the sanctity of local building styles and reflect the context of the community the home is located. Using a traditional house plan limits the designer to choosing among the building materials that are available for a given area or community. This may force the designer to alter plans or limit their choice of what can and cannot be used in order to realize the house design. These limitations may have a profound effect on the ability of the homeowner to have the type of home that they truly desire, including the use of sustainable materials to make it greener and energy efficient. (Reference: Web 9)
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Chapter-7.
Conclusion
Inference of the Research
Page | 72
7.1 From the Case Studies

It was inferred that the Architects Studio (SANGATH) ensured excellent climate control in terms of keeping the inside cool and increasing the time-lag for heat transfer. There was a difference of about 8 deg C between the interior and exterior roof skin temperatures. The time-lag for heat transfer was nearly six hours. The exposed surfaces have saved nearly 10% of the project cost usually spent on finishes. All the measures have resulted in a 30% to 50% cost reduction in energy required for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting. The landscape around the building and on the roof, the water cascading and the ponds give a comfortable microclimate. The special cut-outs designed in the vault roofs and in the flat roofs provide effective day lighting. The cross- ventilation opening (windows and doors) provides fresh and good natural ventilation. The vault shapes roof structure gives effective surface / volume ration by use of less building material. The thermal wall which is one mtr deep and think needs a lot of money and site area too and thus can be replaced by cavity walls or insulated walls. This type of wall will act as a Thermal mass just as a thick wall and will require less amount of material and space too and can act as a better option. If the cavity of this wall is filled will different materials the thermal properties can be altered as required. The site is vastly covered with natural vegetation in the OAT, in and around the building, on the roof, etc. A self water sprinkling system can be installed on the site, which can take care of the watering of the plants, the design of a sustainable urban drainage system can: improve habitats for fauna and flora; improve recreational facilities, because people love to be beside water; save money. Other alternative to the construction could be use of stone masonry instead of brick, which acts as a better thermal mass and could help in capturing more heat in the day and release it at night. This would make the design even more Sustainable in nature. In the 2nd Case study, The Indian Habitat Centre. The building stands out in energy efficiency. The interesting blue sunshade provided between the two buildings in court helps to maintain the environment and gives a cool effect. The tree also helps to maintain the environment and gives the natural effect. Trees are planted at very Page | 73
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations part of the court. Fountains make the environment cooler & give an effect of lightness. It was planned in such a way so that the maximum part of the floor enjoys sunlight and also give sunlight in basement through very interesting ways. The complex offers a wide range of functions making it a multiuse socio-cultural institution. Different functions have been carefully zoned and linked together.The articulation of open spaces is a feature that makes the India Habitat Centre a distinctive and active public space in the city. Large open spaces have been fragmented so that they can cater to different activities offering interaction. Every part of the building speaks different language. One can enjoy different moods at different places. The environment in the courtyard gives a feel of freshness, when one is having his Pepsi under the blue light. The 30m tall walls cladded with red brick masonry traps large amount of heat and Delhi being very hot in summers it makes the inside of the building very hot and thus mechanical cooling techniques are to be used to keep the interiors cool. This could have been replaced by materials which does not traps heat and reflect it back like ceramic tiles or cladded with some other sunlight reflecting material. Another alternative to this could be the use of cavity wall filled with thermocol which can trap the heat and does not allow the heat inside the building. This will reduce the load of HVAC of the building and keep it cooler. The courtyards are paved with china mosaic tiles which again reflect sunlight and heat and make the courtyard warmer. These could be left unpaved and grass could have been replaced so that it can not only give an appealing look but also will help in recharging of ground water and helping create a micro-climate inside the building. The window frames are made up of aluminum which is good conductors of heat. These frames could have been replaced with PVC frames which are strong and bad conductors of heat and would help in keeping the interior cool. The roof is made up of steel framed structure, which also allows a lot of heat into the building. This could have been replaced by green roof, roof ponds and roof gardens. This will not only reduce the heat flow but also will help in giving an aesthetic look to the building. In addition to this, since its a commercial building this
Page | 74
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations terrace garden can help in providing a soothing place to hang out for the people working there and change their moods.
7.2 From the Standards

It was inferred that with the ever increasing environmental problems caused to buildings the idea of Environment Friendly Architecture was started in 1970s. It mainly refers to the field of architecture which deals in environment conscious design techniques. In Broad context, it seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in use of materials, energy and development spaces. Some of the few points which are to be kept in mind while designing a sustainable building are: It should be kept in mind that the initial cost of the building might be high but the cost of running the building should not be that high. I.e. the life cycle costing of the building should be well calculated in advance to find out which is the best suited techniques to be used. Proper energy efficient techniques are to be adapted which can heat or cool the space as and when required depending on the need of the site and design. The orientation of the building should be chosen in such a way that it does not hinder the existing construction work and may also be helpful in the building to be designed. In case of redesigning of adding green features to an existing building proper surveys are to be carried out for the structural strength of the building as well as whether the feature which is going to be use in the building will be supported by the existing building envelope.
Avoiding the use of Formaldehyde, phenol, benzene, toluene, xylene are found in common household cleaners, cosmetics, beverages, fabrics and cigarette smoke while construction of the building and during the running of the building. There are cancer causing chemicals and are very harmful. Using simple design minimizing energy use requires optimizing the system as
a whole by systematically addressing building form, orientation, envelope, glazing area and a host of interaction and control issues involving the buildings mechanical and electrical systems. Page | 75
Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations Using appropriate Energy efficient techniques like Thermal mass construction, Wind towers, PDEC, Earth tunnel cooling, roofing system, roof gardens, roof & wall insulation, Trombe walls, etc. according to the climatic zone of the place there by making it heater and cooler depending on the need of the environment. Vernacular & contemporary architecture design, use resources and materials those are local and available to the builder. Using a traditional house plan limits the designer to choosing among the building materials that are available for a given area or community. This may force the designer to alter plans or limit their choice of what can and cannot be used in order to realize the house design. These limitations may have a profound effect on the ability of the homeowner to have the type of home that they truly desire, including the use of sustainable materials to make it greener and energy efficient. The research done here will help the consumers, have more environmentallyfriendly, safer, cleaner homes for their families. It will help in long-term expense reduction of building green homes. This study here gives a complete detailed picture of how to create an Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Building and which techniques and methods are to be used and where. All the buildings designed today are green but while designing these buildings many of them miss out with small mistakes in their designs which are common to all and universally taken for granted which declines the rate of the building. These mistakes can be avoided thus the building can have better performance. In addition to this a study of the Limitations is also carried out so that, In future when a building is designed these drawbacks can be kept in mind so that we not only incorporate the techniques which are good for the performance of the building but also avoids the limitations or drawbacks making it perform better and stand out.
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Chapter-8.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page | 77
(Book 1) Jain Rekha, Dhote K. K., Munoth Navneet, January 2011, Green Cities: Design, Planning & Management, Macmillan Advance Research Series, Department of Architecture and Planning, MANIT, Bhopal.
(Fig 4.12) T. Ritchie, 2005
(Pap 1) Yannas S., 2003 Towards Environmentally- Responsive Architecture, The 20th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Santiago Chile ( 9 12 Nov. 2003)
(Web 1) ArchNet , (1983?) , web Sangath, weblog, viewed 18th March 2012 < http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=277 >
(Web 2) Bright hub, 02.05.2011, web How building green got its start, weblog, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/51601.aspx >
(Web 3) Civil Engineering Projects, 17.08.2010, web Design of Indian Habitat Centre, weblog, viewed 16th March 2012 < http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/civil-projects/design-of-india-habitatcentre-new-delhi-india/ >
(Web 4) Decoded Stuff, 2012, web Amazing buildings of eco-friendly design, weblog, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://www.decodedstuff.com/amazingbuildings-of-eco-friendly-design/ >
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations (Web 5) Do it yourself, 2011, Disadvantages of Traditional House Plans, weblog, viewed 20th March 2012 < http://www.doityourself.com/stry/disadvantages-of-traditional-house-plans >
(Web 6) Labor Law Center, 2011, Green Building: Advantages & Disadvantages, weblog, viewed 20th March 2012 < http://www.laborlawcenter.com/t-green-building.aspx >
(Web 7) Jackie Craven, 2012, What is green architecture and green design, weblog, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://architecture.about.com/od/greenconcepts/g/green.htm >
(Web 8) Madhavi Indraganti, 14.06.2010, Understanding the climate sensitive architecture, weblog, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132310001794 >
(Web 9) Michelle Toole, 2011, Disadvantages of Green Buildings, weblog, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://www.healthy-holisticliving.com/disadvantages-of-green-building.html >
(Web 10) Sam C M Hui, 10.08.2002, web Sustainable Architecture, weblog, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://www.arch.hku.hk/research/beer/sustain.htm#1.1 >
(Web 11) Sujith G.S., 22.07.2011, web Indian Habitat Centre, weblog, viewed 16th March 2012 < http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2011/07/indiahabitat-centre-new-delhi.html >
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations (Web Doc 1) Eco-housing Mainstreaming Partnership Annexure 3, August 2009 , Passive Architecture Design System , web document, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://www.ecohousingindia.org/downloads/AssessmentIIReference/Annexure %203%20Passive%20Architecture.PDF >
(Web Doc 2) Indian Habitat Centre Brochure (2010), web document, Viewed 16th March 2012 < http://www.indiahabitat.org/download/IHCBrochure.pdf >
(Wiki 1) Building Design Wiki 27.02.2012, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_design >
(Wiki 2) Green Building Wiki 14.03.2012, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building >
(Wiki 3) Indian Habitat Centre Wiki 14.03.2012, viewed 16th March 2012 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Habitat_Centre >
(Wiki 4) Sustainable Architecture Wiki 09.03.2012, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture >
(Wiki 5) Vernacular Architecture Wiki 13.03.2012, viewed 21st March 2012 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture >
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Environment Friendly Architecture & its Limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Shailendra Kumar Nangalia Student (M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal)

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.8.6 Chapter-2. 2.1 2.2

History of EFA .............................................................................................. 21 The Use of This Research ............................................................................. 22

3.1.1 3.1.2 Chapter-4. 4.1 4.2 4.3

4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4

Suggestions.................................................................................................... 53 Case Study 2 .......................................................................................... 55

Chapter-5. 5.1 5.2 5.3

5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4

Suggestions.................................................................................................... 65 Limitations to EFA ................................................................................ 67 Page | 6

Chapter-7. 7.1 7.2

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Fig. 4.3 Vaulted Roof (Reference: web

About The Research

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

1.1 Introduction of the Topic

1.2 Need of the Topic

1.7 Methodology Used

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

1.8 Introduction to Various Chapters of the Research

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

2.2 Various Aspects of EFA

2.3 History of EFA

2.4 The Use of This Research

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

GENERAL CONCEPT OF EFA

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

3.1 Designing of Building

Fig. 3.1 Sustainability (Reference: web 2) Page | 24

Fig. 3.2 Sustainability in buildings (Reference: web 2)

Fig. 3.3 Thermal Mass (Reference: web Doc 1) Page | 28

Fig 3.6 Earth Tunnel Cooling (Reference: web Doc 1)

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Fig. 3.10 Insulated Roof

Fig. 3.11 Insulated Roof

Fig. 3.14 Light Shelves (Reference: web Doc 1)

Fig. 3.15 Light Shelves (Reference: web Doc 1)

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

4.1 About the Building Site: SANGATH, Ahmedabad.

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

4.2 Identifying the Various Techniques Used

Fig. 4.1 Section Showing Subterranean Spaces (Reference: web 1) Page | 43

Fig. 4.2 Construction of Vaulted Roof

Fig. 4.3 Vaulted Roof (Reference: web 1)

Fig. 4.4 Open Air Theater

Fig. 4.5 Lawns (Reference: web 1) Page | 44

Fig. 4.6 Roof Water Ponds

Fig. 4.7 Water Channels (Reference: web 1)

mosaic glazed tiles

Fig. 4.8 Broken China Tiles

Fig. 4.9 Exposed Brick Work

Fig. 4.10 Day Lighting in the working Space

Fig. 4.11 Day Lighting (Reference: web 1)

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations

Environment Friendly Architecture & its limitations