Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
TIMBER CONNECTIONS
by
Dr. Ad Leijten
TU-Eindhoven
The Netherlands
Former PT-member
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
We can not escape connections
THE WEAKEST LINK
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
What kind of connections do we use?
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Carpenter connections (not in Eurocode 5)
National regulations apply
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Carpenter connections compression forces
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Glued connections (not in Eurocode 5)
Structural Finger joints Glued in steel rods
National regulations apply
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
What do we find in Eurocode 5
Section 8: Connections with metal fasteners
Mechanical connections with
Dowel type fasteners
- Nails, staples,
- punched metal plates,
- screws,
- dowels and bolts
Connectors
- Shear plates
- Split-rings
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Nails < 8 mm (EN14592)
definition profiled nails
Bolts > 8 mm
Dowels > 6 mm
Screws
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Punched metal plate fasteners
Split-ring connectors
64- 104 mm diameter
Bolts M12 to M20
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Steel to timber
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Eurocode 5 allows:
Design by testing:
EN 1075 tests punched metal plates connections
EN 1380 tests nails,screws,dowels,bolted conn.
EN 1381 - tests on stapled connections.
EN 26891 Specimen density selection.
EN 28970 Test procedure for connection tests.
Design by calculation
- Model provided in EN1995-1-1
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Design by calculation - covers
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13
EUROCODES
Background and Applications

a
3,t
a
3,c
a
4
,
t
a
4
,
c
-90 90 90 270 0 180 180 360
(1) (2) (3) (4)
a
2
a
2
a
1
a
1
a
1
a
1
a
2
a
2
a)
b)
1 2
Fastener spacing requirements
Key:
(1) Loaded end
(2) Unloaded end
(3) Loaded edge
(4) Unloaded edge
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Fastener spacing requirements (bolts)
3 d 180

360

a
4,c
(unloaded edge)
max([2 + 2 sin ) d; 3d) 0

180

a
4,t
(loaded edge)
max([1 + 6 sin ) d; 4d)
4 d
max([1 + 6 sin ) d; 4d)
90

< 150

150

< 210

210

270

a
3,c
(unloaded end)
max (7 d; 80 mm) -90

90

a
3,t
(loaded end)
4 d 0

360

a
2
(perpendicular to grain)
(4 + cos ) d 0

360

a
1
(parallel to grain)
Minimum spacing or
distance
Angle Spacing and end/edge
distances
(see Figure 8.7)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions
a
1
a
2
Decrease member
width ?
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions
a1
2 2
a1 a 2
a 2
0 1
( ) ( ) 1 with
0 1

k
k k
k
k
a2
a
2
k
a1
a
1
k
a1
a
1
k
a
2
a
2
a
2
Only for connectors
Split-rings and
shear plates
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
The strength capacity model for
laterally loaded dowel-type-fasteners
(based on Johansen (1949)
Background:
-Structural Education Timber Program (STEP 1)(1994)
-Timber Engineering; Thelandersson & Larsen (2003) ISBN 0-470-84469-8
Laterally loaded axially loaded
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
single shear
fasteners
multiple shear
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Double shear
Embedment
stresses
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Embedment = f
emb
f
f
emb emb
displacement displacement
Starting point for strength model - Embedment strength
Idealised femb= fv
embedment
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections


Determination of embedment strength EN 383
Eurocode 5 Design clause embedment strength
Nails (not pre-drilled)
Nails pre-drilled
Bolts/dowels
2
-0,3
h,k k
0, 082 N/mm f
d
=
2
h,k k
0, 082 (1- 0, 01 ) N/mm d f =
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

Taken from Sawata and Yasumura (2002).
Background: Whale L. and Smith, I. The derivation of design clauses for nailed and bolted joint in Eurocode
5, In Proceedings of paper CIB-W18 paper 19-7-6/ Florenze 1986
Yasumura, M. and Sawata, K., Determination of embedment strength of wood for dowel-type-fasteners. In:
Journal of Wood Science, nr. 48, 2002, Japan Wood Research Society, Inst. Of Wood Techn, Akita, Japan
Parallel Perpendicular
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Dowels Parallel All wood species
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Density
E
m
b
e
d
m
e
n
t
5mm data
7mm data
8mm data
12mm data
16mm data
20mm data
30mm data
Embedment test - parallel to grain
Background: Leijten, A.J.M. & Khler, J.& A Jorissen, Review of Probability Data for Timber Connections
with Dowel-Type Fasteners; In Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 37-7-12, Edinburgh, UK, September 2004
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Re-evaluation parallel to grain embedment results
for future consideration in EC5?
Nails (pre-drilled)
Coniferous
Bolts and dowels
Coniferous
Decideous
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
1,07 0,25
;0
;90
0, 097
?
h
h
f d
f

=
=
1,35 0,27
;0
1,48 0,42
;90
0, 0104
0, 046
h
h
f d
f d

=
=
1,09 0,25
;0
1,13 0,46
;90
0, 087
0,106
h
h
f d
f d

=
=
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Embedment - perpendicular to grain
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Embedment at angle to grain
h,0,k
h,,k
90
sin cos

2 2
f
= f
+
k
h,0,k k
0, 082 (1- 0, 01 ) = d f
Bolts/dowel:
90
1, 35 0, 015 for softwoods
0, 90 0, 015 for hardwoods
d
k
d
+

=

+

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 27

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Coniferous: Embedment test - perpendicular to grain
Embedding strength, based on average values embedding tests
(European Whitewood (EW), European Redwood (ER), Canadian Spruce Pine Fir (CS))
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20
Nail or Bolt diameter [mm]
f
h
;
9
0

(
E
m
b
e
d
d
i
n
g

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
)

[
N
/
m
m
2
]
Nails ER
Nails EW
Nails CS
Bolts ER
Bolts EW
Bolts CS
Eurocode 5
Power (All)
Power (Eurocode 5)
Bolts Nails
Eurocode 5
Needs adjustment in future EC5
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 28
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Embedment rules
Nails in:
Plywood
Hardboard
Particleboard & OSB
Taken from DIN 1052
0,3
h,k k
0,11

= f d
0,3 0,6
h,k
30

= f d t
0,7 0,1
h,k
65

= f d t
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Some failure modes of
single shear fasteners
Some failure modes of
double shear fasteners
Mode I Mode II Mode III
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Equations for every failure mode
Fasteners in single shear
h,1,k 1
h,2,k 2
2 2
h,1,k 1
2 3 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
y,Rk h,1,k 1 ax,Rk
v,Rk
2
h,1,k 1
h,1,k 2
(a)
(b)
2 1 1 (c)
1
4 (2 )
min
1, 05 2 (1 ) (d)
2 4
1, 05
1 2
(
(
| | | | | |
(
( + + + + +
| | |
(
+
(
\ . \ . \ .

(

(
+
=
+ + + (
+
(

+
f t d
f t d
f t d
t t t t
t t t t
M f t d F
F
f d t
f t d
y,Rk ax,Rk
2
2
h,1,k 2
ax,Rk
y,Rk h,1,k
4 (1 2 )
2 (1 ) (e)
4
2
1,15 2 (f)
1 4

(
+

+ + + (

M F
f d t
F
M f d
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 31
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Equations for every failure mode
Fasteners in double shear
h,1,k 1
h,2,k 2
y,Rk h,1,k 1 ax,Rk
v,Rk
2
h,1,k 1
ax,Rk
y,Rk h,1,k
(g)
0, 5 (h)
4 (2 )
min 1, 05 2 (1 ) (j)
2 4
2
1,15 2 (k)
1 4

(
+

= + + + (

+
(

f t d
f t d
M f t d F
F
f d t
F
M f d
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 32
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Some failure modes of
single shear fasteners
steel to wood
connections
thick steel plate t > d = fastener diameter
thin steel plate t < 0,5d
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 33
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Test results still higher than Johansen equations
Cord effect:
Only valid for
Mode II and III
Requires knowledge about withdrawal
Theory for nails 15% extra
Background: Kuipers, J. Van der Put, T.A.C.M., Betrachtungen zum Bruchmechanismus von Nagel verbindungen,
In: Ingenieuholzbau in Forschung und Praxis, J. Ehlebeck and G. Steck, editors, Bruderverlag Karlsruhe 1982
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 34
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Test results still higher than Johansen equations
Cord effect:
Fax/4 = withdrawal capacity/4 = estimated effect
% are estimates
Maximum
Nails 15%
Grooved nails 50%
Screws 100%
Bolts 25%
Dowels 0%
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 35
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Fasteners in double shear
h,1,k 1
h,2,k 2
y,Rk h,1,k 1 ax,Rk
v,Rk
2
h,1,k 1
ax,Rk
y,Rk h,1,k
(g)
0, 5 (h)
4 (2 )
min 1, 05 2 (1 ) (j)
2 4
2
1,15 2 (k)
1 4

(
+

= + + + (

+
(

f t d
f t d
M f t d F
F
f d t
F
M f d
Test results still higher than Johansen equations
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 36
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
theory
k k
m
k d
F F
y
k
F F = = = 69 , 0
3 , 1
9 , 0
mod
Design value
Ms = yield bending moment steel fastener
Partial material factor of timber m
applied to Ms !!
Better seperate:
Mode III
schroef , h s
d f M F
+

=
1
2
1
2
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 37
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
15 , 1
69 , 0
79 , 0
=

=
k
k
F
F
factor
Taking both m - seperately
k d
k h schroef k e d
k h
schroef
k e
d
h m
k h
schroef
s m
k e
d
F F
f d M F
f
d
M
F
k
y
f
d
y
M
F
=

+
=

+
=

+
=
79 , 0
1
4
79 , 0
9 , 0
3 , 1 1 , 1 1
4
1
4
, 1 , ,
, 1 , ,
mod
,
, 1 ,
,
,

For Mode II factor is 1,05

Mode III
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 38
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Fasteners in double shear
h,1,k 1
h,2,k 2
y,Rk h,1,k 1 ax,Rk
v,Rk
2
h,1,k 1
ax,Rk
y,Rk h,1,k
(g)
0, 5 (h)
4 (2 )
min 1, 05 2 (1 ) (j)
2 4
2
1,15 2 (k)
1 4

(
+

= + + + (

+
(

f t d
f t d
M f t d F
F
f d t
F
M f d
Eurocode 5 equations
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 39
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Yield moment of dowel type fasteners
Large diameter bolts and dowels
Small rotation at failure No full plastic yielding
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
d
R

diameter
Rotation
angle
2,6
y,Rk
u,k
0, 3 = f
d M
Background: Jorissen, A.J.M. Blass, H.J., the fastener
yield strength in bending, In: Proceedings of CIB-W18
paper 31-7-6, 1998
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 40
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Failure of multiple of fasteners in a row
Splitting
Shear
Tensile
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 41
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Failure of multiple of fasteners in a row
Caused by group effect
Only for load component in grain direction
13d
Cumulatieve
stress
Stress
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 42
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Failure of multiple of fasteners in one row
Caused by group effect effective number
Nails:
Empirical (Gehri)
Bolts & dowels:
Fracture mechanics
Background:
Double shear timber connections with dowel type fasteners, A.J.M. Jorissen, ISBN 90-407-1783-4, DUP Delft,
1998
4
0
9 0
13d
a
n n
,
ef
=
ef
ef
k
n n =
a
For intermediate spacings, linear
interpolation of k
ef
is permitted
0,5 - a
1
= 4d
0,7 0,7 a
1
= 7d
0,85 0,85 a
1
= 10d
1,0 1,0 a
1
14d
Predrilled Not
predrilled
k
ef
Spacing
a
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 43
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Be
Be
careful
careful
with
with
cheese
cheese
connections
connections
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 44
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Steelplate in timber
Chees connections
Small dowels
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 45
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Failure at fastener perimeter (Prof.Racher, Fr.)
Block shear:
Full penetration
Plug shear
Partial penetration
Tensile or shear failure, which happens first?
Literature: Johnson, H, Stehn, L, A Linear Fracture Mecanics Evaluation of Plug Shear Failure,In Proc of 8th
world conf on Timber Engineering WCTE 2004, Finland
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 46
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

t,1

t,2

v,1

v,2

v,3

v,4

v,5

v,6

v,7

v,8
1
2
net,t t,o,k
bs,Rk
net,v v,k
1, 5
max
0, 7

A f
F
A f
t
e
f
Fasteners keep
straight
Not correct in
EC5
see previous
sheet
Tensile failure
Shear fracture
Correlation
parameters
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 47
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Amendment A1:
Contains:
New design rules for:
compressive strength perpendiculer to grain
Present rules unsafe
1
3
l
l
ef
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 48
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
Traditional screws
Diameter thread=smooth shank
Not very effective
not hardened
low bending moment
>8mm requires predrilled holes
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 49
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
Very effective
hardened
self tapping
high axial stiffness
Background:
Bla, HJ; Bejtka, I: Self-tapping screws as reinforcements in connections with dowel-type fasteners. In:
Proceedings. CIB-W18 Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany 2005. Paper 38-7-4
Blass H.J. Joints with dowel-type-fasteners, In: Timber Engineering Thelanderson and Larsen, editors, Wiley &
Sons (2003):
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 50
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 51
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Some examples
Leg or coach screw
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 52
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Some examples
Spax-S
Heco Topix/Fix
Rapid Komprex
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 53
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Tecfi Woodpecker
BMF Torx
SFS WT
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 54
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Check:
- Withdrawal failure
- Tear-off failure of the head
- Pull through of the head
- Tensile failure of the screw
- Torsional capacity
- Group effect (neff number of effective fasteners)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 55
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
-Withdrawal: Code proposals in EU countries
( )
a a
l d R
k
ef k a ax
2 2
5 , 1
3
8 , 0
, ,
cos 5 , 1 sin
10 6 , 3
+

=

ef
k
k ax
l d
a a
R
+

=

2
3
4
2
2
6
;
cos sin
10 60
( ) ( ) + =
nom hec nom k ax
d l d R 6 , 0 5 , 1
,
Eurocode 5 = (1)
( )
a a
l d R
k
ef k ax
2 2
3
8 , 0
1 ,
cos 5 , 1 sin
10 0 , 3
7 , 1
+

=

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 56
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Model uncertainty evaluation of test results
0
5
10
15
20
25
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
ln(model/meetpunt)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
i
e
.
.

Eurocode 5
Current EC5 design rule unsafe
(1) (4) (2) (3)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 57
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
New proposal in Amendment A1:
Requirement
Screws as defined in EN 14592
6 mm d 12 mm
All other screws:
Parameters determined by tests EN
14592 (EN 1382)
8 0
2 2
2 1
,
a
k
ef ax
ef k , a , ax
a cos , a sin
l . d . f
n R
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
a cos , a sin
l . d ,
n R
,
k
,
ef
ef k , a , ax
2 2
8 0
9 0
2 1
52 0
+

=
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 58
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
- Head tear off
- Axial screw strength:
Determine by tests:
EN 14592
- Torsional capacity
EN 14592
ax ax
f A R =
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 59
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Head pull through
EN 14592
Test standard EN 1383
ax ax
f A R =
( ) ( ) ( )
k c s k k
f d d R
, 90 ,
2
2
1
2
2
1
0 , 3 - =
Eurocode 5:
2
0 , 16
k k
d N =
Zulassung Germany 9.1-235:
In the absents of information Clause 8.5.2. bolt washers
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 60
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
short elastisch behaviour
Large non-elastic traject
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 61
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Model uncertainty design rule 9.1-235andn Eurocode 5 for screws
with washers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5
ln (model/meetwaarde)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
i
e
Eurocode 5
Zulassung
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 62
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
- Group (tear out) effect:
Due to a lack of background information
Based on test by Gehri (empirical):
0,9
ef
= n n
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 63
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
F
Ed
F
v,Ed,1
F
v,Ed,2
h
e
h
b

b
b/2 b/2
a) b)
Background: Leijten A.J.M. & Vander Put T.A.C.M, Evaluation of Perpendicular to Grain Failure of Beams
caused by Concentrated Loads of Joints, In: Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 33-7-7, Delft, 2000.
Design clause 8.1.4 (3) is formulated as a maximum
shear force criterion on either side of the connection
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 64
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
0,35
pl
max for punchedmetal plate fasteners
100
1
1 for all other fasteners
w
w

| |

|

\ .
=

e
90,Rk
e
14
1
=
| |

|
\ .
h
F b w
h
h
Fracture mechanics background
14 is calibration parameter
w = (political factor)
Design clause 8.1.4 (3) is
formulated as a maximum shear
force criterion on either side of
the connection
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 65
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
Some empirical models consider
Fastener spacing

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
n
i
i
r
s
.
h
h
n
k
h
a .
.
max k
f ) h t (
h
a
. k k F
1
2
1
k t,90,
8 0
ef
2
2
r s k 90,
4 1
7 0
1
18
5 6
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 66
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
Fracture mechanical
model
Consider energy
balance after crack
appearance
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 67
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
UK-Test results versus design proposals
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
he/h
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

[
N
]
Test Results Eurocode 5 design
Punched metal plate fasteners
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 68
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Comparison between models
Eurocode 5
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 69
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
Assumed governing failure mechanism is shear
Not by tensile stresses perpendicular to grain
For loaded edges
>0,7 h no splitting
Simply supported
max F
Cantilever beam
max F/2
F
F/2
h h
h h
h
e
h
e
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 70
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Frequently heard:
Not found in Eurocode
We dont know everything
Research in progress
Future changes and additions are
expected