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Ecology and evolution (core) revision 1. Annotate the diagram to show the carbon cycle and processes involved.

A D

Respiration

B E

2. Outline some of the methods used to measure or estimate atmospheric carbon dioxide. Recent history:

Geological history:

a. Suggest one human impact and one natural cause that could have led to the overall trend shown in the graph: Anthropogenic:

Natural:

3. Identify three greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide.

Ecology and evolution (core) revision

4. Explain the greenhouse effect with the aid of a diagram. Include short-wave and long-wave radiation.

5. Explain how increased atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases lead to an enhanced greenhouse effect.

6. Outline the precautionary principle.

7. Give two other examples of the precautionary principle in effect in Biology or Medicine.

8. Define the following terms: Species

Ecology and evolution (core) revision Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Ecology Niche Biodiversity Trophic level 9. Complete the tree below with definitions and examples of each type of feeding strategy. Can you distinguish between the feeding strategies at each level?

10. Food chains represent the flow of energy and nutrients in a series of feeding relationships. Give one example of a marine food chain (min. 4 organisms) Give one example of a terrestrial food chain (min. 4 organisms)

Give one other example of a food chain (min. 4 organisms)

11. On a separate sheet, construct a freshwater food web based on the following information:

Ecology and evolution (core) revision

a. For the food web created above: 1. Identify organisms in each of the trophic levels. Do any fit more than one trophic level?

2. Which could be classed as detritivores?

b. Why is it sometimes difficult to classify organisms into single trophic levels?

c. Why are the numbers of organisms usually smaller higher up the trophic levels?

Ecology and evolution (core) revision 12. Define population.

13. Draw a box diagram to show the effects of natality, mortality, immigration and emigration on a population:

14. Outline under which conditions a population will: a. Grow

b. Remain stable

c. Decline

Ecology and evolution (core) revision 15. In the space below, draw a population growth curve. Annotate it to explain the exponential, transition and plateau phases and carrying capacity (K).

16. State three factors that set limits to population growth.

17. Define evolution.

18. Populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. a. Explain how the following lead to a struggle for survival Competition for food

Competition for mates

Competition for space

Parasitism

Ecology and evolution (core) revision

Disease

Predation

b. Explain the significance of variation within a species in relation to survival.

c. Outline how the following aspects of sexual reproduction contribute to variation within a species: Meiosis

Random fertilization

Mutation

d. State which of the above is the main source of variation within genes.

e. Describe how the struggle for survival lead to natural selection.

Ecology and evolution (core) revision 19. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution. a. What is Staphylococcus aureus?

b. Distinguish between MRSA and MSSA. c. Use the key terms environmental change, variation, survival, reproduction to annotate this diagram, explaining how antibiotic resistance has evolved. Original population: Source of variation: Environmental change: Effect on population: Selection for: Inheritance:

20. Explain one other example of evolution of a species, in response to environmental change. (Galapagos finches or pepper moths)

Ecology and evolution (core) revision 21. Homologous structures d. Define homologous

e. One of the most obvious examples of homologous structures in animals is the pentadactyl limb. Define pentadactyl.

f.

Homologous structures has evolved through adaptive radiation. Explain this term.

22. Selective breeding of domesticated animals g. State the purpose of selective breeding

h. Describe why selective breeding is also known as artificial selection.

Artificial selection, like natural selection, can work in two ways. State examples of each: i. Selection for

j.

Selection against

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