ENVIROMENTAL PROJECT.

INTRODUCTION.

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. The elements are the fundamental units of construction of all the alive or inanimate substances, of the well-known universe. They are made up extraordinarily of called particles atoms, that is the smallest particles of an element which they even conserve the chemical properties of that element. The elements in fact, their atoms participate in an apparently infinite variety of chemical combinations to form compound. The result of the formation of connections between an atom group is one molecule, that is the smallest particle of a compound that still shows the chemical properties of he himself. The atoms are made up of neutrons, that they are electrically neutral, protons, that is loaded positively and electrons, That have negative load. The protons and neutrons constitute practically all the mass of an atom, these reside in the atomic nucleus, whose size is infinitesimally small. The nucleus this surrounded by electrons whose I number is equal to of protons of the nucleus with which they confer the neutrality of load to the same atom. These electrons occupy an immense volume, approximately billion times the volume of the nucleus, but they themselves lack mass almost completely. If all the space which they occupy electrons of a small currency could fill with neutrons and protons, the weight of the currency would increase of around of 5,5 grams to 100 million tons. A crystal ball suspended in center of a gigantic covered sport stage provides a visual image of the relation between nucleus of an atom and the space that the electrons occupy that surround it. Table 1. Subatomic particle comparison. Load Mass Neutrn 0 1 Protn +1 1 Electrn -1 1/1840

Position that the electrons occupy practically all the volume of an atom, plays a preponderant role as far as determining the chemical and physical properties of the composed elements and. The chemical compounds form when electrons from an atom to other are transferred to form ions or when pairs of electrons between atoms share to form molecules. In order to understand the importance of electrons the disposition of electrons in the outer limits of an atom or molecule is necessary to remember the electronic configuration in individual.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC WEIGHT. The atomic number is the number of protons that there are in the nucleus of an atom. Since in a neutral atom the number of electrons and protons is equal, the atomic number also is the number of electrons that surround the nucleus. The number of mass is the number of protons and neutrons of nucleus of an atom. The electrons have a despicable mass and generally they are not taken into account when describing the mass of an atom. The isotopes are atom with he himself number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons, thus has he himself atomic number but different numbers of mass. The atomic weight of an element is the weighed average of present isotopes in the nature. By that ordinarily it is not a whole number. For example, both isotopes of bromine (Br) but abundant have numbers of mass of 79 (35 protons and 44 neutrons) and 81 (35 protons and 46 protons); both isotopes have 35 neutrons, I number atomic. Since in the nature these two isotopes appear in almost equal proportions, the atomic weight of the bromic one is 79.9

SYMBOLS AND FORMULATE. The chemical elements imagine by the initial capital letter of the Latin name of each element. When several elements begin by the same letter are used two letters, of which, second it is written with small letter. Symbol of a chemical element or letters is called exactly that represent the atom of that element.

It formulates is the subscript and symbol set that represents the molecule of an element or composed. It formulates it of an element is made up of symbol of the element, accompanied by a subscript that it indicates I number of atoms that enter the molecule of that body. When it takes part does not put subscript. It formulates it of sodium is Na, its molecule has a single atom. It formulates it of I oxygenate is O2, its molecule has two atoms. It formulates it of ozone is O3, its molecule has three atoms. It formulates it of phosphorus is P4, its molecule has four atoms. It formulates it of the compounds is made up of the symbols of the elements that enter their molecule, accompanied of a subscript that it indicates I number of atoms of each element. For example: it formulates it of sulfuric acid is H2SO4 and indicates that the molecule of this body is formed by sulfur atom (S), four oxygen atoms (O) and two hydrogen atoms (H). IONS When an atom or group of atoms lose or gain electrons is transformed into an ion, which is no longer neutral, but it has a positive or negative electric charge as it has lost or gained electrons, respectively. For example: When a sodium atom (Na) loses an electron becomes a positively charged ion (Na +), when a chlorine atom (Cl) gains an electron becomes a negatively charged ion (Cl-). Ions having positive charge are called cations and negative charges are called anions. GRAM MOLECULE The atomic mass of a chemical element is the mass contained in the atom of that element. The mass in grams is extremely small and the use of such small numbers is very impractical in calculations. For this reason it has taken the agreement to assign the mass of carbon atom (C) the value 12 and compare the atomic weights of other elements with atomic mass of carbon. The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of atoms forming the molecule of this substance.

Example: The molecular mass of CaCO3 is: M = 40 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 100. The molecule gram or mole of a substance is the number of grams equal to its molecular mass. Example: One mole of calcium carbonate equivalent to 100 grams, one mole of oxygen is equivalent to 32 gr. 1. How the industry use the chemical percentage and what problems they have. CASE: Fertilizer Industry. Almost the entire plant body (94-99.5%) consists of three elements, carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Most of the carbon and oxygen, obtained from the air, while hydrogen derived, directly or indirectly from the water. In addition, plants contain and need a number of chemical elements are generally provided through the root system. These elements constitute the mineral fraction and only a small fraction of plant dry weight (0.5 to 6%), but they are still essential to the plant, which is why they are considered along with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, elements essential for plant nutrition. Table 2: Key elements of plants. Element Chemical Simbol C O H N P K Atomic Weight 12 16 1 14 31 39.1 Plant concentration % 45 5 45 1.5 0.2 1.0 Form of absorptin CO2, HCO3-, CO3-2 H2O en otros iones H2O en otros iones NO3-, NH4+ H2PO4K+ Molecular Weight 44, 61, 60 18 18 62,18 97 39.1

Carbon Oxigen Hidrgen Nitrgen Phosphorus Potassium

Calcium Magnesium Sulfur Iron Manganase Zinc Copper Chloride Molibdenum Boron Cobalt

Ca Mg S Fe Mn Zn Cu Cl Mo B Co

40.08 24.32 16 55.8 54.9 65.4 63.5 35.5 95.9 10.8 58.9

0.5 0.2 0.1 100 ppm 50 ppm 20 ppm 6 ppm

Ca+2 Mg+2 SO4-2 Fe+2 Fe +3. Mn+2 Zn+2 Cu+2 Cl-

40.08 24.32 96.1 55.8 54.9 65.4 63.5 35.5 159.9 61.8 58.9

0.1 ppm 6 ppm

MoO4-2 H3BO3 Co+2

Mineral nutrients are considered essential and therefore should not be overlooked in normal production conditions, as they affect the quality and crop yield The essentiality of mineral elements is based on the following criteria: - The plant can not complete its life cycle in the absence of the element - The role of the item can not be played by another. - The element must be involved in metabolism. The high yield of a crop depends largely on mineral fertilization. In fact, there is a linear relationship between the production of most crops and fertilizer uptake by the plant. Nitrogen and potassium are usually mostly absorbed elements, other macronutrients are absorbed to a lesser extent, with the exception of calcium, which for some plants in some situations can be absorbed in large quantities. The trace elements are absorbed in relatively small amounts compared to macronutrients, however, a deficiency or lack thereof, can affect the normal crop development, altering the levels of production.

Fertilizer products used in flower production are mainly related to the group of simple soluble solid fertilizers. The following table indicates the contents of the fertilizers used in the sector: Table 3: Straght fertilizers soluble solids. Products Ammonium Nitrate CalciumNitrate Magnesium Nitrate Potasium Nitrate Potasium Nitrate with S Potasium Nitrate with P AmmoniumSulfate Magnesium Sulfate Potasium Sulfate Urea phosphate 17 44 52 N 21 P2O5 K2O CaO Percent % MgO S

15,5 11 13 9 13 21 3 46 47 43

27 16

16 18

For minor element have the following formulatins. Table 4: Fertilizer with trace elements. Products Basfoliar Combi Brexil mix Trazex Menores Fe 4 0.6 6 Mn 4 0.7 6 Cu 1,5 0.8 2 Zn Percent % 1,5 5 6 B 0,5 1.2 2 Co 0.005 Mo 0.6 1

2. Relationship between health and the percentage chemical. CASE: The sports drinks. Coconut water. The consumption of coconut water, straight from the fruit, has been and remains a common practice in many countries. Chilled coconut water is one of the most popular food when the heat and thirst overwhelms begins. Moreover, from the standpoint of food analysis, coconut water is rich in nutrients as the food composition tables and abroad. From the point of view of sports drinks, free amino acids are of great interest. The coconut or coconut plant belonging to the family Arecaceae, and scientific name Cocos nucifera L., is a palm, trunk length and elastic, with pinnate leaves located only in the crown of the plant. The fruit of the coconut palm is a drupe similar in size to that of a small melon, covered with a thick and fibrous. In the inner part of the fruit is a closed chamber hard layer, called coconut, within this, we discover the seed consists of an edible white pulp and a slightly opaque liquid known as coconut water. It is speculated that this plant is native to the Pacific Islands and currently lives in all areas of the tropics. In general, tend to distinguish three types of coconut based on the height, giant, dwarf and hybrid, and within each type a large number of varieties. Is cited more than twenty different uses of the parts of this palm. The ripe fruit is used to extract the copra or dried white flesh, and with it to get oil and butter, or manufacture shampoos, creams and sunscreens. The coconut flour is used as animal feed supplement. The tender fruit is used coconut to remove fluid or milk in order to use it as a refreshing drink. Coconut water is a drink that many virtues are attributed to its high content in minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates (Table 1). Coconut water was used during World War II as a substitute for dextrose. "It's a natural isotonic beverage with the same electrolyte balance our blood is the fluid of life so to speak, " said Satin [2001], a member of the Department of Agriculture of the FAO. Table 5. Chemical composition of coconut water. Coconut type Average weigth Age coconut
Young 206 gr water Young green Mature green Mature Mature autoclaved Young 565 6 months Mature 393 12 months

Proximates Water Dry

Energy value Protein Total lipid Ash Carbohydrate Fiber

g/100 g 94.99 5.01 19 kcal 0.72 0.20 0.39 3.71 1.10 g/100 g 2.61 94.18 5.82 0.12 0.07 0.87 4.76 mg/ml 21.68 13.87 9.18 8.90 7.25 2.46 5.25 2.51 mg/100g 0.01 30 37 312 105 0.04 24 0.29 25 20 250 105 0.1 0.04 0.142 0.001 0.01 30 37 312 105 0.04 27.35 0.02 6.40 4.66 203.7 1.75 0.07 0.01 0.12 31.64 0.02 9.44 12.77 257.52 16.10 0.02 0.03 0.08 94.45 5.55 0.52 0.15 0.47 4.41

Sugars
Total Sucrose Glucose Fructose

mg/ml 9.18 7.25 5.25

9.16 0.93 3.93 4.30

15.20 10.70 2.02 2.48

g/100g 5.23 3.42 0.06 0.51 2.61 1.48 2.55 1.43

Inorganic Ions
Calcium Iron Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Zinc Copper Manganese Selenium Chlorine Sulfur Aluminium Boron

183 24

183 24

0.58 0.07 0.05 g/mL mg/g 198.00 20.70 1.13 0.13

0.06 0.08

Amino acids
Alanine Alanine Arginine Asparagine/Gl utamine Aspartic acid Asparagine Cystine Glutamic acid Glycine Homoserine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Ornithine Phenylalanine Pipecolic acid Proline

g/mL 312 12 133 60 65 0.97 240 13.9 5.2 Trace 18 22 150 8 22 12 97

g/100g 0.037 0.118 16.40 14.70 127.30 25.60

177.10 16.80

3.88 0.81

0.07 0.014 0.165 0.034 0.017 0.028 0.053 0.032 0.013 0.037 Trace 0.03

11.30 17.10 9.40 1.30 3.50 6.20 4.40 3.50

35.90 10.10 78.80 9.70 6.50 37.30 21.40 16.90

5.40 10.40 78.70 13.90 5.20 Trace 31.70 22.50 Trace 10.20

11.40 25.30 104.90 18.00 8.80 Trace 33.0 13.0 Trace Trace 12.90

1.60

0.46

3.44 0.43 0.39 0.26 0.66 4.72 0.22 0.26 0.52

3.75 0.11 0.67 0.27 0.58 3.41 0.21

4.10

31.90

21.60

0.95

Serine Tyrosine Valine

111 16 27

0.037 0.022 0.044

7.30 0.90 5.60

45.30 6.40 20.60

65.80 3.10 15.10

85 Trace 15.50

0.64 0.91

1.06 0.82

It is very striking, refreshing drink that is ingested by pulling it directly from the fruit, without the world market for fruit juices are interested in packaging and dispensing. The reason why the market for soft drinks or fruit juices had not been able to market this natural product was the lack of adequate technology for the preservation of coconut water. It is true that in recent years, some techniques were tested for this purpose, however, were not the most suitable. Fast processing of high-temperature pasteurization (HTST), the same technology to pasteurize milk long-term liquid is used by some Asian countries (Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand), with the disadvantage that the final product loses some of nutritional value and almost all the natural flavor. Another technology implemented in the preservation of coconut water is the carbonation, however, assume that the typical taste of coconut water should be different. Today, many Brazilian soft drink companies offer packaged coconut water, no preservatives or additives, ensuring that they are hundred percent natural products, but none of them mentioned the technology used. Coconut water, which for centuries, the fruit is consumed directly, now, can be packaged. The Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture (FAO) patented a new process of stabilization of coconut water. The method is based on a cold sterilization to preserve all the flavor and nutrition, using a microfiltration retains all microorganisms and spores. Coconut water is eventually transferred to sterile containers under a nitrogen atmosphere in order to aseptically fill containers such as soft drinks do some companies. The researchers were able to stabilize the color of the final product by adding a small amount of vitamin C (0.015%). The idea of refreshment for the sport based on coconut water is of great interest because this drink is richer in nutrients than any other beverage technological processes. On the other hand, if this proves beverage rich in amino acids, the interest increase.

3. Why is important the moles study and find relationship with environment. How can we measure a sample of oxygen that has the same number of O2 molecules as this uncountable number of C atoms? The SI base unit for an amount of substance is called the mole and we can use this unit to deal with such question like this.

A mole (mol) is an amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the carbon 12 isotope. We generally indicate the elementary entities through the symbol or formula of a substance, although the mass of 1 mol of carbon 12 is exactly 12 g, the mass of 1 mol of carbon obtained from natural sources is 12.011 g. The mass of 1 mol of O2 molecules is 2 x 15.9994 g = 31.9988 g. One mole of given substance contains the same number elementary entities as one mole of any other substance. The nature of life makes it dependent on water because only water has the unique propierties required to sustain life. Without food, we can live about a month, without water, only a few days, but without air , we would die within minutes. Air is vital because it contains free oxygen O2 , an element essential to the basic processes of respiration and metabolism. One mole percent basis, dry air in the lower atmosphere consists of about 78% N2, 21% O2 and 1% Ar. Among the minor constituents of dry air, the most abundant is carbon dioxide, the concentration of CO2 in air has increased from about 275 ppm in 1880 to 366 ppm in 2001. Table 6. Composition of dry air. Component Mole percent Nitrogen (N2) 78.084 Oxygen (O2) 20.946 Argon (Ar ) 0.934 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) 0.0368 Neon (Ne) 0.001818 Helium (He) 0.000524 Methane (CH4 ) 0.0002 Krypton (Kr) 0.000114 Hydrogen (H2) 0.00005 Dinitrogen Monoxide (N2O) 0.00005 Xenon (Xe) 0.000009 Plus traces of: Ozone (O3), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrgen dioxide (NO2), Ammonia (NH3), Carbon monoxide (CO), Iodine (I2).