CDP Asansol

Asansol Urban Area : City Development Plan
City Development Plan

May 2006

Asansol - Durgapur - Raniganj - Jamuria - Kulti

Asansol Urban Area
Asansol - Durgapur - Raniganj - Jamuria - Kulti
ASANSOL DURGAPUR
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY


2
Content :

Chapter 1 : Introduction to City Development Plan & Approach 9-15

1.1 Background 9
1.2 Importance of Urban Development & Reforms & the City Development Plan 10
1.3 Objectives and Overall Goals 11
1.4 Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme 12
1.5 Evolvement of CDP through a Consultative Process 13
1.6 City Investment Plan 13
1.7 The CDP Process 13

Chapter 2 : Introduction to the Region 16-25

2.1 Asansol Urban Area 16
2.2 Population 16
2.3 Location 17
2.4 Climate of the Region 17
2.5 Soil Profile of the Region 18
2.6 Resource Base & Industries 19
2.7 Institutional Responsibility 20
2.8 Organizational Structure 23

Chapter 3 : Demography 26-38

3.1 Overall Population and Growth Rate 26
3.2 Decadal Growth Rate 27
3.3 Population Density 28
3.4 Population Projections 29
3.5 Migration 31
3.6 Urbanization 32
3.7 Age mix and Sex Ratio 35
3.8 Literacy Rate 36
3.9 Workforce Variance 37
3.10 Income Variance 38

Chapter 4 : Economic Base 39-49

4.1 Background 39
4.2 Industry 39


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4.3 Mining 40
4.4 Trade & commerce 41
4.5 Agriculture 42
4.6 Pisciculture and Animal Husbandry 43
4.7 Other Industries 43
4.8 Banking 44
4.9 Workforce Breakup 44
4.10 Economic Welfare 46

Chapter 5 : Environment 50-63

5.1 Preamble 50
5.2 Background 50
5.3 Urban Expansion and the environment consequences 50
5.4 Situation Appraisal 52
5.4.1 Surface Water 52
5.4.2 Ground Water 53
5.4.3 Air Pollution 54
5.5 Action plan 56
5.5.1 Water Pollution 56
5.5.2 Air Pollution
58
5.6 Urban Expansion & Susceptibility to natural disaster 59
5.7 Preservation of Water Bodies 60
5.7.1 Background 60
5.7.2 Action Plans 61
5.7.3 Key Intervention 63

Chapter 6 : Vision & Perspective 64-71

6.1 Background 64
6.2 Vision for the Region 64
6.3 Identified Sectors of Development 65
6.4 Regional Focus 65
6.5 Sector-wise Perspective 65
6.6 Development and Adoption of Policies 67
6.7 Future Perspective for the Planning Area 68
6.8 Future Development Zones 70


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Chapter 7 : Land Use and Availability

72-78

7.1 Background 72
7.2 Summary of Land Use 73
7.3 Summary 78

Chapter 8 : Water 79-97

8.1 Vision 79
8.2 Background 79
8.3 Situation Appraisal 80
8.3.1 Overall Background 80
8.3.2 Gap Analysis of Drinking Water 83
8.3.2.1 Durgapur 83
8.3.2.2 Asansol 84
8.3.2.3 Other Regions 85
8.3.3 Insufficient Water Supply Schemes 87
8.3.4 Lack of Proper Operation and Maintenances 88
8.4 Action Plans 89
8.4.1 Creation of Water Treatment Plants 90
8.4.2 New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps 90
8.4.3 Operation and Maintenance
90
8.4.4 Augmentation of Water Availability 90
8.4.5 Capacity Building & Workshop 91
8.4.6 Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness 91
8.4.7 Sustainability 92
8.4.8 Affordability 92
8.4.9 Improvement in Performance and Reliability 93
8.4.10 Structured Public Private Participation 93
8.5 Steps Needed for Improving Ground Water Situation 94
8.5.1 Legal Issues 94
8.5.2 Key Intervention 95

Chapter 9 : Sanitation & Drainage 98-111

9.1 Vision
98
9.2 Background
98
9.3 Situation Appraisal for Sanitation
99
9.3.1 Durgapur
99
9.3.2 Asansol
100
9.3.3 Raniganj
101


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9.3.4 Jamuria
101
9.3.5 Kulti
102
9.3.6 Availability of different types of Latrine Facility
102
9.3.7 Different types of drains available to the Percentage of total Households
103
9.4 Action Plan & Strategic Options
105
9.4.1 Sewage System
105
9.4.2 Drainage System
106
9.5 Schemes & Programs
107
9.5.1 Asansol
107
9.5.2 Durgapur 108
9.5.3 Raniganj 109
9.5.4 Jamuria 110
9.5.5 Kulti 111

Chapter 10 : Transportation 112-137

10.1 Vision
112
10.2 Background
112
10.3 Status Appraisal
113
10.3.1 Consistent Growth
113
10.3.2 Linkage to the Region
113
10.3.3 Key issues
114
10.3.3.1 Congestion of NH-2 (G T Road)
114
10.3.3.2 Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads
116
10.3.3.3 Railway barriers
118
10.3.3.4 Congestion along major roads
119
10.3.3.5 Absence of centralized warehousing facilities
119
10.3.3.6 Markets in heart of the city
119
10.3.3.7 Absence of parking areas
120
10.3.3.8 Bus Terminus at heart of the city
120
10.3.3.9 Rural connectivity
120
10.4 Action Plan and Strategic Options
121
10.4.1 Improvement along NH-2
122
10.4.2 Improvement of roads
123
10.4.3 Construction of ROBs
123
10.4.4 Decongestion
123
10.4.5 Loading and unloading outside the city
124
10.4.6 Construction of Trade & Storage Center at Logistic Hubs
124
10.4.7 Parking Facilities
124
10.4.8 Improved rural connectivity
127
10.5 Other Important Measures
128
10.5.1 Intersection improvements
128
10.5.2 Street Lights
128


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10.5.3 Isolated Traffic Signals
129
10.5.4 Signal system optimization and Area traffic control
129
10.5.5 Traffic signs and markings
129
10.5.6 Bus Bays
130
10.5.7 Pedestrian Crossings
130
10.5.8 Road Widening
130
10.5.9 Air Link
131
10.6 Key Intervention
131
10.6.1 Asansol
131
10.6.2 Durgapur
134
10.6.3 Ranigunj
136
10.6.4 Jamuria
137
10.6.5 Kulti
137

Chapter 11 : Solid Waste Management 138-153

11.1 Vision
138
11.2 Background & Rationale
138
11.3 Situation Appraisal
139
11.3.1 Overall Observation
139
11.3.1.1 Absence of Proper Collection and Transport
140
11.3.1.2 No Segregation of Waste
140
11.3.1.3 Bio-medical Waste
140
11.3.1.4 Absent of Landfill site for disposal of Garbage
140
11.3.1.5 No Awareness to General Public
140
11.3.2 Assessment of Present Solid Waste Generation
141
11.3.2.1 Generation of MSW in Asansol Municipal Corporation

(AMC) and Durgapur Municipal Corporation (DMC)
141
11.3.2.1.1 Domestic Households
141
11.3.2.1.2 Commercial Establishment
142
11.3.2.1.3 Hotels, Restaurants and lodgings
142
11.3.2.1.4 Street Sweepings and Drain Cleanings
143
11.3.2.2 Projection of Generation of Solid Waste in Asansol Municipal

Corporation
144
11.3.2.2.1 Durgapur Municipal Corporation
144
11.3.2.2.2 Asansol Municipal Corporation
144
11.3.2.2.3 Raniganj Municipality
145
11.3.2.2.4 Jamuria Municipality
145
11.3.2.2.5 Kulti Municipality
145
11.3.2.2.6 Combined Graph
146
11.4 Strategies
146
11.4.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
147
11.4.1.1 Managing Municipal Solid Waste
147


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11.4.1.2 Managing the Industrial Waste
147
11.4.2 Awareness Campaign
148
11.4.3 Common Landfill facility
148
11.4.4 Institutional and regulatory reforms
148
11.5 Key Interventions
151
11.5.1 Asansol
151
11.5.2 Durgapur
151
11.5.3 Jamuria
152
11.5.4 Raniganj
152
11.5.5 Kulti
153

Chapter 12 : Housing 154-158

12.1 Aims and Objectives
154
12.2 Background
154
155
12.4 Action Pointd
158

Chapter 13 : Basic Services to the Poor 159-165

13.1 Vision
159
13.2 Background
159
160
13.4 Key Intervention
161
13.4.1 Key Actions
161
13.4.1.1 Land, Housing and Infrastructure
161
13.4.1.2 Community Institutions and Structures
162
13.4.1.3 Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector
162
13.4.1.4 Construction of community toilet
162
13.4.1.5 Construction of Child Care Centre
163
13.4.1.6 Other Programmes
163
13.5 Identified Schemes and Projects
164

Chapter 14 : Tourism 166-170

14.1 Vision
166
14.2 Background
166
167
14.4 Interface with Socio-economic Policies
168
14.5 Action Plans
169
14.6 Schemes for Tourism
170


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Chapter 15 : Reform Program

171-181

15.1 Background and Reform Goals
171
15.2 Reform Agenda
171
15.3 Impact of Reform Agenda 173

Chapter 16 : Urban Renewal Programme 182-187

16.1 Vision
182
16.2 Background
182
16.3 Key Issues
182
16.3.1 Presence of industries in busy areas
183
16.3.2 Presence of Wholesale Markets
183
16.3.3 Presence of Khatals
184
16.3.4 Scarcity of housing due to rise in migration
184
16.4 Major Action Points
185
16.4.1 Construction of Industrial Parks
185
16.4.2 Shifting Wholesale Markets outside the City
186
16.4.3 Shifting of Khatals
186
16.4.4 Relocation of Slums Outside the City
186
16.4.5 City Beautification Measures
187
16.5 Schemes and Programmes
187

Chapter 17 : Finance & City Investment Plan 188-206

17.1 Financial Status of ULBs in Asansol Urban Region
188
17.2 Summary Of Observation
190
17.3 Background
191
17.4 Action Plans
192
17.5 City Investment Plan
194
17.6 Sustainability & Financial Options
194
17.7 Funding Pattern for Muncipalities & Municipal Corporation
199
17.8 Consolidated Financial Operating Plan
201
17.9 Financial Operating Plan for Asansol Municipal Corporation
202
17.10 Financial Operating Plan for Durgapur Municipal Corporation
203
17.11 Financial Operating Plan for Ranigunj Municipality
204
17.12 Financial Operating Plan for Jamuria Municipality
205
17.13 Financial Operating Plan for Kulti Municipality
206


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Chapter 1 : Introduction to City Development
Plan & Approach

1.1 Background

The Asansol Urban Area comprises of five major urban centers: Asansol,
Durgapur, Raniganj, Kulti, and Jamuria. These centers forms one of West
Bengal's major industrial and urban regions and is a part of Bardhaman
District. The region is spread over an area of 478.31 sq km with a population of
14.99 lacs.

The region has substantial mineral resources, excellent connectivity, skilled
labour force and a dynamic institutional framework. Over the years, considerable
amount of development activity has been taken up by Asansol Durgapur
Development Authority and the various Municipal Corporations/ Municipalities in
the area viz Asansol Municipal Corporation, Durgapur Municipal Corporation,
Raniganj Municipality, Jamuria Municipality and Kulti Municipality. The region has
experienced a high level of economic and population growth and has emerged as
an important urban industrial centre of the country.

The region had a phenomenal decadal growth of over 74% in 2001 over 1991.
Mining and wholesale trade and commerce dominate the economic activity in the
region. The major impetus to the economic growth has been the availability of
cost effective power, raw material, cheap and skilled labour, adequate water
supply as well a strong connectivity with Kolkata. Agriculture has been limited in
the area due to low productivity of agricultural land in the region. Industry has
been growing steadily till 1996, after which there has been a slump in growth.
The region has had a
phenomenal decadal growth
of over 74% in 2001 over
1991.

The major impetus to the
economic growth has been
the availability of cost effective
power, raw material, cheap
and skilled labour, adequate
water supply as well a strong
connectivity with Kolkata.
However with growth in urban population and scaling up of activities, there has
been substantial stress on the available infrastructure. The region has reached a
strategic threshold in terms of concentration of population, education, and job
opportunities that is favourable for future growth. Further development is
contingent on the ability of the region to develop urban infrastructure
correspondingly.


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1.2 Importance of Urban Development, Reforms & the City
Development Plan

It is recognized that Urban Economic Activities is largely dependent on
development of infrastructure, such as power, telecom, transportation, water
supply, sanitation and solid waste management. For the cities to reach its
potential and to develop truly as Growth Centers, a long-term vision, an
assessment of the present status of the region, focused strategies and action
plan needs to be developed. At the same time, Urban Local Bodies needs to be
strengthened in order to make them independent and self-sustaining so that they
are capable of developing and implementing sustainable projects on their own.
ULBs also need to develop systems to ensure that they remain transparent and
accountable.

As centers of economic and social activity, cities provide a unique critical mass of
highly productive skills and opportunities that drive development forward. At the
same time, the exponential growth in population places severe strain on urban
amenities and infrastructure such as housing stock, public transport system,
water supply, rubbish collection (solid waste), sanitation and sewerage systems.
Also, unplanned development leads to creation of slums and clustered
settlements. A large number of its citizen is deprived of the basic urban services.
Urban environment also gets severely affected. .

The Asansol Urban
Region reaffirms its
commitment to develop
and implement strategies
and programs with an aim
to bring about focused
development in
infrastructure and provide
its citizen high quality of
life and universal access
to basic urban amenities.
The Asansol Urban Region reaffirms it commitment to develop and implement
strategies and programs with an aim to bring about focused development in
infrastructure and provide its citizen a high quality of life and universal access to
basic urban amenities. The Region is also committed to implementing a Reform
Package so as to strengthen the Urban Local Bodies and to make them strong,
sustainable and accountable with the objective of ultimately creating
economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities.

As a first step to this end, a City Development Plan (CDP) has been prepared,
which is both a vision document as well as a Perspective Plan. The Plan has
been developed with the assistance of IL&FS Infrastructure Development
Corporation Limited. The CDP focuses on development of the infrastructure and


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builds up strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor,
strengthening of municipal governments, their financial accounting, budgeting
systems and procedures, creation of structures for bringing in accountability and
transparency, and elimination of legal and other bottlenecks that have stifled the
land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to undertake urban sector
reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure.
The Region is an
important growth center
in the State of West
Bengal and the City
recognizes its
importance for achieving
the national objectives
of balanced regional
development
The overall goal of the
CDP is to achieve
Equitable Growth by
addressing issues of
economic growth,
poverty, good
governance and
universal service
delivery through a
consultative process of
strategizing and
visioning leading to
sectoral investment and
reforms

The principles of sustainability are fundamental to this approach and it is
recognized that Assets created out of this Plan needs to be maintained in order
to contribute to its potential.

The objectives of the CDP shall be accomplished by a series of programs and
schemes, which has been identified and included in the Plan.

1.3 Objectives and Overall Goals

The overall goals of the Plan shall form the strategic priorities of the respective
Urban Local Bodies in respect of the future development of the cities and have
been formulated with the ultimate goal of creating ecnomically productive,
efficient, equitable and responsive cities. They shall determine the approach
taken to manage and plan for growth in the medium perspective. The
development of the city needs this focused approach, which has been
incorporated in the vision of Asansol Urban Centre and has evolved through
participative process and a series of interactions with individual stakeholders. It
has taken into account the present status, the strengths and weaknesses of the
region and the aspirations of its people.

The prime strategic goals are

Promote focused, balanced and sustainable economic and infrastructure
development that will enable Asansol Urban Area to fulfill its role as a
focused growth center;

Provide for and build a natural environment that is of quality and that
contributes to providing a good quality of life for residents and visit,


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Provide Basic Services to the Urban Poor through delivery of civic
amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access;

Creating a balance between controlled and induced urban development
and promote land development leading to dispersed urbanisation and
reduction of congestion;

Improving Inter and Intra regional accessibility;

Raise adequate funds for meeting the investment requirements in the
infrastructure sector;

Redefining the image of the Asansol Durgapur Planning area including
Asansol Urban Area;

Ensuring a mechanism for maintenance of assets created so as to
ensure long term project sustainability;

1.4 Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

The overall goals and visions are in turn integrated into strategic aims of what the
Region seeks to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission. These aims also form the
basis for the various identified schemes and programs as well and formulation of
policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.
CDP is a dynamic
document and has been
designed to be
responsive to ever-
changing requirement of
its citizens. To this
extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed
and developed to
ensure that it is in line
with the changing
aspirations of its people.

Strategic aims for each of the sector have been provided in the Plan (CDP). In
order to achieve these aims a series of interventions in the form of schemes and
programme have been identified. These schemes and programs have also been
included under the various section of the plan.

It may be recognized that CDP is a dynamic document and has been
designed to be responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To
this extent, the Plan will be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure
that it is in line with the changing aspirations of its people.


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1.5 Evolvement of CDP through a Consultative Process

In order to develop a shared vision of the area, views of stakeholders consisting
of - Citizens/Beneficiaries, Peoples Representatives, key member of local
industries, Academic & Research Institutions and members of the respective
Urban Local Bodies have been taken. Suggestions, issues, interventions, views,
ideas, proposals etc. emerging from consultation has been provided in the Vision
as well as taken into account while formulating the CDP.

1.6 City Investment Plan (CIP)

Based on the overall vision of the region, sectoral vision and present status, the
CIP identifies specific interventions in the form of projects that can be started for
implementation over the JNNURM period of seven years. These projects
comprise a mix of short, medium and long-term projects. The CIP also include a
block estimate of the said projects and the institutional and financial mechanism
for implementation of the respective projects. The identification of the projects
shall be an ongoing process and shall be in line with aspirations and needs of the
people.

1.7 The CDP Process Adopted by Asansol Urban Area

It is recognized that the City Development Plan should reflect the aspirations of
the people in the region. In view of the same, a consultative process has been
followed for preparing the CDP.
The consultative procedure for preparation of the City Development Plan has
evolved over the following broad activities.
1.7.1 Presentation and Discussions with Government Stakeholders
To discuss the JNNURM Requirements, formulate Process, identify requirements
of data collection and to arrive at a methodology to be followed for the
preparation of the CDP


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1.7.2 Rapid Assessment of the Present Scenario in the Area
Data Collection from Corporation and Municipalities on various sectors and
discussion with the respective Urban Local Bodies to have an in-depth
understanding of the present status and gaps though a series of Intense
interaction with the various levels of each of the Urban Local Bodies
1.7.3 Discussion with Direct Stakeholders
The Workshop was conducted for officials of the Various Corporations &
Municipalities in the Asansol Urban Area, the elected representatives and Direct
Stakeholders presenting them with initial findings from the Rapid Assessment of
the city and the possible solutions. A feedback taken from the various
stakeholders taken.
1.7.4 Consultations with Stakeholders and other members
Consultative discussion with various stakeholders, Industry Representative of
the region, which was conducted by Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
and ADDA for discussing on the Vision and Key Requirements of the region. All
the findings from this consultative discussion was taken into account during the
Preparation of the City Development Plan
1.7.5 Workshop conducted Draft City Development Plan
Overall Vision, Strategies and Action Plan were discussed and evolved
through intense discussion with each of the Urban Local Bodies and
ADDA. The views of various levels of the ULB and other associated
organizations such as PHE, PWD and District Administration, key public
representatives were taken.
Consensus on strategies and actions for each of the focus area, and
after reaching a consensus adopting a vision for each individual sector
and Action Plans formulated.
Findings were further detailed in terms of resources required,
responsibilities and stakeholder involvement, identification of the
Potential Road Blocks and Suggestions to overcome these, practical


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implications, Preliminary Funding Requirements and responsibilities and
also determining the pre-requisite for successfully accomplishing priority
actions.
Consultations were held with the concerned agency to determine the
cost aspect and the feasibility of the projects identified.
1.7.6 Preparation of Draft CDP
All the findings from the consultative discussion process and also the
Rapid Assessment report was taken into account for the preparation of
Draft CDP. Draft City Development Plan was circulated and views of
each of the Urban Local Bodies taken.
1.7.7 Adoption of CDP
The Final City Development Plan prepared after taking into account the
various views was adopted by each of the Local Bodies.


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Chapter 2 : Introduction to the Region

2.1 Asansol Urban Area

The Asansol Urban Area comprises of five major centers: Asansol, Durgapur,
Raniganj, Kulti, and Jamuria. These centers forms one of West Bengal's major
industrial and urban regions and forms a part of Bardhawan District. The region
also forms a part of the Asansol Development Planning Area (APDA)

Fig: 2.1: Map showing the Asansol Urban Area

2.2 Population

The Asansol Urban Area has a population of 15,21,704 people as per Census
2001, comprising of 60% of the population of the APDA Region. Durgapur and
Asansol has the highest population among the region.

Table 2.1 : Break-up of Population

Population
Sl.
No.
Town
Civic
Status
Male Female Total
Growth rate
(1991-2001)
1 Asansol (MC) 250886 224553 475439 81.34%
2 Durgapur (MC) 263721 229684 493405 15.87%
3 Jamuria (M) 68695 60789 129484 -
4 Kulti (M) 152821 137082 289903 167.15%
5 Raniganj (M) 59270 51846 111116 79.235%
Total 1499347

Source : W.B. Census 2001


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2.3 Location

Asansol urban area is a part of ADPA, which extends 87
o
10' E to 87
o
20' E
longitude and 23
o
88' N to 23
o
36' N latitude. The area is bounded on the north by
the P.S. Faridpur, on the east by the P.S. Kanksa, on the south by the river
Damodar, and on the west by the P.S. Andal.

Fig 2.2 : Location Profile of APDA Area

86
0
48 E
87
0
33 E
23
0
23 N
23
0
53 N
81 Kms
27 Kms
The maximum length from east to west is around 81 kms, while the maximum
breadth from north to south is about 27 kms.

2.4 Climate of the Region

This area experiences a climate, which is transitional between CWg3 and AW1
types ( C = Warm temperature rainy climates with mild winter, W = Dry winter
and less rain, g3 = Eastern Ganges type of temperature trend and AW1 =
Indicates tropical climate).

The Range of temperature and rainfall is as below:

Maximum Temperature during summer: 44 Degree Centigrade
Minimum Temperature during the winter: 5 Degree Centigrade.
Average Rainfall in the area: 1408mm.


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Fig 2.3 : Rainfall in the Asansol Urban Region

Jamuria
Raniganj
Durgapur
Kulti Asansol
Source : bardhaman.nic.in

Table 2.2 : Rainfall Profile of Asansol Urban Region

Area Profile
Asansol
Region:
.
Asansol region receives medium and high rainfall.
Western part of Asansol receives heavy rainfall whereas
the eastern part receives Medium rainfall.
Durgapur
Region:
Durgapur region receives medium and low rainfall.
Western part of Durgapur receives medium rainfall
whereas Eastern part receives
Low rainfall.
Raniganj
Region
The whole of Raniganj part receives medium rainfall with
only a small Chunk portion of southwest part receiving
heavy rainfall.
Jamuria
Region:
Entire region receives medium rainfall.
Kulti Region:
Majority part of this region receives heavy rainfall except
the western Region that receives medium rainfall.

2.5 Soil Profile of the Region

Bardhawan region is blessed with various types of soils like Red and Yellow
Ultisols, Lateritic Ultisols, Alfisols Older Alluvium, Entisols Younger Alluvium. The
entire Western region has Red and Yellow Ultisols soil whereas Entisols Younger
Alluvium Soil is found in the entire eastern region. Central region is blessed with
a mixture of Lateritic Ultisols soil and Alfisols Older Alluvium soil. The Asansol
Urban Area has only Red and Yellow Ultisols soil.


19
Fig 2.4 : Soil Profile of Asansol Area

Source : Bardhaman.nic.in

2.6 Resource Base & Industries

A resource rich region offering comparative advantage for industrial investments
surrounds the Asansol Urban area. The region has a rich mineral base and has
access to highly competitive power.

The traditional industrial base of the region is chiefly supported by coal, iron and
steel and has undergone a rapid diversification and new industrial ventures,
which include heavy engineering, fertilizers and coal-based chemicals. The most
industrialized zone of the district comprises areas under Asansol Subdivision and
Durgapur Subdivision with Durgapur being the most important industrial centre in
the areas.

The principal industries beside Durgapur Steel Plant and Durgapur Project are
producers of cement making machinery, boilers, pressure vessels, etc. Alloy
Steel Plant produces a variety of alloy steels, Durgapur Chemicals Limited
produces basic organic and inorganic heavy chemicals, Durgapur Thermal
Power Station, Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation produces coal mining, bulk
handling equipments and other heavy machinery.


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The industry has been rapidly growing till 1996. However, there has been a
slump thereafter. Recently several sponge iron factories and also have come up
in the area. Asansol is also a major center for Trade & Commerce.

2.7 Institutional Responsibility

The Asansol Durgapur Development Authority, (ADDA), is the nodal agency for
the development of the area. It was set up in 1980, under the provision of The
West Bengal Town and Country (Planning & Development) Act 1979.

There are two Municipal Corporations {Asansol, Durgapur} and three
Municipalities {Raniganj, Kulti & Jamuria} in the area.

There has been significant Public Private Partnership in the Housing Sector.
These include Bengal Ambuja, Shristi etc. Several Industrial Parks are being set
up for Private Sector Participation.

There have been few PPP projects in other areas of infrastructure. However, the
Region is now well placed to attract PPP Projects for its future plans.

The Institutional Framework for selected areas of infrastructure are as follows :

Infrastructure Planning and Design Construction
Operation
and maintenance
Water supply

PHE/MC/M/ADDA/
HC
PHE/MC/M/ADDA/
HC
PHE/MC/M/ADDA/
HC
Sewerage

HC HC HC
Drainage

MC/M MC/M MC/M
Storm water
drainage
MC/M MC/M MC/M
Solid waste disposal NIL NIL NIL
Municipal roads
(Including flyover)
MC/M/PWD MC/M/PWD MC/M/PWD
Street lighting MC/M MC/M
MC/M

Municipal Corporation (MC)/ Municipalities (M)/ Public Health
/Engineering (PHE)/ Urban Local Body (ULB)/ Public Works Department
(PWD)/ Housing Colony (HC).


21

M
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:

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22

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&

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s


23
2.9 Organizational Structure

The Asansol Urban Area comprises of two Municipal Corporation and three
Municipalities as illustrated below:


24
Asansol Durgapur Development Authority is a statutory body under the West
Bengal Town and Country (Planning and Development) Act, 1979, and derives
its power and functions from the section 13( 1) (ii) of the said act.

The important functions are:

To prepare a present Land Use Map
To prepare and enforce an Outline Development Plan
To prescribe use of land within its area
To prepare and execute development schemes
To co-ordinate development activities of all departments and agencies of
the
State Government or local authorities operating within the Planning Area
To carry out such works as are contemplated in the Development Plans
To acquire, hold and manage such property, both movable and
immovable, as the Development Authority may deem necessary for the
purposes of any of its activities and to lease, sell or otherwise transfer
any property held by it
To purchase by agreement or to take on lease or under any form of
tenancy, any land and to erect thereon such buildings and to carry out
such operations as may be necessary for the purposes of carrying on its
undertakings
To enter into or perform such contracts as may by necessary for the
performance of its duties and for exercise of its powers under this Act
To provide facilities for the consignment, storage and delivery of goods
To perform any other function which is supplemental, incidental or
consequential to any of the functions aforesaid or which may be
prescribed

The Board of Asansol Durgapur Development Authority has broad
representation of the key stakeholders in the region.

The Chairman of the Board is Sri Bansagopal Choudhury, and there are other 12
members at present including Sabhadhipati of Burdwan Zilla Parishad, Mayor of
Asansol Municipal Corporation, Mayor of Durgapur Municipal lCorporation,


25
Representative of Urban Development Department (Town and Country Planning
Branch) Government of West Bengal, Representative of Finance Department -
Government of West Bengal, District Magistrate of Burdwan, one Member of
Parliament, Chairman cum Managing Director of Eastern Coal Fields Limited,
Managing Director of Durgapur Steel Plant, Managing Director of Durgapur
Projects limited and Chief Executive Officer of ADDA.

In order to ensure that the City Development Plan reflects the requirements and
aspiration of the entire region, ADDA has taken a lead role in coordinating the
activities towards preparation of the City Development Plan.


26
Chapter 3 : Demography

3.1 Overall Population & Growth Rate

The Asansol Urban Area has been experiencing high growth in population and
the region now has a population of 14,99,347 out of the total population of
Asansol Durgapur Planning Area of 25,52,781 (2001 census) thus accounting for
nearly 60% of the population. The major concentration is in the urban centers of
Asansol and Durgapur, along with Raniganj, Kulti and Jamuria.

All the cities have experienced high population growth and are also expected to
continue to experience such growth.

Table 3.1 : Total Population
Population
Sl.
No.
Town
Civic
Status
Male Female Total
Growth rate
(1991-2001)

1
Asansol (MC) 250886 224553 475439 81.34%

2
Durgapur (MC) 263721 229684 493405 15.87%

3
Jamuria (M) 68695 60789 129484 **

4
Kulti (M) 152821 137082 289903 167.15%

5
Raniganj (M) 59270 51846 111116 79.23%
Total

795393 703954 1499347 74.6%
Source : Census 2001

* * - New census town/ OG/ UA subsequent to 1991. 1991 figures are not recast and included in the
concerned CD Block/ Town.


27
Fig 3.1 : Population and Growth Rate
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
A
s
a
n
s
o
l
D
u
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Cities
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a
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2
0
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80.00
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120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
%

g
r
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h

r
a
t
e

(
1
9
9
1
-
2
0
0
1
)
Population
Growth rate
(1991 2001)


The growth in population in Kulti, Asansol and Raniganj is very high. Kulti and
Asansol have reported phenomenal growth over the last decade. In addition to
natural population growth, migration has also contributed to the growth. The
growth has been in spite of the industrial slump in the region.

3.2 Decadal Growth Rate

Fig 3.2 : Decadal Population Growth Rate Bardhaman Area
0
.
3
7
-
0
.
1
38
.
6
0
-
6
.
4
6
-
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G
r
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h
1901-1911 1911-1921 1921-1931 1931-1941 1941-1951 1951-1961 1961-1971 1971-1981 1981-1991 1991-2001
TOTAL RURAL URBAN

Source : Statistical Handbook Census 2001


28
The decadal population growth of the Asansol Urban Region is a phenomenal
74.63%, which is substantially higher than that of the National and West Bengal
decadal growth of 22.66% and 17.77% respectively. Even the Decadal Growth of
the Bardhaman District is only 13.96 % on total and growth of the Bardhaman
Urban region stands only as 19.97 %.

Table 3.2 : Decadal Growth

Decadal Growth in the Asansol Urban Region
Area 1991 2001 Growth%
Kulti 108518 289903 167
Asansol 262188 475439 81
Raniganj 61997 111116 79
Jamuria 0 129484 **
Durgapur 425836 493405 16
Total 858539 1499347 75
* - New census town/ OG/ UA subsequent to 1991. 1991 figures are not recast and included in the
concerned CD Block/ Town.

While there has been a phenomenal growth in population, infrastructure
growth has completely lagged behind.

3.3 Population Density

Fig: 3.3 : The Population Density
1
6
1
6
.
2
5
1
0
8
9
.
8
7
2
0
5
0
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0
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0
9
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
3500.00
4000.00
4500.00
5000.00
J
A
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Town/Bardhaman (Total, Rural & Urban)
P
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s
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n

p
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q

k
m
Density 1991 Density 2001


29
The Asansol Urban area has high population density. Raniganj and Asansol have
the highest density in the region of 4740 and 3718 compared to the APDA
average of 1600.
Table 3.3 : Population Densities
Region Density 2001 (Persons per km2)
India 324
West Bengal 904
Burdwan District 3183
Durgapur 3200
Asansol 3718
Kulti 2912
Jamuria 1768
Ranigunj 4740
Kolkata Metropolitian Area 7950

However compared to the urban population density of India & west Bengal, the
population density of these cities might not seem to be too high. But these cities
are becoming more and more congested and there is inequitable growth, which
has resulted in severe congestion in some part of the city. In addition to this, the
tremendous growth in urbanization in the area is a matter of great concern, Thus
a decongestion programme backed by a systematic development in the basic
infrastructure is the need of the day.

3.4 Population Projections

The Asansol Urban region has been experiencing a steady growth in population
due to a mix of factor in including annexation, natural growth and migration.

Table 3.4 : Population Trends for Asansol Urban Area
Year Kulti Asansol Raniganj Jamuria Durgapur Total
1991 108518 262188 61997 0 425836 858539
2001 289903 475439 111116 129484 493405 1499347
2011 330958 546029 170247 164268 700794 1912295
2021 393426 690538 244980 212047 932355 2473346
2025 421598 758537 268523 235105 1045148 2728910


30
Fig 3.5 : Population trend and Projections
858539
1499347
1912296
2728910
2473346
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1991 2001 2011 2021 2025
kulti
Asansol
Raniganj
Jamuria
Durgapur
TOTAL


The populations of individual townships have been plotted from the previous
census available till 2001 and then the trend has been formulated on an
exponential series to forecast the future projections. Based on the above, the
total population of the Asansol Area is expected to reach a total of 27 lacs by
Year 2025.


31
3.5 Migration

One of factors accounting for growth in population has been migration from other
areas to the Urban Area.
Fig 3.6 : Migrants Residing in the Area
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1947-50 1951-57 1958-66 1967-72 1973-80 1981-90 1991-99 NR
Durgapur Asansol Kulti Raniganj Jamuria

Source : Statistical Handbook, Census 2001

There has been a huge influx of migration between 1973 to 1970 due to boom in
industrial and mining activities. The migration substantially reduced thereafter
with the gradual slowing of industrial activities and mining. As of now around 15%
of the population are migrants, which is still higher than the neighboring areas of
West Bengal.
Table 3.5 : Percentage of Migrant Population In Different Administrative Units over the Time
Period (1947-1999)
Percentage Of Migrant Population In Different Administrative Units over the Time Period (1947-
1999)
Area Sample Size 1947-50 1951-57 1957-66 1967-72 1973-80 1981-90 1991-99 NR
Durgapur 1830 0.9 0.7 13 14.6 28.5 21.8 17 3.4
Asansol 1102 3 4.3 15 14.5 20.3 24.6 12.9 6.1
Kulti 872 2 3.6 11 9.9 27.2 31.9 12.2 2
Raniganj 704 3.4 2 10.1 12.6 26.1 29.8 12.7 3.1
Jamuria 164 0.6 1.1 5.5 13.6 25.5 33.6 11.9 7
NMU 1836 0.9 1.7 9.3 13.8 27.8 27.8 12.7 6
Rural Area 1029 2.6 2.3 5.9 12.5 23.9 29.7 11.2 5.9
ADPA 7276 1.5 2 11.9 13.8 26 26.6 14.2 4.8
Source : Socio Economic Report of ADPA 1999-2000


32
Fig 3.7 : Reasons for Immigration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of Total
Migration
Cities
Search of Employment Take up gainfull occupation
Education Stay with spouse /guardian
Others

Source : Statistical Handbook, Census 2001

The major reason for migration is because of people from the other areas
migrating to join the workers who have entered into the region. In fact,
employment is the important (pull) factor bringing about migration to this area,
which accounted for an overwhelming majority of migrants. Many of them came
to stay with spouse/guardian those migrants who came to ADPA for
employment.

3.6 Urbanization

Fig 3.8 : Rural-Urban Population-Bardhaman
561078
891990
1421169
2122992
2572423
1941 1931 1921 1951 1961 2001 1991 1971 1981
323941
134638 95741 223154
1
4
4
1
0
6
1
1
6
6
7
5
7
8
1
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2
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6
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43
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1
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3
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1000000
2000000
3000000
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5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
P
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1901 1911 Urban (No.) - - Rural (No.) - -


33

M
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D
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Asansol Urban Area: City Development Plan

34
Fig 3.9 : Share of Rural and Urban Population Trend-Bardhaman

9
3
.
3
3
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1
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4
6
8
8
.
2
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-0.0526x
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= 0.9622
0
20
40
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80
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1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
P
e
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o
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T
o
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P
o
p
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a
t
i
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n
P.C of rural population to total population
P.C of urban population to total population
Expon. (P.C of urban population to total population)
Expon. (P.C of rural population to total population)

It maybe observed from the above that the region is moving towards urbanisation
and there is currently a significant shift in the profile of the State.
Table 3.5 : Percentage of Urban Population
Area Total Population Urban Population Percentage
Jamuria (M) 129484 129484 100
Kulti (M) 289903 289903 100
Asansol (MC) 475439 475439 100
Raniganj (M) 111116 111116 100
Durgapur (MC) 493405 493405 100
Salanpur (CD Block) 156320 71972 45
Barabani (CD Block) 110393 18701 17
Ondal (CD Block) 168853 127430 76
Kanska (CD Block) 151276 30796 20
Jamuria (CD Block) 112893 28668 25
Raniganj (CD Block) 101626 77257 76
Durgapur Faridpur 105532 16611 16
Pandabeswar 146541 108830 74
Total ADPA 2552781 1979612 78
As mentioned earlier the Asansol Urban Area itself account for 60% of the
population. In the event, the other smaller urban centers such as Ondal and
Kandska are accounted for than the urban population would constitute as much
as 77% of the population.


35
3.7 Age Mix and Sex Ratio

Fig 3.10 : Age Mix Of The Residents
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 44 45 to 59 60 to 64 65 +

The above graph reveals that 6 percentage of total population are under 5 years
of age, which includes infants and pre-school children, 20 percent are school
going children (5-14 years), 68 percent are in working ages (15-59 years) and the
remaining about 6 percent belongs to old ages i.e. 60 years of age and above.
The average age in the region is thus fairly young.

Fig 3.11 : Sex Ratio
0
8
4
5
8
3
2
8
4
1
8
2
58
9
9
9
3
3
8
3
8
8
8
5
8
9
7
8
9
5
8
7
5
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1
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2
2
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4
2
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8
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
J
A
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A
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N
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J
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A
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(
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(
r
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(
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o
f

f
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a
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p
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1
0
0
0

m
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n
1991 2001


36
Fig 3.12 : Population Growth

475439
493405
129484
111116
289903
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
Asansol Durgapur Jamuria Kulti Raniganj
M
a
l
e
s

&

F
e
m
a
l
e
s
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
T
o
t
a
l

P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Male Female Total

The average of the region works out to be 933, which compares poorly with the
National and State Average of 933 and 934. The reason for the adverse ratio
may be partially due to the fact that the region has significant migrant workers
who come for work alone.

3.8 Literacy rate

Fig 3.13 represents a comparative picture of general educational standard of
people in different municipalities. The percentage of persons who did not
complete primary school was found to be highest (40) in Raniganj followed by
Jamuria, Kulti, Asansol and Durgapur. The percentage of graduates was highest
(15) for AMC, followed by DMC (13). In case of other divisions it was less than 10
percent.
Fig 3.13 : Literacy Profile
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DMC AMC Kulti Ranigunj Jamuria
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Illiterate literate below primary Primary Middle scho
Secondary Graduate Post graduate N.R.

Source: Statistical Handbook Census 2001


37

3.9 Workforce Variance

Table 3.6 : % of Working Population
Cities Total Population Working Population
% Of the total
population
Working
Kulti 289903 78158 27
Asansol 475439 134225 28
Raniganj 111116 28279 25
Jamuria 129484 36953 29
Durgapur 493405 153701 31
Total 1499347 431316 29
Source: www.bardhaman.nic.in

Moreover Fig 3.13 shows the percentage change of working population of
different divisions on the basis of sex for two census years 1991 and 2001. The
chart shows that the total working population increased for all divisions from the
year 1991 to 2001. The increase in the female working population was significant
compared to increase in male working population for all divisions in that period.

Fig 3.13 : Percent of Total Workers Population as per Year and Category

0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
*
J
A
M
U
R
I
A

K
U
L
T
I

A
S
A
N
S
O
L

R
A
N
I
G
A
N
J
D
U
R
G
A
P
U
R

City
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Total (1991)
Male (1991)
Female (1991)
Total (2001)
Male (2001)
Female(2001)

Source: Statistical Handbook Census 2001


38

3.10 Income Variance

Distribution Of Households By Monthly Household Income Separately for
Different Areas Of Residence in the Planning Area is as follows

Table 3.7 : Percent of Household Residing In The Respective Town
Monthly Income Class Durgapur Asansol Kulti Raniganj Jamuria
<=499 2 1 0 1 3
500-900 1 2 1 1 5
1000-1999 10 10 10 15 20
2000-2999 14 10 10 19 17
3000-4999 26 21 28 30 31
5000-7499 32 35 36 21 16
7500-9999 8 12 8 4 6
10000+ 7 9 7 9 2
100 100 100 100 100


39
Chapter 4 : Economic Base

4.1 Background

The Asansol Urban Area is one of West Bengal's major industrial and urban
regions. The two major cities in terms of economic development are Asansol and
Durgapur. The region forms a part of Bardhaman district.

Mining and wholesale trade and commerce dominate the economic activity in the
region. The major impetus to the economic growth has been the availability of
cost effective power, raw material, cheap and skilled labour, adequate water
supply as well a strong connectivity with Kolkata. Agriculture has been limited in
the area due to low productivity of agricultural land in the region. The Industry
has been growing steadily till 1996, after which there has been a slump in the
growth.

4.2 Industry

A resource rich region offering comparative advantage for industrial investments
surrounds the Asansol Durgapur.

The traditional industrial base of the region is chiefly supported by coal, iron and
steel and has undergone a rapid diversification and new industrial ventures,
which include heavy engineering, fertilizers and coal-based chemicals. The
most industrialized zone of the district comprises areas under Asansol
Subdivision and Durgapur Subdivision with Durgapur being the most important
industrial centre in the areas. The industrial sector has showed a very high rate
of growth uptill 1996. Between 1955 and 1965 a series of large and medium
industries came into existence in Durgapur. A number of small industries also
grew up to service these bigger industries and small industries. The principal
industries beside Durgapur Steel Plant and Durgapur Project are production of
cement making machinery, boilers, pressure vessels, etc. Alloy Steel Plant
produces a variety of alloy steels, Durgapur Chemicals Limited produces basic
organic and inorganic heavy chemicals, Durgapur Thermal Power Station,
Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation produces coal mining, bulk handling


40
equipments and other heavy machinery. However, post 1996, there has been
substantial slump in the industrial growth in the region.

The slump in the area has been due to varied reason such as obsolescence, low
induction of technology and heavy pollution in the area. The closure of IISCO has
hit the industrial activity in the area severely. IISCO in Burnpur is expecting a
recovery with its merger with IISCO. There have been substantial investments
near Raniganj and Jamuria Region. However, Environmental Pollution has been a
matter of concern to the area.

The city recognizes that there is a need to develop the industrial investment in the
area. In view of the pressures on the infrastructure and environment, it is
necessary to shift from large industries to medium and small size industries. It is
also recognized that greater emphasis and encouragement has to be given to low
polluting industries. One of the areas that need to be focused projects in the IT
Sector. It is also recognized that industrial investment strategy largely depends on
creation of adequate infrastructure.

4.3 Mining

Raniganj Coalfield is the birthplace of coal mining in the country. Area of Raniganj
Coalfield is 1530 Sq. Kms spreading over Burdwan, Birbhum, Bankura and
Purulia Districts in West Bengal and Dhanbad District in Jharkhand. Heart of
Raniganj Coalfield is, however, in Burdwan District bounded by Ajoy River in
North and Damodar River in South. Kasta Coalfied is located on the North of Ajoy
while Mejia and Parbelia are on South of Damodar River.

At present E.C.L. has 107 operating mines out of which 89 are underground
mines and remaining 18 are opencast mines. Total Coal Reserve upto 600 m
depth is 23 billion tonnes in West Bengal. Out of this, proven extractable reserve
is 6 billion tonnes in West Bengal.(source Bardhaman.nic.in).

Raniganj Coalfield of E.C.L. has special characteristic containing the best type of
non-coking coal reserves in the country. All the heat intensive industries like
Glass, Ceramic, Refractories, Forging etc. are exclusively dependent on


41
Raniganj Coal. Other industries also prefer Raniganj Coal. The entire Export of
Coal from the country is being done from Raniganj Coalfield. Raniganj coalfield
also contains large reserves of iron ore occurring chiefly as nodules. Good
quality fire clay occurs in the Barakar stage of the Raniganj coalfield. Besides,
the fire clays, various other types of useful clays occur at several places in the
Raniganj coalfield belt, of which, the pottery clays of the Ronei and the light
coloured brick clays of Durgapur deserved special mention.

Raniganj coalfield also contains large reserves of iron ore. Good quality fire clay
occurs in the Barakar stage of the Raniganj coalfield. The fire clays, various other
types of useful clays occur at several places in the Raniganj coalfield belt, of
which, the pottery clays of the Ronei and the light coloured brick clays of
Durgapur deserved special mention.

Beside this the important minerals found in the district are, calcium carbonate,
Manganese, Bauxite and laterite etc.

4.4 Trade & Commerce

The Asansol Urban Area continues to be a major centre for Trade and
Commerce. Unlike the slump experienced in Industry, there has been a
consistent growth in trade and commerce. The retail and commerce has
consistently flourished. The region covers a vast hinterland covering the districts
of Barddhaman, Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia, Dhanbad and Barakar.

The retail activity has been concentrated in the Centre of G.T. Road. The growth
has been largely unplanned and keeping in mind its potential and the strain on
the infrastructure, this sector warrants substantial attention. The City is taking up
a plan to develop markets in alternate site backed with modern logistic centers
and having adequate warehousing facilities, truck terminals, marketing centers
and other facilities. The City is committed to provide attractive infrastructure to
this sector.


42
4.5 Agriculture
Bardhaman is the only district in the state of West Bengal that is fortunate both in
industry and agriculture. On an average about 58 percent of the total population
belongs to the agricultural population while the non-agricultural sector accounts
for the remaining 42 percent. The following table shows the classification of land
utilization statistics.
Table 4.1 : Classification of Land Utilization Statistics ('000 hectares)
Total area
according to
DLR, WB
Forest according
to
state forest deptt.

Current
Fallow

Fallow land other
than current
Fallow
Net cropped
area

699.1 22.2 11 1.9 469.8
Source : bardhaman.nic.in/agri/agriculture.htm
Rice is the most important crop of the district and in the alluvial plains to the east
little else is grown. The rice grown with its numerous varieties can broadly
grouped under the three primary classes distinguished from one another by
distinct characteristics and there are: The Aus or autumn, the Aman or winter and
the Boro or the summer rice. Paddy covers maximum of the gross cropped area.
Among commercial crops Jute, Mesta and Sugarcane, potato, oil seeds are
cultivated in marginal area.
Table 4.2 Area & production of major crops in the Durgapur Asansol subdivision
Area in hectare Production in Mt per hectare
Sl. No. Crop
91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96
1 Aus 890 800 910 1030 900 3.76 3.36 3.14 3.15 3.4
2 Aman 40095 40750 40900 40300 40750 4.21 4.06 4.04 4.29 4.3
3
Rapeseed&
Mustard
3070 2790 3145 32152 660 1.1 1.03 1.08 1.42 1.15
4 Wheat 405 435 510 500 790 3.68 2.74 3.11 3.18 3.31
5 Vegetable 2325 2185 1910 2085 2350 2.93 8.96 1.78 7.12 7.16
6 Kharrif Pulse 95 87 106 110 81 0.09 0.65 0.27 0.5 0.12
7 Sugarcane 64 47 80 60 58 6.48 6.5 6.48 6.48 6.51
8 Potatoes 437 435 505 481 465 21.3 19.51 20.18 20.53 20.56
9 Summer TO 320 160 263 270 268 0.31 0.31 0.69 0.5 0.71
10 Mesta 140 120 125 115 155 1.43 0.8 3.53 3.81 3.92
11 Rabi Pulse 172 178 204 325 143 0.58 0.62 1.11 1.22 1.24
12
Summer
Paddy
11935 11935 15520 12680 17843 4.6 4.86 4.62 4.8 4.95
13 Onion 70 98 130 150 175 8.4 8.49 8.39 8.45 8.62
14 Jute 20 20 15 20 15 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
15 Unseed 8 11 12 16 17 0.51 0.55 0.53 0.56 0.58
16 Chilly (green) 28 22 29 39 45 1.7 3.54 3.47 3.5 3.68
17 Aratw 50 48 76 65 70 0.7 0.58 0.8 0.86 0.87


43

4.6 Pisciculture and Animal Husbandry

The fish production in this region is not significant. Demand for consumption of
fish has to be met from importing them from out side the region. The block wise
distribution of fish production is indicated in Table 4.3 along with the yield. Yield
is lowest in Salanpur block and highest in Jamuria block however it is much
less than the desirable yield of 2400 kg/ha. Large areas of grassland existing in
ADPA make it conducive for grazing - yet existing status of animal husbandry is
not encouraging.

Table 4.3 : Block of Distribution of Fish Production and Yield
Block
Area under Pisciculture
(sq. km.)
Output (MT)

Yield Kg/ha

Salanpur 2.53 399 1577
Barabani 5.08 914 1799
Jamuria 4.22 898 2123
Ranigunj 2.42 484 2000
Andal 3.5 630 1800
Pandabeswar 2.8 504 1800
fFridpur 8.48 1292 2000
Kanksa 4.94 988 2000
Source: District Statistical Handbook 2003, Burdwan.

The milk and meat production in the area is not sufficient requiring the area to
import of milk and poultry from neighboring region.

4.7 Other Industries

Iron Utensils are made throughout the district. Brass and bell-metal utensils are
manufactured at various places in the district. This industry, which once
employed quite a large number of artisans, has declined. Other old time
industries which are still found in the district, include cutlery, cart-making, clay
image making, dairy, gold and silver smithy, lime making, mat-making, pottery,
sweetmeats, tile making, leather work, carpentry, blacksmithy, oil crushing,
crushing, cane and bamboo products, gur making; wood and stone carving, etc.


44

4.8 Banking

There has been substantial growth in Banking in Asansol, Durgapur and
Raniganj, with presence of several nationalized and private Banks. The present
status on the accessibility of banking services for the households are given in
Fig: 4.1

Fig 4.1 : Accessibility to Banking Institutions
1,380,873
862,458
518,415
590,876
286,019
304,857
12,672
29,158
54,837
11,125
71,961
110,283
22,459
89,015
51,466
24,229
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
B
a
r
d
d
h
a
m
a
n
(
T
o
t
a
l
)
B
a
r
d
d
h
a
m
a
n
(
R
u
r
a
l
)
B
a
r
d
d
h
a
m
a
n
(
U
r
b
a
n
)
J
a
m
u
r
i
a
K
u
l
t
i
A
s
a
n
s
o
l
R
a
n
i
g
a
n
j
D
u
r
g
a
p
u
r
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
HH
HH availing banking
service
Source: Census 2001

4.9 Workforce Breakup

The people in the area are heavily dependent on industry. Over 78 percent of the
total population in ADPA resides in urban areas. The growing urban population
indicates tendency to move away from rural areas.

The percentage of workers to total population ranges from 45% to 49%.


45

Fig 4.2 : Percent of Total Workers /Population as per Category
Percent of Total Workers Population as per Year and
Category
27.31 26.96
28.23
29.74
31.15
45.33 45.50
46.87
49.59 49.31
6.94
6.29
7.41 7.05
10.30
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
*JAMURIA KULTI ASANSOL RANIGANJ DURGAPUR
City
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Total (2001) Male (2001) Female(2001)

Fig 4.3 : Percentage of Main Working Population as per Year and Category
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
*JAMURIA KULTI ASANSOL RANIGANJ DURGAPUR
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Total (91) Male(91) Female(91) Total(2001) Male(2001) Female(2001)


46

4.10 Economic Welfare

It is recognized that the success of a region is in the economic welfare of its
citizen. . Average household income and expenditure in the Asansol Durgapur
Planning Area is Rs. 4722 and Rs. 2808 respectively, with MPC (Marginal
Propensity to Consume) equal to 0.6. Block wise distribution of average
Household income and expenditure pattern indicates that AMC has the highest
average household income and expenditure followed Kulti, Raniganj and
Durgapur. Jamuria has the lowest average household income and expenditure.
The Marginal Propensity to Consume in Jamuria block is 0.7 highest in the
ADPA.

To appraise the state of human development, indicators pertaining to dimensions
of well-being are plotted in the form of Development Radars. These dimensions
of well being are related to:

Command over resources the ability to enjoy a decent standard of
living and Having a socially meaningful life;
Education the ability to read write and acquire knowledge;
Longevity to live a long and healthy life;

The indicators chosen are per capita expenditure, calorie intake, water supply,
sanitation, pucca house, literacy rate, formal education and morbidity rate.

Based on identified indicators, the region has worked out the well being in
various factors. The indicators chosen are per capita expenditure, calorie
intake, water supply, sanitation, pucca house, literacy rate, formal education and
morbidity rate.


47
Lacking in Health Sector

Fig 4.4 : ASANSOL MUNICPAL COPORATION

Source : IIT Report 2006

Fig 4.5 : JAMURIA MUNICIPALITY

Urgent attention is required in this
area is necessary particularly in
Health



48
Durgapur, apart from being an
industrial hub, has also grown as
an educational centre, which is
reflected in the radar. But
perhaps the polluting industries
has made a mark on the health
conditions of the area

Fig 4.6 : KULTI MUNICIPALITY

Kulti in that respect has a
skewed development, lagging
in calorie intake and has low
Literacy rate.


Fig 4.7 : DURGAPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Source : IIT Report


49

Fig 4.8 : RANIGANJ MUNICIPALITY

Low in health and calorie intake

Source : IIT Report

A brief look at the development radars indicates that existing level of human
development in Jamuria is worst in ADPA Durgapur being the best. Asansol
has to improve upon its morbidity rate as well the pucca housing stock. In
Raniganj, the literacy rate is low, access to water supply is poor and average
calorie intake is low. Despite of having high average household income as well
as expenditure, excessive skewness in the income and expenditure distribution
has led to this situation.


50
Chapter 5 : Environment

5.1 Preamble
The Asansol Urban Area has been experiencing rapid urbanisation and
congestion. One of the major problems faced by the area is in the field of
Pollution. The industry profile of the area, the congestion and limited enforcement
has resulted in severe pollution. The Local Bodies realize this problem and are
actively considering steps to control the pollution in the area.
5.2 Background
Rapid urbanization can create enormous stresses on the natural environment.
These stresses extend far beyond the land that urban areas actually occupy to
affect the land that provides the resources to sustain urban life. Urban areas
claim the ecological output and life-support functions of both nearby areas and
distant regions. The growing rate of population in the townships of the Planning
area is a well example of effect of urbanization. Environmental impact of urban
areas is often invisible to urban residents themselves because the ecosystems
that support them may be far away. As urban areas expand, so does their
environmental impact.
Another reason that environment is under pressure from urban growth is that the
number of households has grown even faster than the population itself, reflecting
a trend to smaller families and thus a decline in the average number of people
per household. More households naturally require more housing units, which
increases the amount of land and materials needed for housing construction.
5.3 Urban Expansion & The Environmental Consequences
Industrial development often takes place without concern for the environment or
the living conditions of urban residents. The ULBs often tend to waive the few
regulatory controls that exist in order to promote industrial growth. The absence
of regulatory controls has contributed to tragic industrial accidents.


51
Economic growth, while on one hand provides jobs and improves living
standards for some, on the other hand often leaves others worse off and
contributes to urban environmental problems. As economic growth increases, so
does the amount of waste generated per person. In these areas the waste is
dumped in open sites, including wetlands, that are not able to contain seepage
into local waters, or it is incinerated without proper air pollution controls.
With the growing population density in these urban belt and steep growth in the
population trend the ULBs are surely to face major challenges in maintaining the
ecological balance and sustaining the development processes at the same time.
The effect of this massive congestion has some distinct effects.
Public Health : The quality of public life is as it is not up to the
desired standards and with this explosive growth situations can only
become worse. Unclean water, along with poor sanitation, air
pollution, heavy metals and other contaminants will cause
widespread health problems, which would not be within the
controlled limits.
Food supply : The population has been growing faster than food
supplies. Population pressures have degraded some considerable
hectares of arable land in these areas.
Freshwater : The supply of freshwater is an existing problem for this
planning area, which will only deteriorate with the population growth
if some considerable planned reforms are not implemented.
Biodiversity :The earth's biological diversity is crucial to the
continued vitality of agriculture and medicine -- and perhaps even to
life on earth itself. Yet human activities are pushing many thousands
of plant and animal species into extinction. Two of every three
species is estimated to be in decline.
Global climate change : The earth's surface is warming due to
greenhouse gas emissions, largely from burning fossil fuels. If the
global temperature rises as projected, sea levels would rise by
several meters, causing widespread flooding. Global warming could
also cause droughts and disrupt agriculture.


52
5.4.1 Surface Water

The Damodar River receives industrial pollutants through two storm water drains-
NUNIA NALAH in the Asansol region and TAMLA NALAH in the Durgapur region
and also receives pollutants through some drains of different industry, such as
Bengal Paper Mill (Raniganj), Durgapur Steel Plant (Waria), and Iron and Steel
Co.(Burnpur).

The thermal power plants contributes to nearly 21,08,203 m3/day of wastewater
discharge and mine water about 0.2 to 0.5 million m3/day. The chemical
fertilizers applied in Damodar basin during 1983-84 registered a three-fold
increase over 1978-79 and is continuing. Due to the absence of proper sewage
system and treatment plants, the domestic wastes from almost all places find
their way to the Damodar River.

The riveraine stretch in the Asansol-Durgapur area receives discharge from the
three (Santaldih,Dishergarh and Durgapur) thermal power stations. The riveraine
stretch has two major steel plants namely Indian Iron and Steel Company
(IISCO) and Hindustan steels. It has been established that the iron and steel
industry contributes 55% of the particulate matter load while adding 16% to the
total industrial output. So, the effluent discharge from these diverse industries
adds much to the quality of the surface waters of this region.

The quality of river water in Damodar, in a 70 km stretch along the southern
boundary of ADDA is found contaminated with chemicals and heavy metals
including the conventional polluting parameters. In the entire stretch of the river,
heavy metals such as Chromium, Lead and Cadmium have been found
consistently higher than USEPA Aquatic Life Standard by about 5-40 times. It is
reported that the BOD5 level of river water is 2-3 times higher than the Indian
Standards to be maintained for using river water for drinking purposes with
conventional water treatment facilities. The results shows that Damodar river
water quality deteriorates as the river flows from Patratu of Bihar to Durgapur and
in all stretches the water quality is rated as highly polluted.


53
Table 5.1 : Analytical quality control exercise results on the river water quality
Sl No. Location
TSS
ppm
TVS
ppm
DO
ppm
1 Damodar u/s Panchet dam 20 10 5.6
2 Damodar d/s Panchet dam 30 12 7.2
3 Damodar u/s Santaldih power station 160 2822 5.8
4 Damodar u/s Bengal paper Mill 20 1.9 5.2
5 Nunia Nallah 1900 540 5.8
6 Damodar d/s Nunia Nallah 710 114 5.7
7 Damodar d/s Durgapur barrage 35 30 7.2
8 Tamla Nallah 625 226 5.7
Source : Feasibility Report of population Abadement of Damodar River, NEERI, 1994.

Table 5.2 : The number of pollutants exceeding its permissible limits in the
river waters of Damodar around Durgapur barrage
River Stretch
Total
Length
(Km)
Number of pollutants
exceeding USEPA
Standard
Exceedance
Ratio
Durgapur Barrage : u/s 10 7 2.44 Times
Durgapur Barrage : d/s 10 6 2.63 Times
Source : Environmental Management Plan for Asansol-Durgapur Industrial Corridor, Govt of
WB and WBPCB, 1997

5.4.2 Ground Water
A range of groundwater pollution problems can be associated with mining
activities. The nature of the pollution depends on the materials being excavated
and extracted. Both surface and underground mines usually extend below the
water table and often dewatering is required to allow mining to proceed. The
water pumped either directly from the mine or from specially constructed bore
holes, may be highly mineralised and its usual characteristics include low pH
(down to pH 3) and high levels of iron, aluminium and sulphate. Disposal of this
mine drainage effluent to surface water or groundwater can cause serious
impacts on water quality for all uses. Pollution of groundwater can also result
from the leaching of mine tailings and from settling ponds and can, therefore, be
associated with both present and past mining activity.


54
It is observed from the ground water level monitoring in April 2000 of Bardhaman
district, the average depth of water level in alluvium area lies in the depth of 7-9
m below ground level. So, it is clear that the water level was too deep to reach
but still not lowered to an alarming level. In many areas, the ground water quality
is not within the acceptable limits making even well water unfit for drinking.

Table 5.3 : Drinking Water Problems and Percentage of People Affected
Corporation
/ Area
Problem
% Population
Affected
Durgapur Lack of adequate supply of well water 50 %
Durgapur No Supply of Drinking Water 16.70%
Asansol Dependency on Contaminated well water 13.3%
Asansol Lack of adequate supply of water (< 90 Lpcd) 61.14%
Source : Environmental Management plan for Asansol Durgapur Corridor, Govt of WB and WBPCB,

5.4.3 Air Pollution

The Asansol-Durgapur Planning Area is having a major potential threat for air
borne pollution, as it serves a couple of massive industries. It is known that
primarily from industrial process, airborne particulates exerts a significant
influence on atmospheric phenomena, plants, property and human and animal
health.

The direction of the wind most of the time is directed towards the populated area
resulting in the spreading of plumes and pollutants over the city. Hence dusty
and unhealthy environment prevails in the area. The exponential increase in the
number of vehicles and the corresponding vehicular traffic adds much to the air
and noise pollution scenario. The re-suspension of dust and suspended particles
were clearly visible along the roads. Being an industrial city, the heavy trucks
add much to the maximum vehicular pollution. It is felt that many of the
commercial and hiring vehicles may be using adulterated fuel which increases
the severity of pollution. At high concentrations, suspended particulate matter
poses health hazards to humans, particularly those susceptible to respiratory
illness.


55
The Asansol-Durgapur area has been declared by the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) as one of the 22 critically polluted areas of the country. This
situation is aroused out of the widespread industrialization of the area without
adequate environmental considerations.

The pollutant concentrations in ambient air would be affected by various
meteorological factors such as wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, temperature
and relative humidity. Winter season is critical for air pollution level because of
the formation of temperature inversion. The climate of Durgapur and Asansol
area is humid and tropical. A hot and dry summer from March to May, a monsoon
or rainy season from June to September and a cool pleasant winter from October
to February characterize it. Rainfall is almost nil in Durgapur and Asansol during
winter. Temperature varies from 10 C to 32.5 C in Durgapur, while 9.5 C to 33
C in Asansol during winter. Air pollutant concentrations are higher in winter at
Durgapur and Asansol because of temperature inversion.

Fig 5.1 : Gaseous Pollutants
Gaseous Pollutants
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
S
O
2

D
u
r
g
a
p
u
r
S
O
2

A
s
a
n
s
o
l
N
O
2

D
u
r
g
a
p
u
r
N
O
2

A
s
a
n
s
o
l
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
u
g
/
m
3
)
Series1
[

Source : IIT Report, 2006


56

Fig 5.2 : Particulate Pollutants
Particulate Pollutants
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
P
M
1
0

D
u
r
g
a
p
u
r
P
M
1
0

A
s
a
n
s
o
l
T
S
P

D
u
r
g
a
p
u
r
T
S
P

A
s
a
n
s
o
l
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
u
g
/
m
3
)
Series1
Source : IIT Report, 2006

5.5 Action plan

5.5.1 Water Pollution

Wastewater Treatment
Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes.
Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or
released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste are need
to pass through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to
reduce its bulk and toxicity. A program for Wastewater Treatment shall be
developed.

Optimized Application of Fertilizer
Excessive application of fertilizers for agricultural development coupled with over-
irrigation intrusion due to excessive pumping of fresh water in coastal aquifers
are also responsible for ground water pollution. This will require substantial
amount of community awareness program.


57

Organized Discharge of Industrial Effluent
In case of industrial units, effluent in most of the cases are discharged into pits,
open ground, or open unlined drains near the factories, thus allowing it to move
to low lying depressions resulting ground water pollution. The industries, which
are burgeoning at terrifying fast rate, daily, produce about 55000 million M
3
of
wastewater per day, out of which 68.5 million M
3
is discharged into river streams.
Thus the magnitude of damage caused to our water resources can be estimated
from the fact that about 70% of rivers and streams in India contain polluted water.

Public Participation
Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to
disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. But the government alone cannot
solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to the citizen, to be informed,
responsible and involved when it comes to the problems they face with water.
Citizens must become familiar with the local water resources and learn about
ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they dont end up in sewage
treatment plants that cant handle them or landfills not designed to receive
hazardous materials. We must determine whether additional nutrients are
needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers
might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant
new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of
water into the soil. Around the houses, there must be litter, pet waste, leaves,
and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are just a few of the
many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution.
As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly
continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these
measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer
severely.


58
5.5.2 Air Pollution
Strategies for Industry

Direct Measure
Air pollution prevention efforts of companies must be focused on both source and
waste reduction, and on reuse and recycling. Preventing air pollution within a
company's manufacturing processes remains the key approach. Cleaning and
processing, switch to non-polluting technologies and materials, reduced
generation of wastewater, converting hazardous by-products to non-threatening
forms, etc. must be attempted in this regard.

Indirect Measure
Indirect air pollution prevention measures by companies also cover
transportation. Examples of such measures include: providing company
transportation to employees; offering commuting information and selling public
transit passes; and encouraging employees to carpool and use public
transportation. Companies have also initiated successful programmes such as
the use of bicycles to commute to work, telecommuting, and work-at-home etc. to
reduce pollution due to commuting.

Promotion of Clean Fuels
Actively promoting the use of clean fuels through, support for alternative fuel and
safety training, establishment of a fuel adulteration testing center, and
commercialization of hydrogen technology as a fuel. Establishment of check post
for fuel adulteration center.

Compliance with Economic Legislation

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act provides for the control and
abatement of air pollution. It entrusts the power of enforcing this act to the CPCB
The Atomic Energy Act deals with the radioactive waste. The Motor Vehicles Act
states that all hazardous waste is to be properly packaged, labelled, and
transported. The Local Bodies shall step up strict enforcement drives. Of these
laws.


59

5.6 Urban Expansion & Susceptibility to natural disaster

During the last decades, the world has experienced a significant increase of
human and economic losses caused by natural disasters. However, there exists
no consensus if the frequency and severity of these extreme events have also
increased due to, factors like climate change.
Vulnerability to disasters is a function of human behavior. It describes the degree
to which a socio-economic system is either susceptible or resilient to the impact
of natural hazards. This is determined by a number of factors such as awareness
of hazards, the condition of human settlements and infrastructure, public policy
and administration, the wealth of a given society and organized abilities in all
fields of disaster and risk management. It is also largely dependent on
development practices that do not take into account the susceptibility to natural
hazards. Risk reduction refers to activities taken to decrease both vulnerable
conditions and the causes of these hazards, especially those related to drought,
floods and landslides.
Rapid urban growth, in particular, when accompanied by the influx of huge
stream of poor unskilled migrants from rural areas is one of the main factors
contributing towards increased vulnerability to natural hazards in many parts of
the world. The accelerated, and uncontrolled, growth of these cities has
contributed to the ecological transformation of their immediate areas, causing
deforestation and the inadequate use of land. In addition, the lack of appropriate
drainage systems and the excessive use of concrete and asphalt, which do not
absorb precipitation, increase the volume and speed of rainfall runoff, thus
making many cities more vulnerable to flash floods. Other factors contributing to
the vulnerability include: loss of bearing capacity of soil foundations and
instability of slopes.


60

5.7 Preservation of Water Bodies

5.7.1 Background

The growing population, as well as the economic development, experienced in
the Asansol Urban Region over recent decades has led to growing pressures on
the environment. Urban streams are used for several purposes. Some uses are
conflicting and some are complementary. The importance of the water bodies is
immense in these urban centers.
Water availability and quality are paramount issues with demand for water
exceeding supply. With a significant part of the population lacking adequate
sanitation, water-borne diseases are prevalent, including diarrhea, which kills
many children each year, the need for preserving the present water bodies has
become important. Moreover the economic development and demographic
growth are concentrated and thus the urban authorities face the challenge of
increasing and improving the provision of services. Thus the need for a holistic
and integrated approach to manage and restore these bodies is recognized
to ensure a better living.
List of important water bodies
Asansol Durgapur Jamuria Raniganj Kulti
Chinnamasta
Pukur
Lokotank

Sagarbhanga
Lalsayar
Bidhannagar
City Centre
Lake-
.

Nandi
Gouranga
Bandh
Joba Bandh
Benali Bandh
Jhila Buadh
Sripur
Goswami
Bandh
Mondalpur
Panrhe Pukur
Rajar Bandh
Bardoi
Bandh
Hati Bandh
Layak Bandh
Ashokpally
Municipal
Bandh
Pandit
Bandh
Ronai Bandh
Vinod Bandh
Aldihi Sayer
Midhani
Sayer
Jamugra
Sayer
In addition to the above, the water contained in abandoned Open cast mines can be conserved using
modern technologies and can be recycled for the use irrigation and household purpose


61
5.7.2 Action Plans

Water bodies Restoration:
No garbage dumping should be permitted.
Technique of improvement of water quality using aquatic plants
and fishes can be introduced where necessary in order to avoid
mosquito breeding.
Grass plantation should be carried out along the perimeter of
water bodies in the immediate sloping catchments.
Existing water bodies are to be widened to the extent possible
and deepened and nearby storm water drainage is to be used to
fill up the additional capacity thus created.
Water bodies may be desilt and deepen with the assistance of
draglines machines
No sewage should be diverted to water bodies in order to
maintain their water quality.
Conservation of Surface Water Resources:
Additional new storages are essential to renovate the existing tanks and water
bodies by desilting and repairs. The revival of traditional water storage
techniques and structures should be given a high priority.

Conservation of Ground Water Resources:
Groundwater is an important component of hydrological cycle. It supports the
springs in hilly regions and the river flow of all peninsular rivers during the non-
monsoon period. For sustainability of water resources it is necessary to arrest the
ground water outflows by
Construction of sub-surface dams
Watershed management.
Treatment of upstream areas for development of springs
Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rainwater at
the surface or in sub-surface aquifers, before it is lost as surface runoff.


62
Protection of Water Quality: The rapid increase in the density of human
population in certain pockets of the country as a result of urbanization and
industrialization is making adverse impact on the quality of both surface and
ground water. Demand for water is increasing on one hand and on the other
hand the quantity of "utilizable water resources" is decreasing due to human
intervention in the form of pollution of fresh water. Thus the protection of existing
water resources from pollution is a very aspect of water conservation.
There is an urgent
need for
conservation of water
bodies in order to
control the pollution.
To reduce the air
pollution in the
area other green
sources of power
like solar energy
needs to be
encouraged on
pilot project basis.
Cleaning up of polluted Rivers, Lakes and Water Bodies Rivers, lakes and
ponds and other water bodies are the main sources of water on which civilization
grows and develops. National water bodies get polluted as a result of human
interference and unplanned developmental activities. The main reason for
pollution is discharge of domestic and municipal waste and also the industrial
waste. The cleaning up of these water bodies is of utmost importance to provide
water supply to the population on the one hand and on the other hand to
maintain the environment to the desired level. The action plans in this regard
areas follows: -
To control and check the flow of pollutants to the rivers, lakes and ponds
through appropriate measures/action.
Treatment of effluent till the appropriate standard before discharging into
the rivers.
Proper maintenance and uninterrupted operation of the sewage
treatment plant
System of incentive and dis-incentive for discharging pollutants /
untreated waste into the rivers.
Adopting remedial measures in the particular river stretch where the
problem is acute;
Adopting appropriate technology for removal of pollution from lakes and
reservoirs
Declaring particular site/location as water heritage site and adoption by
different organizations / departments for maintaining the site.


63

5.7.3 Key Interventions

Asansol

Sl.
No.
Name of the Scheme Cost in crores
1 Improvement and maintenance of water bodies at Asansol 10
2 Air Quality Monitoring 2.00
3. Pilot Project for Solar/Biomass Power 11.00
4 Rain Water Harvesting 2.50
Total 25.50

Durgapur

Sl.
No.
1 Improvement of water body 7
Total 9.5

Raniganj

Sl.
No.
1
Prevention of Water Bodies, renovation and beautification
of water bodies
13
Total 15.5


64
Chapter 6 : Vision & Perspective

6.1 Background

For a holistic and an all round development, it is necessary to prepare an
integrated urban development plan for the Asansol-Durgapur Planning Area.
Else, isolated planning for individual urban complexes would lead to piecemeal
and skewed development. A perspective plan for Asansol Durgapur Planning
area, if efficiently and equitably managed, will trigger collateral development of its
adjoining hinterland mostly through trickling down effect- which in turn will help
raise the level of over all welfare in this part of the region directly, and all over the
state indirectly.
A perspective plan for
Asansol Durgapur Planning
area, if efficiently and
equitably managed, will
trigger collateral
development of its adjoining
hinterland mostly through
trickling down effect- which
in turn will help raise the
level of over all welfare in
this part of the region
directly, and all over the
The Asansol
Development Planning
Area would strive to
bring about
development by creating
a balance between
controlled and induced
urban development,
improve Inter and Intra-
regional accessibility,
provide essential
infrastructure and
universal access to civic
amenities to its people
and redefine the image
of ADPA into a diverse
multifaceted region with
sector focus.

It was therefore also felt that it was necessary to create a Vision for the Region.
In a process facilitated by IIT Kharagpur and taking into account further
discussions with various stakeholders a vision has been identified for the region,
along with identified sectors of development, perspectives and identified zones.

6.2 Vision for the Region

The Asansol Development Planning Area would strive to bring about
development by creating a balance between controlled and induced urban
development, improve Inter and Intra-regional accessibility, provide
essential infrastructure and universal access to civic amenities to its
people and redefine the image of ADPA into a diverse multifaceted region
with sector focus. To this end, the Area would concentrate on building up
appropriate social and physical infrastructure development, carry out
Institutional reform and capacity building and also Social Welfare with a
focus on Gender equality, Poverty alleviation and Tribal affairs

The area would concentrate on developing the various regions in the Area
as focus centers in Mining, Trade and Commerce, Industry, Manufacturing,
Educational, Ecological, Information Technology and Agro Industry.


65
6.3 Identified Sectors of Development

Keeping in mind the available resources, the City has identified the following as
the Key Sectors for Development:

Mining and Allied Industries.
Logistic Hub and Retail Commerce.
Agro-based and Forest Industries.
Education and Information Technology.
Heritage and Eco-tourism

6.4 Regional Focus

Each of the regions has its own strengths. In order to fully leverage on the
individual strengths of the cities, it has been decided to identify each centers as
focus center in identified sectors of development. Accordingly, the focus centers
has been identified as follows:

Asansol as Trade and Commerce Destination
Jamuria as Industrial Hub.
Raniganj as Mining and Trade/Commerce centre
Chittaranjan and Kulti as future dormitory towns for industrial
workers.
Durgapur as Manufacturing & Educational Hub.
Faridpur-Kanska as Ecological and Agro-based Industrial Hub.

6.5 Sector-wise Perspective

Individual Visions and perspective has now been drawn up for Physical and Social
Infrastructure, Economy, Demography and Land Use, Housing, Development
Institutions and Environment. These visions have been adopted in the various
sections of the Plan.


66

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67
6.6 Development and Adoption of Policies

In order to implement the above agenda and to establish framework for planning
and management of the planning area, the following policies are being adopted:

To ensure that the infrastructure development and enforcement of regulation
is reviewed and designed to keep pace with the actual growth of cities;

To implement the three tier planning process consisting of Development
Authorities, Urban Local Government and Panchayat Samitis in
consonance with the 74th CAA;

To simplify statutory planning processes;

To increase Management Efficiency and Quality of Governance
(Transparency & Efficiency, Accountability) by conducting continuous
performance audit & publishing annual reports;

To build financial management capacity by providing Training and
Technical Assistance.

To facilitate the local institution with skilled manpower to enhance
decentralization of responsibility & power. (Capacity Building and
Empowerment).

To build capacity at local levels through model code;

To enhance legislation and Legal System.

To expand the available Physical and Social Infrastructure;

To arrange Public Education & Awareness Generating programmes
(greater role of NGOs & CBOs);

A concerted effort shall be made to make the city enterprising by creating a
business friendly environment.


68

An effective special planning framework shall be initiated in order to achieve
some of the following objectives:

Integrate environment, heritage conservation, economic, infrastructure &
disaster mitigation concern in planning process.

Facilitate optimum use of land through integration policies of various FSI,
introduction of TDR, Development Impact Fees and provision for change of
land use.

Development of planned communities or New Towns to offer high quality
residential & business environment;

Preparation of town planning schemes, land sharing techniques, transfer of
development rights to access land for housing;

To formulate adequate policy for redevelopment of degraded brown fields /
wasteland and densification.

Policy to encourage public private partnership for development and
management of new area development at strategic locations with good
connectivity and infrastructure.

To augment Institution, encourage stakeholders participation including
private sector, so as to facilitate realization of the Vision through proper
implementation and management.

6.7 Future Perspective for the Planning Area

Besides the regional factors, the physical-environmental situation and geographic
trends inside the ADPA are of significance with regards to the future spatial
frame of development in ADPA. The following phenomena shall be considered in
future planning of the region.


69

The rate of growth of Asansol. Kulti and Raniganj have been
phenomenal in the last decade, whereas other urban and rural areas
has been growing slowly.

The population share in the Western segment is more (58%) than that of
in the Eastern segment in the whole of ADPA.

The blocks in the Northern periphery and Eastern periphery contain
more vacant land suitable for extensive development;

The Central segment having all of mining activities are not suitable for
any development;

The forest areas in the North-Eastern and North-Western periphery
needs to be protected to stop soil erosion;

Transport linkages across the N.H.-2 and rail link in the north-south
directions are week affecting an easy dispersal of population and
adequate interaction between the towns on the;

Eastern segment and those on western segment;

There still exists large deficit in water supply, drainage, sewerage,
collector roads and other urban infrastructure in the urban centers of
ADPA. 8) Along with an uneven distribution of social infrastructure and
amenities like health, education etc, the overall deficits have sometimes
assumed a serious proportion particularly with respect to parks,
playgrounds recreational and tourism facilities;

One of the major imbalances in the existing structure of ADPA is the
unidirectional investment towards the development of the core sectors
mainly coal, steel & power neglecting ancillary functions with forward
and backward linkages;


70
The mere stagnation or slow growth of mining and industry sector has
given rise to unemployment among the literate youth and out migration
to the semi-skilled local workers;

The proposed future population distribution could be achieved more
rationally by dispersing the secondary & tertiary activities of new kinds;

It has been observed that, after a critical limit of population size (1 lakh
here) has been reached in a municipal corporation, the needed marginal
investment and operational cost of utilities and services increase. Hence
it would be wise to invest more out side the developed core, so that the
larger population could be served with a relatively smaller cost in future;

Provision for planned transport terminal facilities at convenient locations
for transfer of passenger and goods is overdue and thus needs
immediate attention by the concerned authorities;

Better results in the standard of living and other modern facilities could
be ensured in the new area developmental programmes for various
economic groups;

Control of environmental pollution, both air and water, should be
immediately addressed by the district authorities in consultation with
Pollution Control Board;

6.8 Future Development Zones

Based on the above trends and situation in ADPA the entire region has been
divided into four zones viz : Eco-sensitive Zone, Extensive Development Zone,
Intensive Development Zone and Hazardous Zone.

Due to the presence of Reserve Forest on the east, the Kanska-Faridpur-
Durgapur block has been kept under the Eco-sensitive Zone, which will have
developmental interventions. The Pandebeswar, Jamuria Raniganj Blocks
occupying the central part of ADPA has been identified as Hazardous Zone due


71
to the presence of underground coal reserves and mining activities. The South-
east and North west of Durgapur, South-west and North-west of Asansol, parts of
Jamuria, Barabani Blocks have been identified as Zones of Extensive
development, which is likely to cater to the future development and housing need
significantly. Already developed areas of Durgapur Municipal Corporation,
Raniganj Municipal Corporation, Asansol Municipal Corporation, South-west of
Jamuria and parts of Salanpur Block are categorised as Intensive Development
Zones which are likely to experience re-densification.

Based on the above broad Zoning, future development plans and programmes
shall be formulated to give a balanced and holistic growth in the entire Asansol
Durgapur Planning Area.


72
Chapter 7 : Land Use and Availability

7.1 Background

The Planning area consists of Asansol, Durgapur, Raniganj, Kulti and Jamuria. A
major concentration of Settlement is along the NH 2 and major roads. The
Eastern part of planning area is covered with dense forest. Looking at the
percentage share of the broad land uses from the map below, it is evident that
settlement area is about 22%, which is going to increase in the future because of
Industrialization. The mining area is about 22% of the planning area and forest
accommodates 6%.

Figure 7.1 : Land Use Map of Asansol, Jamuria, Ranigunj, Kulti and Durgapur

Jamuria
Raniganj
Durgapur
Kulti
Asansol
Source : http://www.bardhaman.nic.in/

A major portion of Durgapur area is of Arable Land. In geography, arable land is
a form of agricultural land use, meaning land that can be (and is) used for
growing crops. This implied that a major portion of land in Durgapur is or can be
utilized for agriculture. A part of the Durgapur portion is of Urban Settlements i.e.
township. Small stretches of forest also lie in Durgapur. River Damodar
surrounds from the south.


73
Jamuria apart from mining, some portion bodies of the land is Arable Land used
for cropping. It also consists of water as River Ajoy in North surrounds it. An
insignificant stretch of land is township and market place.
Kulti is rich with coal reserves and hence main portion of the land consist of mines. Mining
here is an important activity. River Damodar in the west and South surrounds Kulti and
this helps a part of Kulti in growing crops.
Ranigunj consist of agricultural land and a part with urban settlement. Raniganj Coal field,
is the birth place of coal mining in the country. Agriculture here is important occupation.
River Damodar in the east surrounds Ranigunj.
7.2 Summary of Land Use
7.2.1 Asansol

Mining (2% of Land)
Asansol has vast reserves of coal situated within the Corporation
area.

Railways (5% of Land)
Asansol is an important division of Eastern Railway and an
important junction of South-Eastern Railway line.

Agriculture (25% of Land)Crops harvested mainly during the rainy
season due to lack of irrigational facilities

Industrial (9% of Land)All Industrial plants are located along the Shore
of Damodar River
Some companies have a significant presence
Indian Iron & Steel Company - the oldest ever Iron & Steel
Company in India,
Burn Standard Company and Reckitt & Benkizer


74
Fig 7.2 : Utilization of Land in Asansol
Figure 8.2 Utilization of Land in Asansol
25%
2%
33%
26%
5%
9%
Agriculture
Mining
Other Urban
Functionality
Vacant
Railway
Industrial

7.2.2 Kulti

Fig 7.3 : Land Use Break-up of Kulti Region
Figure 8.3 Land Use Break-up of Kulti Region
45
15
17
3
2
5
10
3
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public Semi -
public
Recreational
Transportation
The following are the land use break up of Kulti Region.
Residential (45%)
Commercial (15%)


75
Industrial (17%)
Public Semi Public (3%)
Recreational (2%)
Transportation (5%)
Agricultural and Water Bodies (10%)
Special Area (3%)
7.2.3 Raniganj
Fig 7.4 : Land Use Break-up of Ranigunj Region
Figure 8.4 Land Use Break-up
of Ranigunj Region
60
5
26
0.5
1.41
2
1
4.09
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public Semi -
public
Recreational
Transportation
Agricultural and
Water Bodies
Special Area
The following are the land uses breaks up of Kulti Region.
Residential (60%)
Commercial (5%)
Industrial (26%)
Public Semi Public (0.5%)
Recreational (1.41%)
Transportation (2%)
Agricultural and Water Bodies (1%)
Special Area (4.09%)


76

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78

7.3 Summary
Region Particulars
Asansol
Industries are mostly concentrated in
the North western region and the
coiliaries are majorly seen in the
Eastern part
Durgapur
Durgapur is the hub of all the
manufacturing unit that have flourished
over the decade. However there is no
Coiliaries in this region
Ranigunj
This region is rich with coal reserves
and hence main portion of the land
consist of Mines. Throughout this
region there are mines. However
Raniganj has very few
Industries in the South.
Jamuria
Jamuria region has no Industries, but
the entire region has colliery.
Kulti
Northern and Central part of Kulti is
industrialized and colliery is found in
the South west part.


79
Chapter 8 : Water

8.1 Vision

The City aims at providing safe and sustainable water to all its citizens at a
competitive and affordable price with the ultimate goal of reaching a 24/7
situation in a phased manner within the scheme period.

8.2 Background

Water Supply is directly related to the main themes in the development agenda
poverty alleviation, environment protection, private sector-led growth,
participatory development and good governance.

The growth process and expansion of economic activities inevitably lead to
increasing demands for water for diverse purposes of which drinking and
domestic need attains paramount importance. However this essential commodity
for sustenance of life is not adequately available to a large number of people
especially in rural and even a part of urban settlements. Domestic and industrial
water needs have largely been concentrated in or around the principal cities but
with steep population hike, demand for water is increasing with a super fast pace.
As a result the water, which has already become a scarce resource is certainly
going to become scarcer in future.
Water Supply is
directly related to
the main themes
in the
development
agenda poverty
alleviation,
environment
protection, private
sector-led growth,
participatory
development and
good governance.

Water quality deterioration has also seriously set in and maintaining water quality
is a foremost requirement. It is one of the most crucial element in developmental
planning. Efforts to develop, conserve, utilize and manage this immensely
important resource have to be whole-heartedly made keeping the National
perspectives in view. At the same time a strong data base needs to be
developed to monitor and integrate the water based development with other
important activities like urban/city planning, industrial planning and development,
etc. Serious wastage of water in city/urban areas, water wastage in piped water
supply due to transmission loss and wastage by public, are the problems which
also will have to be addressed with all seriousness and appreciated by city
planners, administrators, public health engineers and also by individual. People


80
should be made aware of Water conservation practices to save each and every
drop of this costly commodity that has no substitute. The City recognizes the
importance of providing safe and adequate water to each and every individual in
the region and shall strive to provide the same to each of its citizen across the
region.


8.3.1 Overall Background

Lack of safe water supply poses high risk to public health throughout the region.
Over 70% of people living in the three largest towns of the region do not have
access to sufficient amount of readily available water or are using water from a
contaminated source. Water supply and sanitation utilities in the region face a
particular resource problem as a result of pollution of surface water with toxic
chemicals from industrial discharges and from lactates from abandoned mine
tailings.
There are two predominant activities in the study area, namely Mining and
Industrial activities. These activities are going on without desired restriction and
norms stipulated by Environmental Law.
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Jamuria Kulti Asansol Raniganj Durgapur
Ar ea
N
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H
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e
h
o
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d
s
HH Tap Handpump
Tubewell Well Tank, Pond, Lake
Rive/Canal Spring Other
Fig 8.1 : Sources of Drinking Water
Lack of safe water
supply poses high
risk to public health
throughout the
region. Over 70% of
people living in the
region do not access
to safe water.


81

The water supply in the study area is through surface water and mainly
dependent upon Damodar and Ajoy rivers and also from collector wells from the
riverbed of Damodar. Therefore maintaining the quality of Damodar river water is
a major and vulnerable issue. However the reality is excessive pollution level of
Damodar River due to toxic discharge from industrial effluents. The quality of
water has gone bad to worse and may soon attain such a level when water
supply from it even after treatment may not be advisable for drinking/domestic
use. Therefore a comprehensive study on worst impact of mining and industrial
activities on water supply from Damodar River will be absolutely essential. A
strategy for supply of safe drinking water to urban population should be
formulated for early implementation.
A comprehensive study
on worst impact of
mining and industrial
activities on water
supply from Damodar
River will be absolutely
essential.
Large-scale mining activities have caused serious ground water depletion and its
quality impairment in the area under study. This may create a very serious stress
on water availability and supply. Here, the entire dependence for water supply is
on surface water and that too, is being transported from far off places. For
example, water supply to Raniganj Municipal area is being maintained by PHE,
Asansol It may cause heavy water transmission losses as well as many fold
enhancements in transportation and maintenance cost. There may also be
possibility of hazard like land subsidence which is a serious environmental
degradation.
The discarded mining areas are also not handed over by Central Government to
State Government and in turn, to local bodies. These need to be resolved as
State Government can use these lands very well for development purpose.
There is unplanned growth to urban settlements, which in turn generates serious
problems to water supply and sanitation. To tackle this situation, a roll out plan
needs to be prepared and followed as per the directive issued from time to time
by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and local Authorities
have to ensure the implementation of these directives suitably and methodically.
Mostly figure on water availability in the study area for agricultural purpose is not
available and it has also been observed that the agricultural activities here are by


82
and large neglected. There is only one cropping through out the year. This
projects a grim picture, as lot of agricultural land is available without much use
and non-utility of crop production potential. It is believed that water demand for
agricultural purpose is basically ground water dependent. But the ground water
withdrawal figure is not available in District Municipalities and other offices. The
figure regarding the component of water supply for various usages, by surface
and ground water are also not available separately. These figures will be
essential for any management action to be taken up for the purpose of water
supply and sanitation.
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83
8.3.2 Gap Analysis of Drinking Water

Only around 50% of
population is fed with tap
water. Others are
depending on tube wells
or community wells. No
organized water supply
system was available for
3 lakh people out of a
population of 4.75 lacs in
1995 and unless drastic
steps are taken this is
predicted to reach 4.6
lacs out of a projected
6.17 lacs population as
on 2010 as per official
records. Ground water
availability in the area is
not very encouraging as
reported by the water
supply agencies.
8.3.2.1 Durgapur

The only major source of organized water supply for Durgapur is the Damodar
River. Limited Ground Water is also available. Both the Domestic and Industrial
requirements of the area are met from the water reservoir adjacent to the
Durgapur Barrage on River Damodar.

The capacity of the existing water treatment plant is 14 MGD. However at
present only 7 MGD has been commissioned and the balance 7 MGD is
expected to commence operations shortly. The water is supplied to public at the
rate of 70 lpcd intermittently from 8 am to 9am and from 4.30 pm to 5.30 pm for
domestic. Water supply for industries is made from 8 am to 3 pm.

The hospital and the local health center records indicate that about 20% to 30%
of the population in Durgapur suffers from water related health diseases. Nearly
37% of people in Durgapur are suffering with problems of inadequate water
supply. The Graph 9.8 below indicates different sources of water supply to
population in Durgapur. It is alarming to note that about 39% of the population
does not have access to public water supply.

Fig 8.3 : Water Demand & Supply Gap in Durgapur
14
14
14
14 14
22.8922
34.1409
30.4564
13.9104
16.1176
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1991 2001 2011 2021 2025
Water supply in MGD at present capacity Projected Demand

Gap: 9 MGD
Requirement for
9 MGD capacity
enhancement.


84

8.3.2.2 Asansol

Asansol is regarded as a drought prone area with low annual rainfall. The
capacity of land to retain water is limited due to underground mining. Hence there
is a shortage of ground water supply both for agriculture and drinking. The rural
water supply projects of Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) are
supplying tap water to several rural areas and villages. But, it is not covering all
mouzas of the rural area. Again, the PHED has also dug rig- bore tube wells for
supplying drinking water whose capacity is much limited due to depleting level of
ground water. It has been observed that the well-population ratio and rig/bore
well- population ratio is very serious in Asansol depicting the acute scarcity of
ground water.
Asansol is regarded as
a drought prone area
with low annual rainfall.
The capacity of land to
retain water is limited
due to underground
mining. Hence there is
a shortage of ground
water supply both for
agriculture and
drinking.

The previous records of this area (as reported in Drinking water resources in the
Rural Areas of Asansol Sub-Division, ADDA, Asansol, 1988) show that over 600
people were using a few areas one well. As in Durgapur, the main problem facing
the people of Asansol is the inadequate and insufficient water supply. A
significant section of the population in Asansol is depending on well water and
tube well water for their entire domestic use. But in many areas, even the well
water samples have been found unfit for drinking purposes due to high
concentrations of nitrate and other pollutants.

Apart from well water, the population is also served with piped water supply
mainly through community street taps. A population of over 3 lakh uses this
facility, but they do not receive adequate quantity of water and are vulnerable to
health hazards. The hospital and the local health centre records suggest that
about 20-30% of the population suffers from water related health diseases as
similar to Durgapur.

As there are coal seams underneath this urban area, there is no reliable ground
water source for water supply. Also, the large scale pumping from abandoned
pits of Collieries is not allowed by Mining Authorities, in view of the presence of
pollutants and subsidence of the surrounding land. However masonry wells
(about 100 numbers up to 3m depth) and spot tube-wells (about 120 numbers up
to 6m depth) are also used as sources for providing water.


85
Fig 8.4 : Water Demand & Supply Gap in Asansol
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00 7.00
22.56
24.78
17.84
15.53
8.56
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
1991 2001 2011 2021 2025

Gap : 11 MGD
Requirement for
11 MGD capacity
enhancement.

8.3.2.3 Other Regions

The present situation in the other regions is no better. It is estimated that only
around 30-40% of population is served with tap water. Due to intensive mining,
these areas have little or no ground water. The Number of tube wells are very
low and they, practically dry up during summer season.
Due to rapid industrialization, including mining activities in the area, the
population growth in Silpanchal area in all the included districts have gone up
very high and that too in a very unplanned manner.


86
Fig 8.5 : Water Demand & Supply Gap in Raniganj
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
8.7716
8.0025
5.5613
3.6297
2.0252
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
1991 2001 2011 2021 2025

Requirement for
4.5 MGD capacity
enhancement.
Requirement for
9.5 MGD capacity
enhancement.

Fig 8.6 : Water Demand & Supply Gap in Kulti Municipality Region
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
1.10
3.38
9.04
13.15
12.27
10.32
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
1991 2001 2011 2021 2025

Gap: 9.5 MGD
Gap: 4.5 MGD


87
Fig 8.7 : Water Demand & Supply Gap in Jamuria
4.04
5.12
7.33
6.61
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
1991 2001 2011 2021 2025
Water Supply in MGD at present capacity Projected Demand

Gap: 5.12 MGD
Requirement for
5.12 MGD
capacity
enhancement.

8.3.3 Insufficient Water Supply Schemes

The distribution of water is not sufficient to meet the demand and moreover there
is a huge transmission loss as there are leakages in the pipelines and there
number of areas where the network of pipelines is not sufficient to reach the
destination. Also there are few number of legal connections when compared to
the present population. In Asansol and Durgapur areas there is huge loss of
water in transmission because of old pipes, which have leakages all over. In
areas like Jamuria, Kulti and Ranigunj the number of legal connections are very
less as per the present demand.


88
8.3.4 Lack of Proper Operation and Maintenances

Because of lack of Operation and Maintenance, there is huge loss of water in
transmission and the water treatment plant does not perform to optimum level of
efficiency. Moreover the leakages are not identified in time, so there is a loss of
revenue. While the ULBs shall enhance the tariff base over a period time to
ensure that O&M is payable from the revenues, there is an immediate
requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets created under this
scheme are properly maintained.

Fig 8.8 : Water supply by various sources in Durgapur Township

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Private Tap Public Stand
Posts
Wells Others Not Supplied
Source
%

o
f

P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Source : Cencus 2001

Figure 8.9 : Water Supply Asansol

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
a
p
(
o
w
n
)
T
a
p
(
c
o
m
m
)
T
u
b
e
W
e
l
l
(
o
w
n
)
T
u
b
e
W
e
l
l
)
c
o
m
m
)
W
e
l
l
(
o
w
n
)
w
e
l
l
(
c
o
m
m
)
T
a
n
k
O
t
h
e
r
s
N
.
R
.
Source
%

o
f

P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n



89

Figure 8.10 : Water Supply Other Regions

Water supply from different sources in other Regions
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
T
a
p

(
o
w
n
)
T
a
p

(
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
)
T
u
b
e

w
e
ll

(
o
w
n
)

T
u
b
e
w
e
l
l
(
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
)
W
e
ll

(
o
w
n
)

w
e
ll

(
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
)
T
a
n
k
O
t
h
e
r
s
N
.
R
.
p
e
r
c
e
n
t

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n


It is evident from the above graph that substantial percentage of population does
not have access to individual tap connection and more over they have to depend
on community wells and public stand posts. There is immediate necessity of
increasing the number of water connections to the households. So there is an
immediate need for establishment of new water treatment plan and augmentation
of existing facilities.

8.4 Action Plans
The main objective of the Plan is to provide safe and sustainable
water to the consumers in the region at an affordable price with an
ultimate goal of reaching a 24/7 situation in a phased manner.
It will be thus the endeavor of the City to ensure that the people in the region
have access to efficient, responsive, and sustainable water and sanitation
services. In achieving the objectives, the City shall provide resources and
support to encourage and implement approaches that are people-centered,
market-based, and environment-friendly. Emphasis will be made on creating
facilities, which are self-sustaining.


90

The following components constitute the Proposed Plan:

8.4.1 Creation of Water Treatment Plants

The supply is insufficient to meet the basic drinking water demand and there is a
serious gap between demand and supply, as we proceed to our future. In order
to meet the current level of demand and as well as the future demand, examined
and identified new water treatment plant are necessary. At the same time other
sources of water from various regions needs to be identified.

8.4.2 New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps

Construction of collector well, reservoir, overhauling and adding new pipelines to
the areas, which are presently not being served, and also to the areas where
there is a huge amount of transmission loss. The network to supply water should
be increased to cover all the required areas.

8.4.3 Operation and Maintenance

Operation and maintenance of water supply pipes and water treatment plant is
necessary to meet the future demand of water. All the above strategy will fail if
there is no proper operation and maintenance. All the pipelines leakages are
need to be identified to prevent loss of water. While the ULBs shall enhance the
tariff base over a period time to ensure that O&M is payable from the revenues,
there is an immediate requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets
created under this scheme are properly maintained.

8.4.4 Augmentation of Water Availability

People of the area are forced to experience shortage of water, for which they
have to depend partly on deep masonry wells, which unfortunately get dried up
during summer. Due to geological condition, ground water is scarce in the area.


91
The requirement will therefore be to improve ground water situation by (a)
utilizing ground water, pumped from Mining area and (b) adopting to artificial
recharge techniques. It will also need a thorough study on impact of mine
dewatering on ground water regime. It is an accepted fact that augmenting water
supply by ground water is more viable and cost effective with more the people
and less the public control.

Rain water harvesting will be implemented to preserve and conserve water from
other sources.

8.4.5 Capacity Building & Workshop

A program and a series of definite measures would be drawn up to improve the
overall management performance of the existing agencies through capacity
building, induction of professional expertise, introduction of IT enabled tools, and
induction of HR techniques. In nutshell, approach has to be more scientifically
and technically oriented.

8.4.6 Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness

A series of workshops should be organized across the region to create public
awareness on the importance of water as a national resource and the severe
consequences of wasting and polluting of water.

Durgapur alone generates 1 crore 56 lakh and 40 thousand gallons of water
everyday from different resources out of which 15 per cent is lost while carrying
through pipelines and during the purification process. In the domestic areas, 40
lakh and 26 thousand gallons of water is wasted everyday. The losses are even
greater in the other regions.

Side by side there continues to be severe wastage of water particularly in the
Industrial hubs. This is likely to pose a serious threat in the region in the near
future. The state government, the Centre and the NGOs have been campaigning
to prevent wastage of water in the region.


92
Scope of recycle and reuse of water in industrial and urban settlements will have
to be properly understood and effected. The treated water can be suitably used
for domestic purposes like cleaning, washing, gardening , etc.

8.4.7 Sustainability

The Water Connection Charges collected for private and bulk consumers at
Asansol is @Rs. 150 plus 25% of the Annual Valuation. Monthly Water Supply
Charges is presently levied only for bulk users @ Rs. 7/ KL and no monthly
charges are collected from private connections. The supply of water is measured
on an approximate basis based on the size of the pipe connection and hours of
water supply. The charges even lower in Durgapur and the other areas in the
region and do not cover the cost of the water. Urban Reform Incentive Fund
(URIF) has laid down the reform for levy of reasonable User Charges by ULBs
with the objective of recovering full cost of operation and maintenance by the end
of the 10th Five Year Plan. In order to create a self-sustaining cashflow stream
and to ensure viability of future projects, the following steps shall be taken:
Rationalization of User charges so that revenues exceeds cash O&M
expenses over the period of the mission;
Reach full cost recovery (O&M, depreciation and financing costs)
through a realistic and sequential approach through a combination of
efficiency gains and increased revenues;
100% metering of commercial and industrial users and different slab of
water charges need to be maintained. For drinking purposes the charges
have to be minimum and for industrial use the charges have to be
maximum;
Water connection to be made a compulsory requirement for approval of
Building Plans

8.4.8 Affordability

Reduce O&M Cost through a program of renovation and modernization

Design a tariff structure that meets simplicity and equity criteria in
addition to financial objectives;


93

Implement specific projects for supplying affordable water to the urban
poor. Poverty targeted projects shall be given due attention.

8.4.9 Improvement in Performance and Reliability:

It is essential to improve the reliability of the Water Services. Apart from the
reliability the performance in Water Services must also be improved. It is this
performance and reliability which will bring confidence among the citizens and
which will make them to pay more.

8.4.10 Structured Public Private Participation

Private Sector Participation is desirable in the PPP format in the sector so that
there is a balance between the risks and responsibilities between the
Government Agencies and the Private Sector.

In view of the same, Private Sector Participants shall be invited to leverage on
the following possible benefits:
Reduction of involvements of Public finance or redirecting them to
the poor;
Induction of greater technical and management expertise;
Provision of a more responsive service to the customers;
Sourcing of additional financing;

Initially outsourcing of Operation & Maintenances and some of the commercial
activities through Management Contracts to professional and reliable operator
shall be done This would greatly facilitate induction of technical and system
knowledge and pave the way for future larger private Sector Involvement. At the
same time it is recognized that while private investment and management shall
play, a growing role, the same must be coupled with a strong legal, contractual
and regulatory framework, which would be carried out simultaneously.


94
8.5 Steps Needed for Improving Ground Water Situation
1. Industrial growth should be effected in a planned manner and it will be
mandatory for the units to allow periodical monitoring of water quality
from nearby wells on a regular basis by agencies like SPB/PHE and
should be open for cross checking;
2. For ground water based industries, regular water level and quality
monitoring have to be made compulsory;
3. Rain water harvesting measures have to be adopted by all the industrial
establishments where the water level is not shallow;
4. The amount of water being pumped by Mining Industries will be known
and at the same time, ways and means of utilizing these pumped water
has to be enunciated and well planned. This is to safeguard the fast
depleting water level. The pumped water may be suitably used for
ground water recharge by artificial recharge techniques to improve
ground water level as well as its quality;
5. Survey and investigation, eg., surface geophysical surveys , are to be
deployed for suitable tube well citing and identifying the area where
artificial recharge structures can be located for effective augmentation to
ground water recharge;
6. For urban settlements, the drinking and domestic water supply is mostly
met by surface water and information about ground water availability and
quality is mostly scanty. Reducing dependence on surface water by
effecting ground Water availability may drastically reduce water supply
cost and associated expenditure towards maintenance.
8.5.1 Legal Issues
Albeit Vague in a true sense, legal issues associated with water supply
and management are highly pertinent and be defined in a manner that
major problems can be brought under the domain of legality. For
example, in many States, in building byelaws, rainwater harvesting has
been made compulsory to pass the building plan. In cities like Bhopal,
6% exemption as incentive is given to registration of house property if
rainwater-harvesting plan is submitted. For approving construction of any
large scale establishment, condition associated with water availability


95
should be assessed and the condition has to be included in building bye
laws. Urban area in no case should be extended to be in proximity of
industrial establishment. There are several such issues and in depth
study and deliberation will be needed in this regard forthwith.

The respective Urban Local Bodies in the area will workout a framework
to address the legal issues.

8.5.2 Key Interventions

Asansol

Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Component Cost in crores
1
New Water Supply Scheme
(10MGD) for added areas
Construction of Collector
Well, Rising main
Reservoir, Distribution
Network.
60.00
2
Augmentation of existing Water
Supply Scheme at Asansol and
proposed scheme
Change of all pipes,
construction of reservoir,
CWR etc.
20.00
3
Operation & Maintenance of
existing and new Water Supply
Scheme
Pipeline, Pumps and
Machinery
10.00
4
Collecting of data and study on
ground water condition
Geophysical survey and
investigation.
1.25
5
Community awareness project for
all region
Awareness 0.12
Total 91.37


96
Jamuria

Sl.
No.
Name of the Scheme Component Cost in crores
1
Water Supply Scheme at Jamuria area
(5MGD)
36.00
2
Augmentation of water supply scheme
of Jamuria municipality including
Industrial Demand Phase 2
Collector Well, 3 nos
Substation pump house.
17.62
3
Collecting of data and study on ground
water condition
investigation.
0.75
4
Community awareness project for all
region
Awareness 0.12
Total 54.49

Durgapur

Sl.
No.
Name of the Scheme Component
Cost in
crores
1
Phase-2 of Durgapur Water Supply
Scheme of 7 MGD
1) RCC 1 lakh gallon O.H.
Tank with staging height 20
meter,2) Pipe 400m , Dia
distribution main & rising
main
28.00
2
Arrangement of supplying drinking
water from Piyala Pumping Stn. To
Ward No.1 & 2
Construction of Reservoir,
Cost pipes, CWR etc.
4.50
3
Drinking water, distribution line,
rising main, overhead tank at
Sagarbhanga (2lakh Gallon)
3.00
4
Construction of Overhead Tank at
Bidhannagar with ancillary
pipelines.
1.00
5
Collecting of data and study on
ground water condition
investigation.
1.50

Community awareness project for
all rigion
Awareness 0.12
Total 38.12


97
Raniganj

Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Component
Cost in
crores
1
Water Supply Scheme at
Raniganj area (6 MGD)
25.00
2
Collecting of data and study
on ground water condition
investigation.
0.75
3
Community Awareness
project for all region
Awareness 0.12
Total 25.87

Kulti

Sl No Mission Components
Cost
(in crores)
1 Water Supply Scheme at Kulti Area (5 MGD) 78.65
2
Construction of small overhead reservoir including pumps,
pipe, pipelines and project house at different sites of Kulti
municipality Capacity 50 lakhs gallon, stage height 40 feet
14.00
3 Water supply projects at Manikeswar, Ward No-11 3.00
4 Water supply projects at Sitalpur, Ward No-16 3.00
5
Sinking of Rig-Bore tube wells at different site of Kulti
Municipality.
1.20
6
Construction of underground reservoir for rainwater harvesting
including pumping arrangements.
5.00
7 Collecting of data and study on ground water condition 0.75
8 Community awareness project for all rigion 0.12
Total 105.72


98
Chapter 9 : Sanitation & Drainage

9.1 Vision

Provision of universal access to hygienic conditions of sanitation &
drainage to all its citizen with a particular focus on provision of safe
sanitation to the urban poor through accessible household and community
models.

9.2 Background

National Master Plan of India (1983) suggested standards for physical level of
sanitation services according to population of urban and rural centers. For
sanitation, it is envisaged to achieve 100% of population coverage for Class I
urban areas (population 1 lac and above), 80% of population coverage in other
urban centers with provision for sewerage, sewage treatment facilities and low
cost sanitation methods. However the shortfall in achieving the target is
significant. According to projection of Census of India 2001, only 73.7% of the
urban population has access to latrine facilities of various types and it is
estimated that by the year 2025, more than 50% of the countrys population will
settle in urban areas when issue related to sanitation in urban areas will assume
a very serious dimension. Needless will be to mention, sanitation has a close and
direct link with environment, water supply and its cleanliness, health and hygiene.
The problem of sanitation, associated with steep influx of population in urban
areas, therefore needs to be addressed forth with, debated and deliberated at
length, by the policy planners for the development of urban/city areas. The
capital-intensive nature of sewerage system has put many roadblocks in urban
planning primarily due to weak financial positions of most of the ULBs.


99
9.3 Situation Appraisal for Sanitation
9.3.1 Durgapur

Various industrial townships in Durgapur have their own satisfactory sewerage
system. However, the township constitutes only 17.5% of the total area of
Durgapur. The remaining area in majority does not have any sewerage system.

Fig 9.1 : Usage of Different Modes of Sanitation in Durgapur Region
s
e
w
e
r
a
g
e

s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
p
t
i
c

t
a
n
k
s
e
r
v
i
c
e

p
r
i
v
y
o
p
e
n

f
i
e
l
d
N
.
R
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Source : Report by ADPA 2000-2001

Graph 10.1 shows different modes of sanitation in Durgapur Region. It may be
observed from the graph that only 18% of people are having toilets facilities,
connected with sewerage system and 31% of people have toilets with septic
tank. 30% of people are still forced to use open defecation, which needs to be
addressed on a priority basis.

There is no systematic drainage system available in Durgapur. The sewage from
septic tanks goes directly into the open drain. Also the garbage is dumped just by
the side of the drainage system, which leads to loss of flowing capacity of the
drains. This ultimately makes the surroundings unclean, unhygienic and
conducive to various diseases.


100
Areas from DSP Lagoon to Tamla Nullah, DSP Link Road, from Amrai,
Kandeswar to Tamla Nullah, Amrai, Kandeswar to Tamla Nullah are been
identified which are suffering from serious drainage disorders. An action plan on
a priority basis needs to be carried out.

9.3.2 Asansol

The sanitation and drainage system available in Asansol are much worse than
Durgapur. Asansol including the urban areas do not have any proper
underground sewerage system. In Asansol proper, the septic tanks, which are in
use, do not have proper soak pits and as a result, the sewage flows through the
surface drain, causing unhygienic and unclean surroundings.

Fig 9.2 : Usage of Different Modes of Sanitation in Asansol Region

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
sewerage
system
septic
tank
service
privy
open field N.R Pit other
p
e
r
c
e
n
t

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n


As indicated in the Graph 10.2 above, around 58% of the populations have toilet
facilities, connected to septic tank sewerage system. Around 25% of people are
still forced to use open defecation, which is also an area of concern. With
increasing urbanisation and consequent congestion, it is becoming more and
more difficult to provide space for creation of septic tanks and soak pit system.


101
Drainage system around Asansol is not good. With dumping of waste and
sewage from the septic tank, the natural flow of the drainage system has been
lost. The alignments, which have been made permanent during the development
of the city, are laid along the natural drainage course, which ends up in natural
watercourses like Numia and, ultimately to Damodar River.

Certain areas in Asansol has been identified which face drainage disorder. These
areas include Borough-I, BoroughII, Borough-III, Borough-IV, Borough- V.
The above areas need an urgent action.

9.3.3 Raniganj

The sanitation and drainage system is well below the standard of a town of the
stature of Raniganj should have. Scientific sewerage system in this town is
absent. The region faces the same situation as other 3 regions are facing.
Drainage on household level is strongly neglected. Another important issue is the
inadequate use of the drainage network. Many people use drainage channels as
dumping place for their solid waste. This solid waste often blocks the channels,
which leads to local overflows. Thus, improving solid waste management may
mitigate problems of flood due to blockage. The drainage problem cannot be
solved without solving the solid waste problem and needs to be integrated with
the same.

9.3.4 Jamuria

The Sanitation system available here is no different than that in Asansol and
Durgapur Area. No scientific methods of sanitation and sewerage exist here.
Though Jamuria municipality is much smaller as compared to Durgapur &
Asansol, unless and until something major is done to upgrade the present
situation of sanitation and drainage, the people in the region are likely to suffer
with health problems. As far as drainage system is concerned, Pakka drainage
covers 25 Kms of the total area and Kaccha drainage cover about 50 Kms of the
area. It has been observed that most part of the Ranigunj region is affected by
serious drainage disorder.


102
9.3.5 Kulti

Kulti is very backward in terms of Sanitation and Drainage system compared to
other towns. A major problem, which this city face is of water logging. Frequent
water logging after heavy rain is faced because of poor drainage facility. Major
part of the streets and roads faces water logging. Investment is needed to
upgrade the present sanitation and drainage system. Most of the areas have
inadequate drainage facilities. The areas which are identified to have inadequate
drainage facility are from Dhemo Mein village to Bulu Taloo, from Salanpur
More to Bhandra More, from B.N.R. Kulti to L. C More, Bisnu Priya colony,
Bisnubihar colony, from Neamtapur More to Bhukania Petrol Pump, from
Bhukania Petrol Pump to lime factory, Disergarh Post office to River side,
Neamatpur New road to G.T road East Petrol Pump, Gangutia road, Bhandra
village from Salanpur More to Hari Mandir, Bhaladi, Bidyanandapur, Sanctoria
colony, Moylagada, Jasaidih Bouri Para, Borira, Sabanpur Lachmanpur and
Chalbalpur, Kultora Neamatapur, Chinakuri, Chapraid Goyalapara and
Bouripara, Akhanbagan, Old Sitarampur and Beluni.

9.3.6 Availability of different types of Latrine Facility

Graphs 10.3 and 10.4 show various types of Latrines available at all the five
cities namely Asansol, Durgapur, Jamuria, Kulti and Ranigunj. Latrine types
are divided into 4 categories i.e. Pit Latrine, Water Closet, Other Latrine and No
Latrine. Durgapur has the highest number of households using Water Closet,
which accounts to 54% whereas about 28% of the households do not have any
latrine. The situation is more or less same in Asansol where 58% of household
use Water Closet and 24% do not use any Latrine facility. Latrine facility at Kulti
and Ranigunj are very bad as only 35% and 40% respectively, of the household
use Water Closet and 49% and 47% respectively, of households do not use any
Latrine. The situation is worst in Jamuria where about 64% of household do not
have any Latrine facility and only 28% use Water Closet. One important fact to
be noticed here is number of household which use Pit Latrine or Other type of
Latrine and very low in all the five cities.


103
Fig 9.3 : Types of Laterine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Jamuria Kulti Asansol Ranigunj Durgapur
%

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
Pit Laterine
Water Closet
Other Latrine
No Latrine


9.3.7 Different Types of Drains Available to Percent of Total Households

The segregation of type of drainage system in cities like Asansol, Durgapur,
Jamuria, Kulti and Ranigunj regions will be dealt now. Drainage type in these
five cities are classified into three categories viz, Closed Drainage, Open
Drainage and No Drainage.

A graphical presentation has been made in Figure 10.4 below. Asansol in
comparison to other areas, has the highest number of households using open
drainage, which accounts to 57268 (72% of total house holds).


104

Figure 9.5 : Different types of drains available to total house holds

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
p
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

H
o
u
s
e

h
o
l
d
s

Closed Drain 3 5 17 12 34
Open drain 52 64 72 51 36
No Drain 45 30 11 37 30
Jamuria Kulti Asansol Ranigunj Durgapur

It may be seen, in Asansol, around 72% of the households use Open Drainage
and about 17% use Close Drainage whereas the 11% of households does not
have drainage. The situation is worse in Durgapur when compared with Asansol
as about 30% of the households in Durgapur use no drainage and only 34% and
36% of households respectively use closed and open drainage. Detailed study in
the city of Kulti reveals that percentage of household using the closed, open and
no drainage are 6%, 64% and 30% respectively. Ranigunj area is far better
compared to Kulti as 12% of household use closed drainage and 51 % use open
drainage where as about 37% has no drainage. Jamuria is the worst in condition
as 45% of household has no drainage and 52% use open drainage and only a
marginally 3% use closed drainage.


105

9.4.1 Sewage System

Considering the topographical and hydrological features of the area, it is
proposed to develop a separate Sewage System. The storm and surface water
alongwith the treated effluents from the industries within the disposal norms of
the Pollution Control Board shall be carried out through Underground
Pipes/Surface Drains and Canals and disposed into the river. The domestic
sewage from the residential and industrial units shall be carried through
underground pipe sewers and shall be pumped to the Sewerage Treatment
Plants. After treatment, final effluent shall be disposed into the river. The action
plan has been tabulated below as Table 9.1
Table 9.1
S.
No
Strategy
Short-term
(1-2 Years)
Medium-term
(2-5 Years)
Long-term
(5-10 Years)
1 Upgrade
sewerage
collection
and
treatment
and use of
reclaimed
sewage for
recycle
Sewage
Collection:

Improve collection
efficiency of
sewage so that
water resources
are available.

New STPS:

Construct new
sewage treatment
plant for sewage
treatment
Sewerage Coverage:

Extend Coverage to
unsewered area

Upgrade Existing STPs:

Improve quality of treated
sewage from the existing
sewage treatment plants,
the output of which can
go as input for tertiary
treatment required for
recycling
Tertiary
Treatment:

Recycle
sewerage with
appropriate
technology
considering end
uses.

Ground Water
Recharge:

Use appropriate
technology for
ground water
recharge by
reclaimed
sewage.


106
9.4.2 Drainage System

Considering that there is virtually no systematic drainage system, it is felt
necessary for each city to draw up an integrated drainage and sewerage system
for the entire area. Accordingly it will be the endeavors of the city to design and
implement an integrated system on a phase wise basis. The drainage system
will be set up initially in Asansol and Durgapur and then extended to the other
areas of the region. The drainage plan shall be worked out on the basis of
Master Plan, GIS, Land Use & Control Plan and the existing Drainage Channels.
Generally, drains shall be provided along the existing roads, existing rails and
proposed roads and rails. The cost of the Integrated Drainage System shall be
worked out through Detailed Studies and Assessment and will be taken up for
implementation thereafter.

However, the present situation merits urgent attention and requires
implementation of immediate improvement schemes. In view of the same,
immediate action plans have been worked out for implementation.

It is proposed to run a major drainage improvement program across the Asansol
and Durgapur Areas. Areas like Borough-I, BoroughII, Borough-III, Borough-IV,
Borough- V, Sagarbhanga col.vill in Asansol needs an immediate action plan for
the drainage system. Areas from DSP Lagoon to Tamla Nullah, DSP Link Road,
from Amrai, Kandeswar to Tamla Nullah, Amrai, Kandeswar to Tamla Nullah also
needs an immediate action plan for the drainage system. In the same way
various areas, which need an attention on a priority basis, have been identified in
Ranigunj, Jamuria and Kulti and an immediate plan for drainage need to carry
out. The envisaged scheme at such places includes connecting the drainage
points to existing lagoons as well as creation of new outfall drains. It is also
noted that one of the major factors affecting the drainage system is inadequate
solid waste management system. With the implementation of the Solid Waste
Management Systems, some of the major impediments in the drainage system
including chocking of channels shall be also resolved. The schemes have been
designed on the basis of providing immediate relief to the acute problems being
faced by the urban population and will be joined with the Integrated Drainage
System for implementation in due course


107


Drainage Scheme

Component
Cost
(in crore)
1
Improvement of Major Drains (resectioning
with cover on top)
Brick, Cement and RCC
works
21.11
2
Improvement of Internal Drain at Borough-I,
BoroughII, Borough-III, Borough-IV,
Borough- V
-DO- 44.00
Total 65.11

PPP in Sewerage Sector

Willingness of private participation is entirely dependent on the financial viability of the
infrastructure projects. In sewerage projects, the tariff prices charged from the users are
negligible compared to the expenditures incurred. With the present rules, regulations, and
absence of market determined price/tariff structure in particular; the probability of attracting
private participation would remain very small. In these sectors it is important to demonstrate a
success of individual projects. In view of this it is proposed to develop initially one Sewage
Treatment Plant on a PPP Basis.

The operator shall expect to make capital investment for the treatment plant and recover it
over a period of 14 years. Costs will be recovered through a combination of sewerage tax,
sewerage charge, connection charge, general revenues and Government Support. The needs
of lower income groups can be taken care of by working out an innovative cross-subsidy
structure based on subsidy (i) from one income group to another, (ii) from one land use to
another, and (iii) from one account to another.

9.5.1 Asansol

SI.
No
Name of the Scheme


108

Sewerage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1
Development for sewerage system at Bazar
area, Railpar area, Shanti Nagar,
Subhaspally, KSTP & Hirapur
Laying of pipes, treatment
plant etc.
100
Total 100

9.5.2 Durgapur

Drainage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1
Construction of drain from DSP Lagoon to
Tamla Nullah via Dhunea
Drain Culvert STP 3.12
2 Both side Drain at DSP Link Road -DO- 3.25
3
Outfall drain from Amrai, Kandeswar to
Tamla Nullah
-DO- 3.2
4
Outfall drain through Trunk road SBSTC RE
College Byepass
-DO- 2.05
5
Construction of Outfall drain at Amrabati
from J.L avenue to CRPF camp
-DO- 0.8
6
Outfall drain from Mahalaxmi part steel park
to sankarkipur Kunur Nullah
DO 1.25
7
Outfall drain at Sagarbhanga col.vill, via
craphite to Rly Culvert
Do 1.75
8
Construction of 1MGD Sewerage
Treatment Plant at Sankarpur Village near
Bidhannagar
Activated sludge
treatment plant, 1000mm.
Dia RCC hume pipe (WP-
2), sewerage line 1 K.M
3
Total 18.42


109

Sewerage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1
Underground Sewerage System at
Raidanga, Rly. Station Shramik Nagar,
Sukumar Nagar etc.
Activated sludge
24
2
Construction of 0.5 MGD Sewerage
treatment plant on ADDA land near
Muchipara, within DMC area.
Activated sludge
1.7
3
Development for sewerage sysytem of
Benachity
Activated Sludge
treatment plan, 600
40
Total 65.7

9.5.3 Raniganj :

Drainage Scheme :

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1 Integrated Drainage System*
* Drainage Master Plan is Under Preperation.

Sewerage Scheme:

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1
Construction of 6 MGD sewerage treatment
plant at Raniganj including termidiate
boosting pumping station and trunk
sewerage lines (3.5 K.M)
Activated sludge
7.5
2
Construction of Minor Sewerage lines from
individual residents at Raniganj
Activated sludge
0.5
Total 8


110

9.5.4 Jamuria

Drainage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1
Resectioning of main outfall and
court of hume pipes drain
including manholes, box drain,
RCC culvert at ward-22 subhash
pally
Do 2.2
2
Construction of both side main
drain from Jamuria petrol pump to
Akalpur bridge, Ward no-5
1.2 km Drain 0.216
3
Construction of main drain from
cinema more to Damodarpur
village, ward no-7
0.80 km Drain 0.144
4
Construction of cover slab over
main drain of Jamuria Bazaar
area, Word no-3, 4 & 7
1.60 km cover slab 0.1488
5
Construction of cover slab over
main drain of from Nandi more to
town hall, Word no-7
6
Construction of main drain both
side of feeder road no-5 at
Mondalpur, village area, ward no -
8
7
Constructions of main drain both
side of feeder road no-14 at
Chanda village area.
8*
Construction of Drain & const. of
road at Ward No 01 to 22
98.8 Km of drain 42.1368
Total 45.413
Included in is the road component, the project being prepared under an
integrated scheme.

Sewerage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1 Integratred Sewage System
* ** Master plan for sewerage under preparation


111

9.5.5 Kulti

Drainage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
1 Construction of High drain 13.65 km 4.07
2 Construction of Pucca drain 10.7 km 1.22
3
Improvement of drains at Chapraid
Goyalapara and Bouripara
1 Km 0.1
4
Construction of drain at Akhanbagan, Old
Sitarampur and Beluni
1 km 0.1
5
Storm water drains starting from Begunia
More to the river side.(old G.T. Road)
Starting from Manberia to Marowari
vidyalaya up to river gate
0.22
Total 5.71

Sewerage Scheme

S.I
No
Cost
(in crore)
Integrated Sewage System
* No Sewerage Schemes provided for Kulti region.


112
Chapter 10 : Transportation

10.1 Vision

The City aims to provide to the people of the region a fully integrated pro-active
transport system and infrastructure which would optimally meet the articulated as
well as latent needs of mobility and passenger/freight transport for different strata
of the society, with the guarantee of safe, reliable, efficient and cost effective
multi-model mix. The system shall assist in decongestion and shall facilitate
removal of inequitable growth in the region by opening the backward centres for
trade and investment.

10.2 Background

The Asansol Urban Area is experiencing rapid growth in urban population
triggered by substantial growth in trade and commerce. The growth has been
largely characterized by densification of the central core, ribbon development
along the main transportation corridor and inadequate internal link roads.

It is recognized that an efficient transport system is a prerequisite for a
sustainable economic development. It is not only the key infrastructural input for
the growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting social and
economic integration with the rest of the country, which is particularly important in
a large country like India. The transport system plays an important role of
promoting the development of the backward regions and integrating them with
the mainstream economy by opening them to trade and investment. In a
liberalized set- up, an efficient transport network becomes all the more important
in order to increase productivity and enhance the competitive efficiency of the
economy in the world market.

It is also well established that industrial development of any region substantially
depends on the transportation infrastructure, which will be made available. With a
limited road network with limited carriageway and the congestion it is becoming
more and more acute to satisfy the increasing traffic demand.


113

10.3.1 Consistent Growth

High growth and dense population in and around the transport corridor
characterize the region.

There is no possibility of capacity augmentation by means of widening which
implies that decongestion needs to be done by shifting some of the conflicting
functions from GT road to some other areas.

10.3.2 Linkage to the Region

The region is linked to Kolkata through National Highway 2 (NH 2) that is a part
of the Golden Quadrilateral. NH 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata.

NH-2 is the most important road link in the region. This link connects Asansol
Urban Conglomeration with Kolkata in the eastwards and Dhanbad in the
westwards direction. Most of the major urban settlements are located along the
alignment of this transportation corridor. This vital road link provides the east-
west connectivity in the ADPA region whereas other road links provide north-
south connectivity.

NH-60 Extension (previously SH-5) aligned in north-south direction connects Suri
via Pandebeswar and meets NH-2 at Raniganj. In parallel alignment SH-9
connects Shantiniketan and meets NH-2 at Panagarh (at Darjeeling More). The
road link (north-south alignment) between Durgapur and Bankura is recently
named as NH-60 intending to provide connectivity between NH-2 and NH-6 as
well as to NH-5. Another road link between Bankura and Raniganj via Mejia
meets NH-2 near Panjabi More (Raniganj), it is an alternative link to the
Durgapur-Bankura road link providing connectivity to NH-2 and NH-6.


114
10.3.3 Key issues

10.3.3.1 Congestion of NH-2 (G T Road)

GT Road aligned in east west direction parallel to the eastern rail line is the
primary arterial road of the Asansol urban area. All the major trip destinations are
located along this link. To reduce congestion in this link, NH bypass has been
constructed in the northern periphery of Asansol Urban Area. The town level auto
rickshaw stand and taxi stand are also located along this arterial. At some
locations on-street parking is provided for two-wheelers and four wheelers. All
these factors act cumulatively during the peak hours and chokes the major urban
arterial of Asansol urban area. The situation is also acute due to the importance
of the location of Asansol in the border region of Bengal - Jharkhand.

GT Road (arterial Road) has an intermediate lane dual carriageway with ROW of
15 meters. However, in many sections part of it has been encroached by
commercial activities. NH bypass has double lane dual carriageway with parking
lanes and bus bays at selected locations. Among the sub arterial Roads, 11
percent of the links has 12 meter ROW, 57 percent has 10 meter ROW, and rest
32 percent has 8 m ROW.
Most of the
industries are
situated along the
NH-2. This leads to
the problem of
congestion in the
region. The main
reason behind this
congestion is lack of
well developed road
infrastructure
facilities within the
region which would
be conducive for
smooth dispersal

It maybe observed that most of the industries are situated along the NH-2 (G.T.
Road). This leads to the problem of congestion in the region. As the NH-2 is the
only highway which connects the above cities with the rest of the country, the
importance of the highway can not be ignored. Most of the industries are coming
up along the NH-2 (G.T.Road). The main reason behind this congestion is lack of
well developed road infrastructure facilities within the region.

Though the G.T. Road is the only National Highway which passes through the
region and connects it with the other regions of the country, the condition of the
road is very poor due to various reasons. One of the problems is the cumulative
loading of traffic along the G.T. Road due to the linear urban pattern of the
region. Again there is high centralization of activities on GT Road like


115
- Retail Trade and Commerce
- Wholesale trade [Storage facilities, loading / unloading, Truck Parking]
- Inter-Region and Intra-Region Bus Terminus
- Auto-Rickshaw and Taxi Terminal facilities
- On-Street parking

Steps will be taken to relocate market places and commercial activities, which
are clogging up GT Road.

Fig 10.1 : Industries congested along G T Road

To Sai nthia
To Adra
To Bankura
D
A
M
O
D
A
R
R
I V
E
R
A
J
O
Y
R
I V
E
R
Mai thon Dam
D H A N B A D
B A N K U R A
P U R U L I A
B I R B H U M
To Dhanbad
To Dhanbad
To Mejia
To I lambazar
To Si uri
To Kolkat a
4 0 4 8 12 16 20 2
Kil omete rs
!.
!.
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!.
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!.
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#
#
#
# #
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# #
#
#
##
#
KAN KSA BLOC K
J AM UR I A B LOCK
BA RA BANI BLOC K
SALAN PU R BLO CK
AND AL BLOC K
F AR ID PU R-D U R GAPU R BLO CK
R ANI GAN J BL OC K
KUL TI M U N IC IP ALIT Y
D U RGA PUR MU N IC I PAL COR POR AT I ON
PAN D ABESWAR BLOC K
ASAN SOL MU N IC I PAL CO RPO RAT I ON
JA MU R IA MUN I CI PALI T Y
R ANI GAN J M U N IC IPA LIT Y
864 5' 0"E
86 45' 0" E
8 65 0' 0"E
865 0' 0"E
86 55 '0" E
86 55' 0"E
87 60' 0" E
87 60' 0" E
87 5' 0"E
8 75 '0" E
87 10' 0"E
87 10' 0"E
871 5' 0"E
87 15' 0" E
87 20 '0" E
87 20 '0" E
87 25' 0" E
872 5' 0"E
87 30' 0"E
87 30' 0" E
87 35' 0"E
8 73 5'0 "E
23 25' 0" N 23 25' 0"N
23 30' 0" N 23 30' 0"N
23 35' 0" N 23 35' 0"N
23 40' 0" N 23 40' 0"N
23 45' 0" N 23 45' 0"N
23 50' 0" N 23 50' 0"N
23 55' 0" N 23 55' 0"N
Legend
ADPA
Block Boundary
Water Bodies
Major Roads
Rail
!. Coaliary
#
Industry


116
10.3.3.2 Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads
Traffic volume on 60 percent of the urban arterials has exceeded their capacity in
1996, 30 percent among them has exceeded 1.5 times their capacity. The most
congested sections are GT Road between Bhagat Singh More and Kalla Road
Junction, Hutton Road, Bathe Road and some portion of SB Gorai Road. Over
time, Kumarpur Link, Burnpur Road has also become severely congested.

The Asansol Urban Region suffers from inadequacy and poor condition of roads.
Ideally a city should have at least 20% roads in its total area, the percentage
covered by the city is not sufficient. Considering the rapid growth in the
population in coming years, the pressure on existing roads will increase causing
congestion in the region.

SB Gorai Road is the only parallel link to GT road in the southern side. Hutton
Road and Bathe Road connect GT ROAD and S B Gorai Road. SD Road is
another important link in the northern part of the Asansol urban area providing
connectivity with the NH Bypass. The average running speed (recorded in

Fig 10.2 : Projected Population
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
2001 2005 2011 2021 2025
Jamuria Kulti Asansol Raniganj Durgapur


117
current year) along GT Road was 28 kmph, whereas SB Gorai Road exhibited 19
kmph. Mostly busses, mini buses, cars and two wheelers constitute the vehicular
traffic. In Burnpur Road and Kumarpur Road, large share of goods vehicles can
be observed the average running speed recorded being 26 kmph. Most of the
arterials and sub arterials are amidst densely built up urban area which offers
little or no scope for capacity augmentation.

Durgapur has got a good network of wide Roads mostly constructed and
maintained by various township authorities. However, some of the links in the
south of NH-2 are severely congested during peak hours of traffic, the evening
peak time being the more critical one. Traffic volumes in BC Roy Avenue, Surya
Sen street and Nachan Road in the Benachity area have already exceeded their
capacity in 1996. The travel speed observed in GT Road is 48 kmph many
signalized and priority intersections have led to lowering of average running
speed. On Bankura Road the observed speed is 22 kmph and on BC Roy
Avenue it is 25 kmph. Existence of a railway crossing causes severe delay and
long and static queues in the Bankura Road link. On the other hand, Nachan
Road exhibits an average running speed of 16 kmph whereas the same along
the MG Road shows 31 kmph. Most of the Roads inside the township area has
adequate capacity to cater to the present demand however the surface
condition in some of the links is appalling due to lack of adequate maintenance.
The quality of riding surface in the northern periphery of the Durgapur urban area
near Kamalpur and Chakgopaldevpur is extremely poor and calls for immediate
intervention.

Lack of adequate maintenance of the roads in the industrial areas is also quite
prominent. Improvement or strengthening is necessary for some of the major
corridors in the region like Dr B C Roy Avenue, Jadabendra Panja Avenue and
Kanjilal Avenue.


118
10.3.3.3 Railway Barriers

Though in some areas there are few underpasses, the number is not sufficient
and the underpasses are also very narrow. So these underpasses are not
sufficient to take load of the increasing number of vehicles and these needs to be
converted into ROBs for better movement of vehicles. These underpasses
include Barachak Tunnel, Maharadanga, Domania, Chathapathar Flyover and
Kalyanpur
Fig 10.3 : Rail Network Profile of Major Cities

AS N
One of the major barriers for free flow of traffic in the region is the presence of
railway crossings. The railway crossing virtually bisects the city of Asansol into
North and South Asansol. This has resulted in significant differences in the
development of North and South Asansol. While North Asansol has shown
significant development, South Asansol has lagged behind. The value of land of
South Asansol is also less than the value of land in North Asansol. So it is
essential that these barriers be punctured and crossed at as many points as
possible to improve connectivity. Such connections develop grid movements and
reduce circuitry between the areas.

To Ban ku ra
D
A
M
O
D
A
R
R
I V
E
R
A
J
O
Y
R
I V
E
R
Ma ith on Dam
D H A N B A D
B A N K U R A
P U R U L I A
B I R B H U M
T o Dha nb ad
T o Dha nb ad
T o Me jia
T o I lamb azar
To Si uri
T o K olk at a
4 0 4 8 12 1 6 20 2
Kilo m eter s
KA N KS A BLO CK
J A M UR I A B LO CK
B A RA B AN I B LOC K
SA LAN P U R B L OCK
A ND A L BLO C K
F AR ID PU R-D U R GAPU R BL O CK
R AN IGAN J B LO C K
K UL TI M U N IC IP A LIT Y
D U RGA PUR MU N IC I PAL CO RP O RA TI ON
PA N DA B ESW AR B LOCK
AN SO L MU N IC I P AL CO RP O RA TI O
JA MU R IA M UN I CI PAL I T Y
R A N IGA NJ M U N IC IP ALIT Y
86 45' 0"E
86 45' 0 " E
86 5 0' 0"E
865 0'0 "E
86 55 '0" E
86 55 ' 0"E
87 60' 0 " E
87 60' 0 " E
87 5' 0"E
8 75 '0" E
87 10 ' 0"E
87 10 ' 0"E
87 15' 0 "E
87 15' 0 "E
87 20 '0" E
87 2 0 '0" E
87 25 '0" E
87 25 ' 0"E
87 30' 0 "E
87 30' 0"E
87 35' 0"E
87 3 5' 0" E
23 25' 0" N 23 25' 0"N
23 30' 0" N 23 30' 0"N
23 35' 0" N 23 35' 0"N
23 40' 0" N 23 40' 0"N
23 45' 0" N 23 45' 0"N
23 50' 0" N 23 50' 0"N
23 55' 0" N 23 55' 0"N
Legend
Major Roads
ADPA
Block Boundary
Water Bodies
Population
300,000
Railway Line creating
a major barrier in
Asansol, Kulti,
Durgapur.


119
10.3.3.4 Congestion along major roads

Again the density of population along the major roads especially along the G T
Road is very high as most of the industries are situated along the G T Road. This
is due to the fact that interior roads are not developed to that extent that they can
take load of industrial development. This is causing congestion along the major
roads.

GT road being the most important link in the Asansol Urban Area intense urban
development has taken place along it. Most of the wholesale and retail trade and
commerce destination in Asansol area are located along this road. Spilling of the
retail trade activities has been a perennial source of nuisance. Adding to this,
parking of the goods vehicles, loading and unloading operation takes place along
this arterial road significantly reducing the effective capacity of the link . In
addition to this, the private as well as the SBSTC bus terminus is located along
this road catering to the inter regional and intra regional passenger demand.
Ingress and egress of large buses interfere with the local traffic operations
leading to severe congestion.

10.3.3.5 Absence of centralized warehousing facilities

As there is no centralized warehousing facilities all the wholesale activities take
place inside the cities. It causes major problems of loading and unloading along
the interior roads. That further narrows the interior roads as all the trucks are
parked in the roads. This is a major cause of slow movement of vehicles in the
cities.

10.3.3.6 Markets in heart of the city

Currently the wholesale markets are spread over the cities causing congestion in
the roads inside the cities. So it will be better to relocate all the wholesale
markets outside the cities at the logistic hubs. It will ensure that all the wholesale
activities (loading, unloading, storage and sale) take place at the logistic hub
outside the cities only.


120
10.3.3.7 Absence of parking areas
With the growth in trade and commerce in the region, the number of vehicles has
grown sharply. Both in Asansol and Durgapur, the commerce and trade facilities
are concentrated in specific zones. These zones attract substantial amount of
cars and two wheelers. In the absence of parking facilities, the vehicles are
parked on the street leading to a major bottleneck in the smooth flow of traffic
This problem is further aggravated by high population densities, large number of
pavement hawkers, side walk encroachments and heterogeneous nature of
traffic and
commercial area
development along
all the major roads.
There is a
substantial under
provision in the
parking space as
compared to the
requirement of the
city.

10.3.3.8 Bus Terminus at heart of the city
The existing bus terminuses in the region are situated mostly at the heart of the
city. Ingress and egress of large buses interfere with the local traffic operations
leading to severe congestion. Apart from that the existing bus terminuses do not
provide proper amenities to the travelers, bus drivers and conductors.

10.3.3.9 Rural connectivity

As the
communication
between village
and cities
improves more
and more labor will
come to the cities
for job. It will lead
to decrease in
migration to some
extent.

The rural connectivity of the region is very poor as most of the roads linking
villages to the cities are missing. Even if the roads are there they are mostly of
LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction, therefore it is not possible for rural
people to sell their produce in the city markets.


121

From the following map it is clear that the road density is highest along the
G T Roads as most industries are situated along the road. For other parts
road density is not sufficient and needs immediate attention. Road density
at agrarian areas like Faridpur, Kaksha, Jamuria and Pandeveswar block is
very low. Major road connectivity is missing in villages with population less
than 1000.

Fig 10.4 : Road density of the Asansol Urban Region

ToBankura
DAMODAR RI VER
AJOY RI VER
MaithonDam
DHANBAD
BANKURA
PURULI A
BI RBHUM
ToDhanbad
ToDhanbad
ToMejia
ToIlambazar
ToSiuri
ToKolkata
4 0 4 8 12 16 20 2
Kilometers
KANKSABLOCK
JAMURIABLOCK
BARABANI BLOCK
SALANPURBLOCK
ANDALBLOCK
FARIDPUR-DURGAPURBLOCK
RANIGANJ BLOCK
KULTI MUNICIPALITY
DURGAPURMUNICIPALCORPORATION
PANDABESWARBLOCK
ASANSOLMUNICIPALCORPORATION
JAMURIAMUNICIPALITY
RANIGANJMUNICIPALITY
8645'0"E
8645'0"E
8650'0"E
8650'0"E
8655'0"E
8655'0"E
8760'0"E
8760'0"E
875'0"E
875'0"E
8710'0"E
8710'0"E
8715'0"E
8715'0"E
8720'0"E
8720'0"E
8725'0"E
8725'0"E
8730'0"E
8730'0"E
8735'0"E
8735'0"E
'0"N 2325'0"N
'0"N 2330'0"N
'0"N 2335'0"N
'0"N 2340'0"N
'0"N 2345'0"N
'0"N 2350'0"N
'0"N 2355'0"N
L e g e n d
R d _ D e n s i t y
0 . 0 0 - 2 0 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 1 - 4 0 . 0 0
4 0 . 0 1 - 6 0 . 0 0
6 0 . 0 1 - 8 0 . 0 0
8 0 . 0 1 - 1 0 0 . 0 0
Road Density


The Plan shall address the requirements in three phases, Short Term, Medium
Term and Long Term. The following table represents the strategy:

Short term measures including immediate trouble shooting actions and
Transportation System Management (TSM) actions such as junction
improvements, signalization, lane markings, delineators, signs etc., to be taken
up regularly. These measures shall be taken up on a continuous basis as the
travel characteristics and loading of different links, intersections etc. change very


122
frequently owing to natural growth and changes in land use. Further, planning
development of access areas to public transportation systems and Intermediate
Public Transport (IPTs) need to be looked at under this head. Enforcement of
lane discipline and traffic rules needs to be addressed urgently.

Medium term action plan is aimed at development of transport infrastructure over
the perspective plan period to bring about coordinated development among
different components and enhance carrying capacity of entire system. These
measures include various infrastructure projects, which will be directed at
network improvements such as parallel roads, link roads, slip roads, bridges.
Grade separations, alternate transport systems such as Mass Rapid Transport
System (MRTs), restructuring of bus based transportation systems to a direction
based strategy in the place of multiple destination based approach, assignment
of complementary roles to MRTs, BRTs (Bus Rapid Transit) and IPTs etc.

Long-term action plan is aimed at development of structure plan for the Urban
Area with Transit as one of the lead components, which will direct the Urban
Growth so as to bring about a structural fit between transit infrastructure and
Urban Growth. This will examine a comprehensive multi-modal public transit
system to bring about the most optimal mix of commuting within the Urban Area
and thus providing a sustainable transit solution. New facilities will be created to
improve level of service and to cater to the increased population growth.

10.4.1 Improvement along NH-2

So the focal concept is to develop the roads infrastructure in such a way so that
the NH-2 can be decongested to the extent possible. That will ensure free
movement of inter-city vehicles along the road.

Again the main connectors of the cities with the NH-2 are also congested due to
unauthorized shops and other constructions, which needs to relocate. Again
accessibility of the NH-2 from the region needs to be improved by augmenting
existing roads parallel to the NH-2 and by constructing the missing links. This will
lead to the decongestion of the arterial roads and will help to spread the
development over the region.


123

10.4.2 Improvement of Roads

Roads need to be improved so that traffic can move smoothly and the number of
accidents can be reduced. For that purpose the quality of roads need to be
improved, traffic signals, intersections need to be improved too.

10.4.3 Construction of ROBs

As the major problem in the region is the presence of railway crossings at
different parts of the roads, it is proposed to construct Rail Over Bridge (ROBs),
which will provide easy connectivity and assist in reducing the inequalities
between the regions.

10.4.4 Decongestion

The major problem of the region is the mixing of inter city and intra city vehicles
which causes various traffic problems in the region. Constructing new logistic
hubs outside the cities can solve this problem.

The logistic hub will include both truck and bus terminal for inter city vehicles.
This will ensure that the inter city vehicles do not enter the city causing trouble for
intra city vehicles.

The present bus terminals handles both inter city and intra city bus routes
affecting traffic movement in the cities. In the city of Durgapur total number of bus
routes is 74 and for Asansol the number for the same is 84. On an average the
number buses that ply for each route is around 20. So it is better to have
separate bus terminals for inter city and intra city bus terminals. The inter city bus
terminal can be constructed in the logistic hub only. On the other hand the bus
terminals inside the cities should handle only intra city routes.


124
10.4.5 Loading and unloading outside the city

If a logistic hub is constructed outside the city and the wholesale market is
relocated outside the city the problem of loading and unloading can be solved.
The large trucks will unload their goods at the logistic hub and from there small
and medium trucks will carry the goods to the heart of the city. This will reduce
the problem of loading and unloading in the busy roads of the city.

10.4.6 Construction of Trade & Storage Center at Logistic Hubs

For that purpose the logistic hub will also include a wholesale trade and storage
center. This center will have modern storage facilities for different types of
products like building materials, auto components, food grains etc. All the inter
city trucks will unload products at the logistic hub and small trucks will be used to
move those products inside the city.

10.4.7 Parking Facilities

In the first phase parking lots shall be proposed to be constructed in Asansol and
Durgapur, which can be thereafter replicated in the other areas of the region. Off-
street parking facilities shall also be identified and constructed in major nodes in
the regions thereafter.

An Appropriate parking pricing methodology shall be developed so as to enable
the projects to be implemented with Private Sector Participation.

For Asansol, the existing bus terminus can be converted into a parking cum
commercial complex, taking care of illegal parking and small time traders on
pavement in the vicinity to some extent.

Entry of trucks may be banned from 8 AM to 8 PM in Benachity area in Durgapur
and parking facilities can be built up at suitable locations. Such restrictions of
entry of trucks along GT Road within Asansol are also necessary.


125

10.4.8 Modern Bus Terminus

Project on Parking Lot on PPP Basis
ADDA shall build up parking lot on Public Private Partnership, the facilities can be
operated in a BOT basis. The project can be implemented on a PPP framework wherein
the private sector party would be required to build a quality Parking facility with adequate
passenger amenities and undertake operation and maintenance activities of the bus
terminal for the specified number of years quoted by the Concessionaire as the
Concession Period. In order to make the project commercially viable, the private sector
party would be allowed to exploit a portion of the land on an commercial framework. The
private sector party would be allowed to recover the investments through commercial
revenue (lease rentals, license fees) and collection of various fees (ADDA fees, night
parking fees and advertisement fees) as specified for the concession period. The NURM
funding shall have the project viable and it shall be the responsibilities of the PPP partners
to ensure financial sustainability of the project. Parking lots are proposed at Asansol and
Durgapur.


126

I

Project on Bus Terminus on PPP Basis

The project has been conceived with the objective of setting up of a Greenfield Modern
Bus Terminus with adequate passenger amenities and shall also help decongest the city
by restricting entry of long distance bus services into Central Business District of the city
and in the process reduce air and noise pollution to substantial levels and thus improve
micro environmental quality.

The bus terminus project is proposed to be implemented on Public Private Partnership
(PPP) format through a Build, Operate and Transfer model. The private sector operator
will be required to design, finance, construct bus terminals including infrastructure such as
boarding and alighting bays, signage, etc., provide required passenger amenities,
commercial complex with office and retail shop/ kiosks and maintain the project assets
during the given Concession Period.

The Project would be implemented on a PPP framework wherein the private sector party
would be required to build a quality Bus Terminal with adequate passenger amenities and
undertake operation and maintenance activities of the bus terminal for the specified
number of years quoted by the Concessionaire as the Concession Period. In order to
make the project commercially viable, the private sector party would be allowed to exploit
a portion of the land on an commercial framework. The private sector party would be


127
10.4.9 Improved rural connectivity
To improve the connectivity with the rural areas of the region the following
measures can be considered.
Conversion of LTM roads to Black Top Roads

In the region most of the roads are of LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction.
So it is an urgent need to develop the roads to black top so that the roads can
handle the pressure of increasing number of heavy vehicles in the region.

Developing Roads Linking to Villages

In this region the density of roads is not same in all the areas. So most of the
villages of this region are not properly connected with the NH-2. This is a major
reason for under development in the villages of the region. This plan aims at
constructing roads linking major villages of the region with concrete roads of at
least two lanes. This will help farmers to sell their produce in the city markets,
which will ultimately help the economy of the villages.

It is recognized that problems and issues in the sector are complex and needs to
be addressed on a holistic basis.

Keeping in mind the above, Asansol City aims at setting a Integrated Road
Linkage Plan It is also recognized that one of the critical components of the Plan
needs to be in, provision of adequate Operation and Maintenance so that the
facilities created under the plan continue to provide the necessary.

Given the complexity of the problem, it is evident that isolated solutions directed
at one or two facets, such as building flyovers, road widening etc., will at best
assuage the problem temporarily but will not be able tackle the problem
comprehensively. Only a multifaceted approach duly integrating land use with
transportation at the planning stage as a long term measure to structurally
integrate this sector with the overall growth of the urban area will be able to give
best benefits at least possible cost. It is felt that a concerted and sustained
campaign duly addressing issues as under will be able to address transportation
related problems comprehensively.


128

10.5 Other Important Measures

10.5.1 Intersection improvements

One of the major contributors for reducing the efficiency of free flow of traffic is
the performance of intersections. This is an area of immediate intervention that
can be implemented with marginal investments and where improvement in the
performance can be felt. It is observed that several intersections in Asansol and
Durgapur cities do not have road markings or dividers to direct merging, crossing
and diverging flows into specific channels. At these locations considerable delays
are occurring due to in disciplined behavior of 2- wheeler traffic not obeying the
yield principle.

Since junction improvement is a constant process, and also loading at
intersection depend to a great extent on the land use along the corridor, it would
be difficult to pin point those intersections, which would require improvement in
the coming years. However based on the available information and observing the
delays, major intersections will be identified, that would need immediate
attentions.

Durgapur, though has good wide roads, has quite a number of intersections
which need to be upgraded for improving visibility in the corners which may lead
to major accidents.

10.5.2 Street Lights

The number of streetlights in the region is not found to be sufficient and most of
them use tube light or bulbs, which is obsolete nowadays and has big power
consumption. So measures will be taken to convert all the streetlights into
sodium vapor so that the quality of light improves and cost of maintenance falls.

Quite a few of major roads of Durgapur suffer from this disadvantage, which
might also lead to law and order problems at a later date.


129

Places like Jamuria have 300 Street Lights, which cover an area of about 15%. The
number of Street Lights in such region has to be increased to cover an area of 100%
effectively. Durgapur on the other side has Street light which cover an area of 95%,
which will be increased to 100%, but most of the lights do not glow properly and
some are fused and defective. So measure needs to be taken to identify such
defectives lights and replace it. This will be one of the future actions of plan.
10.5.3 Isolated Traffic Signals

While channelization of approaches to intersections reduces the conflict area,
they function only when the volume are low in nature and has large time and
space headways in the cross traffic, sufficient for merging. These gaps decrease
the volumes of flows increase thereby necessitating physical stoppage of one of
the conflicting flows to facilitate the movement of the other. Besides in the region,
there are a number of fixed time signalized intersections which needs to be
replaced by traffic actuated signalized.

10.5.4 Signal system optimization and Area traffic control

Even if the number of signalized intersections is increased the overall delays may
not be optimized unless all these signals are interconnected. If all the signals are
not integrated with surrounding municipal areas, management of traffic will
become increasingly impossible in the region.

10.5.5 Traffic signs and markings

The traffic in the region being mixed in nature and the carriageway being a
nonstandard format, all the carriageways need adequate traffic signs and road
markings to provide guidance for disciplined and safe driving.

It is observed in the cities like Asansol, Durgapur, Ranigunj that on many
important corridors traffic guidance in the form of traffic signs and lane markings
are not up to the standards. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings,
edge markings, median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones, traffic
delineators, and traffic signs and implemented on all important travel corridors.


130
10.5.6 Bus Bays

Frequent weaving movements of buses in busy corridors have a significant effect
on the running speed of traffic. Further, stopping buses in the middle of traffic
lanes tends to block the traffic moving on the left lane. Since most the roads in
the cities of the region are two lanes with an un-mountable central divider, the
problem of traffic blockade becomes even more acute on such occasions. So
considering the fact that there are 84 bus routes in Asansol and 74 routes in
Durgapur city, important and congested bus bays will be identified to make
provision of convenient stoppages for buses without inconveniencing the traffic
following them.

10.5.7 Pedestrian Crossings

As a significant proportion of the trips of up to 2 km in length are performed on
foot and since pedestrians are more vulnerable in being in being involved in
accidents, it is necessary to protect them through provision of Guard Rails, Zebra
Crossings, Pelican Signals or through Grade separations. Warrants for
pedestrian crossings are as follows:

Approach speeds are high (say > 60 kmph)
Waiting time for pedestrian or vehicles is too long
Peak hour volume for pedestrian (P) and vehicles (V) are such that
PV2>2 *10 for divided carriageways.

Further, when mid block volumes are high across a high speed corridor, a
situation having potential to cause accidents to pedestrians are created. Such
situations rise when the level of service drags behind C level.

10.5.8 Road Widening

Given that the percentage area covered by roads in the city is not sufficient, road
widening programme improves channel capacity by adding more area to the
circulation channels. For that purpose the busy, congested roads should be
identified for the purpose of widening.


131

10.5.9 Air Link

Considering the future potential of this region including diversification of
economic activities, it is necessary to locate a domestic airport in this area. This
could be achieved by augmenting the existing Airstrip either at Burnpur or
Durgapur.


10.6.1 Asansol

Sl.
No.
Name of the
Scheme
Location Component Cost
1. Improvement of G.T.
Road as per Master
Plan & Improvement
of Asansol Bazar
area.

AMC area Bituminous
works, Divider,
Street Light,
Drain
Rs. 40 Crores
2. Improvement of
Sen-Relegigh road
from Jubilee More to
Scob Gate.

-do- Rs 10 crores
3. Construction of road
starting from Air
Strip to S.B. Gorai
road.
-do-
-do- -do- Rs 8.5 crores

4. Conversion of
Bituminous road into
Concrete road of
S.B.Gorai road.

AMC area RCC Works Rs 12 crores


132

5 Conversion of
Concrete road of
Hutton road.
-do- -do- Rs 5 crores
6 Conversion of
Concrete road of
N.S.Road.
-do- Rs 3 crores
7 Improvement of
Pipe line road.
-do- Bituminous
works, Divider,
Street Light,
Drain
Rs 5 crores
8 Construction of
flyover for making
connectivity
between North-
South Asansol
-do- Rs 60 crores
9 Conversion of
Concrete road of
Mithani road
-do- RCC Work Rs 15 crores
10 Construction of
Arterial road from
Mohishila Colony to
B.C. College Road
-do- Bituminous
Work, Drain.
11 Construction of
Arterial road from
G.T.Road to
Radhanagar Road.
AMC area -do- Rs 2.5 crores
12 Construction of
Peripheral Ring
Road along Eastern
Railway Loop Line
-do- -do- Rs 10.5 crores
-do-
Fly Over
Rs 7 crores


133

13 Improvement of
Bituminous road
within Borough I to
Borough V
-do- Bituminous
Work, Drainage
Rs 85 crores
14 Improvement of
Internal road by
making Cement
Concrete within
Borough I to V areas
of AMC.
-do- RCC Works
15 Construction of
parking cum
commercial complex
along GT Road
(within city)
-do- RCC & brick
works
Rs 10 crores
16 Construction of new
truck terminus cum
wholesale market
along G T Road
bypass
-do- Truck stand,
Dhaba,
workshop,
motor garages,
parking place,
market building
Rs 30 crores
17 Construction of bus
terminus with
passenger
amenities
18 Construction of bus
stops
-do- RCC works Rs 1 crore
Construction of
barriers for big
trucks
-do- RCC works Rs 2 crores
20 Construction of
Market complex (10
nos.)
-do- Building etc. Rs 20 crores
Rs 28 crores
19


134

Durgapur is located in the district of Burdwan. It lies on the main railway line
connecting Calcutta and New Delhi, thus being very well connected to both of the
above cities. It takes about 2 hours by express train to reach Calcutta and an
overnight journey to reach Delhi. The G.T.Road (National Highway #2) passes
through the middle of the city. One airport is under construction near Steel City,
B-zone.

This urban area enjoys the privilege of an elaborate and adequate road
transportation network. Ownership and maintenance responsibility of the
carriageway lies with various organizations. This has led to significant variation of
road surface condition among the linkages in Durgapur. Apart from a few streets
amidst private development, most of the linkages have low volume to capacity
ratio. The roads near Benachity area need immediate intervention. Parking
facilities have to be provided in the key commercial destinations both in
Benachity and the City Centre area.

Details of the projects to be undertaken are listed below:

21 Completion of Bus
terminus at Asansol
-do- Building with
workingmens
Dormitory and
Rest House
Rs 4 crores
22 Development of
Parking Places at
different areas of
Asansol
-do- C.C. Work Rs 5 crores
Provision of Street
Lights on all major &
minor roads
-do- Pole S. V.
lamps
Rs 15 crores
Total Rs 383.50 crs
23
10.6.2 Durgapur


135
Sl.
No.
Name of the Scheme Location Component Cost
1 Ring road around
Durgapur Urban Area
from Muchipara to
Dhupchuria More near
Andal-via-Arrah-
Fuljhore, Sovapur,
Hetedoba-Jabbarpally-
Arati-Dhupchururia
including two minor
bridges
Entire DMC
population
Bituminous,
RCC, Culvert
Rs 25 crores
2 Muchipara to Durgapur
Barrage Road along with
ROB and Bridge over
DVC Cannel
DMC area Bituminous,
RCC, Bridge,
Culvert

Rs 44 crores
3 Development of road
from Bankura More to
DVC More
DMC area Bituminous,
RCC.
Rs 10 crores
4 Road from CMERI More
to Arrah More
5 Improvement of Surya
Sen Sarani
6 Development of truck
terminus
-do- Concrete
hardstand
area,
buildings for
driver
amenities
Rs 5 crores
7 Improvement of J. Panja
Avenue & Dr B C Roy
Avenue
-do- Bituminous,
RCC
Rs 7 crores
8. Construction of barriers
for restricting entry of
trucks
-do- Steelworks Rs 2.0 crores


136
9 Logistic hub at
Benachity, Muchipara &
City Centre at Durgapur
(Techno commercial &
wholesale)
-do- Building with
required
facilities
Rs 30 crores
10 Bus terminus at Eastern,
Western and Northern
end of Durgapur
-do- Building with
workingmens
Dormitory
and Rest
House
Rs 7.5 crores
11 Development of City
Parking area
City Centre
at DMC
-do- Rs 1 crore
Total Rs 142.5 crs

10.6.3 Ranigunj

Details of the projects to be undertaken:

Sl.
No.
Name of the
Scheme
Location Component Cost
1 Ring Road
around Ranigunj
Municipal Area
Ranigunj
area
Two lane road to
reduce congestion
within the Ranigunj
Town
Rs 4.8 crores
2 Raniganj Bypass
Road
-do- Rs 7 crores
3 Bus Terminus -do- Buildings and other
facilities
Rs 4 crores
Total Rs 15.8 crs


137

10.6.4 Jamuria

S.I
No
Name of the
Scheme
Location
Component
Cost
(Lakhs)
1 Strengthening of
metal road from
Satgram village to
link with G.T.Road.
Ward no-
11
Road length
1.65 km.
width-3.66m.,
culvert, etc.
Rs.30.78
* Additional road projects are mentioned with the sewerage & drainage schemes.

10.6.5 Kulti

Srl .No: Mission Components PT
Project Cost
(Rs in crores)
1 Parking lots/ Bus
Terminus/Others
N A 2.63
2 Road Improval and New Road
Projects
N A 8.31
Total Rs 10.94 crs


138
Chapter 11 : Solid Waste Management

11.1 Vision

To put in place an effective solid waste management system aimed at
minimizing manual handling, 100% waste collection and transportation of
the waste, Recycling of the waste & conservation of the environment, 100%
compliance with various regulatory stipulations

11. 2 Background & Rationale

Solid waste can be defined as material that no longer has any value to the
person who is responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a
pipe. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agricultural
and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public places.
Solid waste generated from
domestic and commercial
activities has become a
major concern causing
extensive environmental
problems and threat to
human health. Municipal
authorities are now
confronted with the important
task of management of
municipal solid waste.

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become
inevitable. The tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for
economic progress and development has resulted in a remarkable increase in
the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for example domestic waste,
industrial waste etc.

As of now the waste generated are disposed in an indiscriminate manner due to
lack of systematic collection, proper transportation system and adequate disposal
facilities available. The local authorities of urban centers find it difficult to arrange
sufficient area of land for municipal waste disposal.

In, India municipal wastes have to be managed as per the provisions of Municipal
Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 promulgated under
Environment Protection Act, 1986. As per these rules, all the biodegradable
municipal solid wastes shall be required to be processed by appropriate
biological processing method.


139
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 has made
MSWM the Litigation responsibility of Urban Local Bodies (City Corporations and
Municipal Corporations), which asks for source segregation of waste for cleaner
composting and recycling. Further, the Supreme Court of India, acting on Public
interest Litigation directed all urban local governments to install scientific solid
waste treatment plants before a set deadline. Thus the installation of a scientific
solid waste management system, though a costly proposition for most of the
urban bodies, has become an imminent necessity. Also the Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, has issued the Municipal
Solid Wastes (management and handling) Rules in the year 2000, which identify
the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) as the agency to monitor the
implementation of these rules.
Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and
Handling) Rules 2000
has made MSWM the
Litigation responsibility
of Urban Local Bodies
(City Corporations and
Municipal Corporations),
which asks for source
segregation of waste for
cleaner composting and
recycling.
Overall the
present solid
waste
management
process
covering the
entire Asansol
Urban Area is
found to be
highly
inadequate.

Another grave problem of urban area is that of bio-medical waste. These waste
those are generated in small quantities, however may pose a great risk to the
community due to their potential biohazard.

The disposal of non hazardous industrial waste is also another problem area.
These wastes have less of hazardous components but by the virtue of there
sheer volume they can pose threat to the environment.

11. 3 Situation Appraisal

11.3.1 Overall Observation

Overall the present solid waste management process covering the entire Asansol
Urban Area is found to be highly inadequate.

Presently, the wastes are simply thrown either on
the roadside heap or close to near by waste bin and
the roads end up being storage of enormous
amounts of waste. There is virtually no Solid Waste
Management System in almost the whole of the
Asansol Urban Area.


140
The major shortfall in the present systems are as illustrated below:

11.3.1.1 Absence of Proper Collection and Transport
The bulk of the
waste is not
collected on a
daily basis and
left to decay on
the roads, streets
and drains, etc.
No awareness
among general
people

The process of collection, which requires substantial man and logistic
management, is very poor in all the urban centers. The overall situation is
marginally better in Durgapur. This coupled with lack of proper transportation has
resulted in a situation wherein 50-70% of the waste is not collected at all.

11.3.1.2 No Segregation of Waste

Concept of segregation of waste is largely absent and people are totally ignorant
about the significance and necessity of segregation of Solid waste

11.3.1.3 Bio-medical Waste

Though the region contains a good number of hospitals, there is no provision of
updated and sophisticated solid waste management facilities. The Bio-medical
wastes are also getting dumped along with domestic wastes.

11.3.1.4 Absent of Landfill site for disposal of Garbage:

It is reported that two solid waste disposal sites in Pardai and Raturia are
available in Durgapur, whereas there is no identified landfill sites for disposal of
garbage in Asansol and as such it is indiscriminately disposed through the filling
of low lands as well as the agricultural land spread over the city.

11.3.1.5 No Awareness to General Public:

There is no awareness among the general public about the solid waste
management. People are not aware of the way to dispose the waste. Careless
disposal of waste on streets has resulted in littering of waste.


141

11.3.2 Assessment of Present Solid Waste Generation

11.3.2.1 Generation of MSW in Asansol Municipal Corporation (AMC) and
Durgapur Municipal Corporation (DMC) Area

The various sources of MSW generation are domestic households, hotels,
markets, marriage halls, temples, commercial establishments and other
institutions.

11.3.2.1.1 Domestic Households

The waste generated in the domestic households forms the major component of
the total MSW generation. The households in the city, based on income groups
could be categorized as High Income Group, Middle Income Group, Low Income
Group and economically weaker section dwellings.

The average per capita generation for the low income, middle income and high
income group, and the total waste generated is extrapolated as presented in the
tables below:

Table 11.1 : Waste Generation by Domestic Households (AMC)
Category
Average per
Capita generation
(grams per day)
Population
Waste
Generated Per
Day (MT)
Low Income
Group
0.289 214949 62.1
Middle Income
Group
0.214 217537 46.6
High Income
Group
0.273 60924 16.6
Total 493410 125
Source : Integrated SWM Strategy and Action Plan. Feb, 2006


142

Table 11.2 : Waste Generation by Domestic Households (DMC)
Category
Average per
Capita generation
(grams per day)
Population
Waste
Generated
Per Day (MT)
Low Income
Group
0.256 153700 39.3
Middle Income
Group
0.161 295360 47.5
High Income
Group
0.193 94400 18.2
Total 543460 105
Source : Integrated SWM Strategy and Action Plan. Feb 2006

11.3.2.1.2 Commercial Establishment

The commercial Establishments in the city include general shops, small shops,
wholesale and retail stores and confectioneries and bakeries.

Table 11.3 : Estimated MSW Generation by Commercial Establishment
Municipal Corporation Waste Generated per Day (MT)
Asansol Municipal Corporation 50
Durgapur Municipal Corporation 74.6
Source : Integrated SWM Strategy and Action Plan. Feb 2006

11.3.2.1.3 Hotels, Restaurants and lodgings:

Hotels, Restaurants and lodgings mainly generate biodegradable waste.

Table 11.4 Solid Waste Generated by Hotels, Restaurants and Lodgings
Municipal Corporation Waste Generated per Day (MT)
Asansol Municipal Corporation 5
Durgapur Municipal Corporation 12.4
Source : Integrated SWM Strategy and Action Plan. Feb, 2006


143
11.3.2.1.4 Street Sweepings and Drain Cleanings

Street sweeping and drain cleanings are the other major components of total
MSW generated in urban areas. As per prevalent assumptions street sweepings
approximates around 10% of the total waste generated. It is estimated that
approximately 22 tons of street sweeping waste is generated every day in
Durgapur and in Asansol, street sweeping and landscaping waste contributes to
around 20 tonnes of the municipal wasted generated.

Table 11.5 : Total Quantity of Solid Waste Generated in AMC and DMC
AMC DMC
Sl
No.

Source
Total Waste
Tonnes per
Day
% of
Total
Total Waste
Tonnes per
Day
% of
Total
1. Residential
Waste
125 62% 105 46%
2. Commercial
Waste
50 25% 84.6 38%
3. Hotels and
Restaurants
5 3% 12.4 6%
4. Street Sweeping 20 10% 22 10%
Total 200 100% 224 100%
Source : Generation of MSW in Jamuria, Raniganj and Kulti Municipalities

The projection of the MSW in Jamuria, Raniganj and Kulti municipalities, have
been computed on the basis of the Waste Generation factor method as below

Table 11.6 : Total Quantity of Solid Waste Generated in Jamuria, Ranigunj and Kulti
Municipalities.

Municipalities

Population
2006

Total
Waste
Generation
MT/day

Comostable
Waste
Generation
/ day*
Inert rejects
from the
composting
process
MT/day
(@30%)

Total
landfillable
waste
MT/day
Ranigunj (M) 121459 67 26 8 49
Jamuria (M) 141537 28 11 3 21
Kulti (M) 316888 174 68 20 127
Total 579884 269 105 31 196
* As per the manual on Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India 38.95%


144

Table 11.7 : Total Quantity of Solid Waste Generated in the Five Planned
Towns.
Municipal Corporation or
Municipalities
Population 2006

Total landfill able
waste MT/day

AMC 493410 200
DMC 543460 224
Ranigunj (M) 121459 49
Jamuria (M) 141537 21
Kulti (M) 316888 127
Total 1616754 620
Municipal
corporation
or
Municipalities
Total
landfill
able
waste
MT/
day
AMC 200
DMC 224
Raniganj (M) 49
Jamuria (M) 21
Kulti (M) 127
Total Population for the
region: 1616754
In 2006
* As per the manual on Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India 38.95%

11.3.2.2 Projection of Generation of Solid Waste (MT/day)

11.3.2.2.1 Durgapur Municipal Corporation

Fig 11.1 : Projection of Solid Waste Generation in DMC

224
288
429
520
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2006 2011 2021 2025

11.3.2.2.2 Asansol Municipal Corporation

Fig 11.2 : Projection of Solid Waste Generation in AMC
200
235
332
393
0
100
200
300
400
500
2006 2011 2021 2025


145

11.3.2.2.3 Raniganj Municipality

Fig 11.3 : Projection of Solid Waste Generation in Raniganj

49
61
76
83
0
20
40
60
80
100
2006 2011 2021 2025

11.3.2.2.4 Jamuria

Fig 11.4 : Projection of Solid Waste Generation in Jamuria

21
22
26
28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2006 2011 2021 2025

11.3.2.2.5 Kulti Municipality

Fig 11.5 : Projection of Solid Waste Generation in Kulti

127
132
157
169
0
50
100
150
200
2006 2011 2021 2025


146
11.3.2.2.6 Combined

Fig: 11.6 Projection of Solid Waste Generation in Asansol Urban Area

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2006 2011 2021 2025
DMC
AMC
Ranigunj(M)
Jamuria (M)
Kulti (M)

Projection based on Population growth and growth of Industries and Institutions by 5% per
annum.

11.4 Strategies
The total generation
of Solid Waste by
2006 is expected to
touch 610 MT per
day. Keeping in mind
that as of now, there
is virtually no solid
waste management
system capable of
handling the overall
generation

The total generation of Solid Waste by 2006 is expected to touch 610 MT per
day. Keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste
management system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary
to design a system capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area.
The components of the strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of
the following:

Solid Waste
Integrated Solid
Waste
Awareness
Campaign
Common
Landfill facility
Strengthening of
Institutions


147
11.4.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management

In view of the Projected growth in population and absence of any MSW facilities it
is proposed to have Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) complex.

11.4.1.1 Managing Municipal Solid Waste

Existing municipal solid waste management system would follow the following
strategies for efficient management in the future.

1. Collection of waste. Increasing the coverage and efficiency of collection
mechanism. Would help in better management and in reducing the formation of
unhygienic and open dumpsites. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and
non-biodegradable Components shall be carried at source or at primary
collection centers.

2. Treatment and disposal. On the basis of availability of land and financial
resources with the service provider, either of the methods aerobic
composting, anaerobic Digestion or sanitary land filling could be adopted for
treatment and disposal of waste. However, since it appears that land filling
would continue to be the most widely Adopted practice in India in the coming few
years, in which case certain Improvements need to be done to ensure sanitary
land filling and not mere dumping of Waste.
Fig: 12.7 Hierarchy of
integrated SWM

11.4.1.2 Managing the Industrial Waste

To ensure scientific management of hazardous waste generated in the country,
the strategy should encompass all the aspects of waste management cycle
starting from the generation of waste to its handling, segregation, transportation,
treatment and disposal, in addition to a primary focus on waste
minimization/reduction.

Efforts are required to quantify and characterize the volume of waste residues
generated by industries and constantly upgrade this waste inventory so that
appropriate management strategies could be incorporated in waste management
plans.


148
In light of the newly amended hazardous waste rules introduced in India in
January 2000,it is important to focus capacity building and training of the officials
of the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) and critical industrial sectors
generating hazardous waste. The focus of this learning exposure should be to
address responsibilities related to handling, storage, transportation, treatment
and disposal of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste can be handled by a
common facility being set up at Haldia.

It is required to set up standards not only for disposal of waste on land but also
for cleanup of contaminated soils and groundwater.

Issues like the willingness to pay of the participating industries, the type of
ownership, financial mechanisms for such ventures and the extent of private
sector participation need to be addressed/explored to ensure that they come into
existence.

11.4.2 Awareness Campaign

Awareness Campaign shall be carried out in order to educate the general public
about the disposal of solid waste at the right place. Awareness campaign shall
also be carried out to show and illustrate the segregation of solid waste. Benefits
about cleanliness and hygienic environment should be taught.

11.4.3 Common Landfill facility

Common landfill facility with adequate facility shall be made available to the
entire Asansol Urban Area. This will help in disposal of solid waste at one land.

11.4.4 Institutional and Regulatory Reforms

Strengthening urban local bodies to perform efficiently in managing the
waste and ensuring strict enforcement of the recently introduced
municipal solid waste (Management and handling) rules.


149
It is also imperative to harness and integrate the role of three emerging
actors in this field the private sector, NGOs, and rag pickers into
the overall institutional Framework.

Summary of Activities of an Integrated Waste Management

Establishment of facilities for effective management of
hazardous waste, bio-medical waste management and
municipal solid waste management in compliance with the
respective rules as promulgated under the aegis of the
Environment (protection) Act 1986, with appropriate clearances
from the WBCPB.

Collection at source and Transportation of Hazardous
Wastes from industries to the common facility.

Collection and Transportation of source-segregated bio-
medical wastes from health care establishments to the common
facility.

Collection and Transportation of municipal solid wastes
from various collection points and from door-to-door collection
in the municipal area of Asansol urban region.

Treatment, Storage and Disposal of Hazardous wastes in
accordance with Hazardous Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules 1989 and subsequent amendments thereof.

Treatment and Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes in
accordance with Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules 1998 and subsequent amendments thereof.


150

Recovery, Processing and Disposal of Municipal Solid
Wastes in accordance with the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and amendments
thereof.

Comprehensive analysis of Wastes and determination of
waste treatment, storage and disposal pathways.

Training in Segregation of wastes and Occupational Safety.

Organizing workshops and seminars to provide platform for
identification and implementation of waste
reuse/recycle/recovery options and thereby conservation of
natural resources.

Overall effective solid waste management.

PPP In Solid Waste Management

PPP in form of a Joint Venture Company can undertake waste management
services to various Industries, health care establishments and residents both
present and prospective including levying and collection of the service charges
on User-Pay-Principle by the individual units, in a professional manner. Each
user compensates for the cost of waste management.

PPP Model shall be tried out for the ISWM Project in Asansol and
Durgapur


151

1 K tions

11.5.1 Asansol

1.5 ey Interven
S.I
No

Name & Nature
of Scheme

Component

Benefit

Cost
(Crore)

1
Solid Waste
Management
Procurement of Primary
Collection, Street
Sweeping, Secondary
Collection and
Transportation
People of A.M.C
Area
7.00

2
Awareness
Campaign
Creating Awareness
among the people about
Solid Waste Management
People of A.M.C
Area

0.25
7 Total .25

11.5.2 Durgapur

S.I
No
Name & Nature
of Scheme
Component Benefit
Cost
(Crore)
1
Solid W
Manageme
aste
nt
of Primary

Procurement
Collection, Street
Sweeping, Secondary
Collection and
Transportation.*
People of DMC Area 6.00
2
common Landfill
facility in ADDA
area
Common land to for the
disposal of waste of the
entire area.
People of Asansol
Area
9.00
Development of
3
Awareness
Campaign
Creating awareness
Solid Waste Management
People of D.M.C
Area
0.25
Total 15.25


152

1 .5.3

1 Jamuria
S.I
No
Name & Nature
of Scheme
Component

Benefit
Cost
(Crore)
Solid Waste
Collection and
.*
People of Jamuria
1 Management
Sweeping, Secondary
Area
2.00
Collection, Street
Transportation
Awarene
2 Campaign
S
ss
Creating Awareness
olid Waste Management.
People of Jamuria
Area
0.12
Total 2.12

*Primary Collection : Auto tippers, Tricycles etc
treet Sweeping :
ushcarts, Other Equipment etc
econdary Collection and Transportation :
umper Bins, Dumper Bin Carriers, Tipper Lorries, Transportation Vehicles etc.
.
S
P

S
D

1 .5.4

1 Raniganj
S.I
No
Name & Nature
of Scheme
Component

Benefit
Cost
(Crore)

Solid Waste
anagement
weeping, Secondary
and
Transportation.*
People of Raniganj
Area 1 M
Collection, Street
S
Collection
3.00

2
Awareness
Campaign
Creating Awareness
Solid Waste Management.
People of Raniganj
Area
0.25**

Total
3.25
**

Solid Waste Generation in Raniganj is very high.


153

11.5.5 Kulti

S.I
No
Name & Nature
of Scheme
Component

Benefit
Cost
(Crore)
1
Solid W
Manageme
aste
nt
Primary Procurement of
Collection, Street
Sweeping, Secondary
Collection and
Transportation.*
People of Kulti Area 2.50
2
Awareness
among the people about People o Area 0.12
Campaign
Creating Awareness
Solid Waste Management.
f Kulti
Total 2.62

*Primary Collection:
ushcarts, Other Equipment etc
econdary Collection and Transportation:
umper Bins, Dumper Bin Carriers, Tipper Lorries, Transportation Vehicles etc.

Auto tippers, Tricycles etc.

Street Sweeping:
P

S
D


154
Chapter 12 : Housing

12.1 Aims and Objectives

The Urban Local Bodies shall strive to provide appropriate housing to all its
citizens. In particular, it shall continuously carry out the following actions:

Identify adequate sites to facilitate and encourage housing for
households of all economic levels, including persons with disabilities;

Remove, as legally feasible and appropriate, governmental constraints to
housing production, maintenance, and improvement;

Assist in the development of adequate housing for low and moderate-
income households;

Conserve and improve the condition of housing, including existing
affordable housing; and

Promote housing opportunities for all persons.

12.2 Background

Provision of Housing to its Citizen is one of the most important task for any Urban
Body. Housing also comprises one of the key elements of the civic plan. One of
the key elements of a housing plan is provision of housing for the poor.

In any urban center with growing demand and consequent spiraling prices, the
urban poor are deprived of adequate housing. It is thus left to the State to provide
housing to Low Income Group. Slums Improvement needs to be given its due
importance through a programme of Slum Eradication, Slum Clearance and
Rehabilitation.


155
It is acknowledged that Good housing is intrinsically linked to good health and
nutrition, better employment opportunity, better living and, consequently, better
quality of life.

ADDA has been aggressively initiating Housing projects in the area through
Private Sector Participation. Urvashi, a project spread over 94 acres in Durgapur,
was carried out in association with the Asansol Durgapur Development Authority.
The company has now joined hands with Bardhaman Zilla Parishad to create a
mini township called Ulhas. Another township being impelemented by Bengal
Shristi Infrastructure Development Ltd. The company has mandated SembCorp
Infrastructure, one of the leading architects and structural consultants of
Singapore, for its mega integrated township project spread over 100 acres at
Asansol, West Bengal.
The township project, estimated to cost around Rs 350 crore, will be the maiden
venture of SembCorp, Singapore, in West Bengal in collaboration with BSID.
Several other private sector companies have expressed their interests in
participating in the sector.
However, all these projects are primarily catering to the Low and Medium Income
Group of people. The number of households living in slums is still very high
&needs to be addressed


156
Figure 12.1 : Total Present Shortage of Housing

5696
10345
13598
4841
33457
127226
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Jamuria (M)
Kulti(M)
Asansol(MC)
Raniganj(M)
Durgapur(MC)
Total ADPA
Figure 13.1 depicts the number of shortfall in houses. Durgapur has the highest
number of shortage, which are 33457 houses followed by Asansol. Kulti has
10345 numbers of houses short.
A computation of the housing shortage in the five major urban areas of ADPA
reveals that DMC area has the maximum housing shortage; in fact around half of
the housing shortage in the urban areas of ADPA is in Durgapur Municipal area .
This obviously calls for necessary actions in the near future, which also points
out that augmenting the private housing schemes can be boosted to overcome
the situation. It can be stated that presently there is a housing shortage of over
1.2 Lakh dwelling units in the whole of ADPA, which is likely to be 6.3 Lakh in the
year 2025.


157
Fig 12.2 : Distribution of Households be type of Dwelling Unit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
DMC AMC Kulti Ranigunj Jamuria
%

o
f

h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
Pucca
Semi-Pucca
Katcha
Figure 12.2 represents the % of household distribution of Pucca, Semi pucca and
Katcha houses in all the five regions. All most in all the areas most of the houses
are either semi pucca or katcha. So efforts need to be taken to convert them into
pucca House.
Figure 12.3 Distribution of Households in ADPA by type of kitchen Used
44
24
22
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Separate In living
Room
Shared with
Others
Other
Places
Type of Kitchen
%

o
f

h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

Figure 13.3 shows the type of kitchen in houses in ADPA region. Around 56% of
the people either have the kitchen in living room or share the kitchen with others.
Programs should be taken to provide a separate kitchen in each house.


158

12.4 Action Points
The Asansol Urban Area is aware of the Housing shortages envisaged in the
area. Housing is one of the sector in which Private Sector Participation is
forthcoming. ADDA has been aggressively inviting Housing Proposals.
Housing requirement can be broken into High Net Worth (HNG), Middle Income
Group (MIG) and Lower Income Group (LIG). Projects may be structured so that
township can be developed covering all the sectors with the principle of cross
subsidy. Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects
(both public and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of
cross subsidization. The issue of Slum up gradation and rehabilitation are of
paramount importance and needs to be addressed.
The ULBs needs to develop specialized and dedicated team to leverage on the
available land. The expertise available with ADDA can be used to the best
extent.
Housing development should be planned as per the overall norms of the city.
While developing HIG township planning for houses for service people also need
to be done. Adequate care should be taken for the parking space and there
should be a mandatory regulation enforced for designing of the houses. Properly
utilized housing for MIG and HIG has the potential to raise resources for
providing housing and basic civil amenities to the urban poor. Mechanism and
enforcement need to be created to ensure that there is no misuse of the
subsidies provided for LIG Housing development.


159
Chapter 13 : Basic Services to the Poor

13.1 Vision

To provide basic level housing and access to civic amenities & services including
water supply, sanitation, education, health-care to the urban poor at affordable
prices keeping in mind the overall socio economic goals of the city and to prevent
future development of the slums through education and enforcement

13.2 Background

In the Slum Area Act, 1956, Government of India has defined slum areas as
those areas where buildings are unfit for human habitation. Physically, slums
consist of clusters of hutment comprising several rooms constructed with building
materials where each room is inhabited by a family sharing a common latrine
without arrangement for water supply, drains, disposal of solid waste and
garbage within the slum boundaries. Apart from degrading environmental
conditions slums in the Asansol Area is also characterized by almost total
absence of community and recreational facilities.

In any urban area, slums are visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum
pockets develop on their own either near a major employment source like an
industry or near a well-established residential area.

Most peri-urban slum areas are not legally part of the cities they encircle and
thus not commonly viewed as the responsibility of municipal officials. Many of
these areas are totally lacking in infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, and
solid waste disposal. The resulting environmental pollution creates a situation
inimical to the maintenance of good health. Children living in these communities
are most at risk. They suffer the highest rates of mortality and morbidity from
diarrhea disease in developing countries. Inadequate solid waste collection has
led to contamination of surface water and groundwater resources and of the
ambient air, from waste burning.


160

In the ADPA as a whole about 12% of households or 13% of persons living in
such degraded conditions are to be treated as slum dwellers.

Table 13.1 : Details of Slum Population for the Year 2001
12.7
18.6
20.1
7.2
42.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
D
M
C
A
M
C
K
u
l
t
i
(
M
)
R
a
n
u
g
u
n
j
(
M
)
J
a
m
u
r
i
a
(
M
)
%

o
f

P
e
o
p
l
e


It is evident from the above that the number of people living in the slum area is
significant and therefore proper steps needs to be taken to ensure that the basic
amenities are provided to the people living in the slum area.

A survey clearly reveals that slum improvement has not been attempted in a
comprehensive manner.

It is proposed that a comprehensive Slum Improvement Programme be taken.
The programme shall have the following components:

Provision of Shelter & other Physical Infrastructure at affordable price so as
to improve the sanitation and living condition in the existing slums and other
squatter settlements;
Provision of adequate health care including family welfare; immunization,
child health care, etc;
Significant amount of the
population in the area
live in slums. About 43%
of populations of
Jamuria live in slums.
Development of facilities for community development and recreation
Programme for basic education and training;
Ensuring maintenance and upgradation of the existing housing stock of the
poorer sections;


161

It may be recognized that in order to bring about a meaningful and effective slum
development programme all efforts have to be made. An overall programme is
being developed to bring about this change. Asansol Urban Area is committed
to bringing about this change, which would contribute to the development of a
large number of its citizens.

13.4.1 Key Actions

To achieve the above objectives the following key issues and challenges related
to poverty alleviation need to be considered.

13.4.1.1 Land, Housing and Infrastructure

To provide shelter or upgrade the existing shelter for people living below poverty
line in urban slums, which will help in making cities slum free. Land ownership
and housing are critical for poverty alleviation and slum development. One of the
reasons identified for the growth of slums is the non-availability of developed land
for weaker sections.

For this purpose, in Asansol Urban area, steps will be taken for development of
housing facilities for the poor in the fringe areas and the unused lands, with
central agencies such as DSP and Railways which are lying waste or are being
used for illegal encroachment, of the city or other vacant lands outside the cities
where land price is affordable for the poor section. Also provide basic housing to
identify areas with a scheme where it there is partial recovery from the users.
Night Shelters for pavement dwellers shall also be provided and thereby the
living conditions of the pavement dwellers can be improved.


162
13.4.1.2 Community Institutions and Structures

Again the growth of the community institutions and structures, particularly
community development societies and self-help groups, is weak in the area
compared to other cities in the state. Therefore to create self-help groups is to
educate people and create awareness among them so that they can take help of
various government programmes for their economic and social development.

13.4.1.3 Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector

It was observed that a number of programmes are currently under
implementation by various agencies for supporting employment and livelihoods
but there is no convergence and coordination across them. There are several
programmes for promoting livelihood but the people are not aware of these
programmes. So a communication strategy should be devised for increasing the
awareness among the public.

13.4.1.4 Construction of Community Toilets

For ADPA as a whole, only 8% of the households or persons have toilet
connected with the sewerage system another 39% have the septic tank type
toilet. However the presence of small percentage of households reported pit type
(0.9%), service privacy (0.7%) and as high as 43 percent of households reported
open field for defecation.

So the number of people using open space for the purpose of defecation is very
high in the region that is a major cause of concern for the sanitation of the urban
people. In order to get rid of this problem major initiative like construction of
Community Toilet in different areas should be taken so that slum dwellers do not
use open space as toilets. Programme for Integrated Low Cost Sanitation for
conversion of dry latrine system into water borne low cost sanitation system shall
be implemented. Also reduction of the solid waste stream, use of innovative
technologies, and health education and social marketing to change community-
and house hold level behaviors.


163
13.4.1.5 Construction of Child Care Centre
sAgain health is a prime concern for people living in slum areas. Poverty and
ignorance of the people and their less nutritional status aggravate the situation.
Ignorance and superstitions continue to hamper scientific approach to health and
related problems.

There is no doubt that the public health and medical facilities increased and
improved over the years in both rural and urban areas covering a large number
of populations, but still this is much less than the required facilities. Primary
Health Centre located in rural areas failed to give proper services due to lack of
manpower, transportation and medicine and modern equipments. On the other
hand, modern scientific treatment whatever available are concentrated in urban
areas and these are beyond the reach of most of rural and urban middle class
population. Therefore, until the Governments through its institutions provide
subsidized medical facilities, the available health care facilities will remain
beyond the reach of large part of the population. The mortality rate among the
children is very high in the slum areas. So it is necessary to construct child care
centre in different areas of the region so that people from the weaker section of
the society can have proper care for their children at lowest possible cost.

13.4.1.6 Other Programmes
Various programmes are to be launched towards the following objectives:
To make people living in slums aware regarding the importance of
sanitation in a civil society and provide primary inputs to facilitate basic
sanitation.
To exercise control over prevailing sanitary related diseases.
To create employment opportunities for a part of population.
To discourage open-field defecation, littering etc. inside the municipal
limits.
To control the growth of slum in future by ensuring proper monitoring and
enforcement.
To develop proper guidelines for slums.
Bring change in cleanliness and sanitation practices of slum dwellers
through comprehensive awareness creation and sanitation activities
among the slum dwellers


164

13.5 Identified Schemes and Projects

Durgapur

Sl.
No.
1 Slum development Programs
Housing & Provision of
Basic Amenities to poor
17.00
2 Operation & Maintenance 5.00

Total
22.00

Asansol

Sl.
No.
1
Provision of infrastructure in the
slum area
Road, drain, street light,
education, health etc
27.00
2 Basic service for urban poor
Building work having
community toilet, hall, etc
35.00
3 Health Care & Education Health Care 40.00
4 O&M 5.00
Total 107.00

Kulti

Sl.
No.
1
Slum improvement and
rehaliation project
lighting , health ,
recreation.etc.
3.00
2
Maintaining basic service to the
urban
Water, Sanitation,
Sewarage etc
3.00
3
Operation and maintaining of
assets created under this
component
6.62
Total 12.62

Raniganj

Sl.
No.
1 Development of slum pocket Shelter, metal road etc 25.00


165

Jamuria

Sl.
No.
1 Development of slum pockets
Shelter, metal road,
concrete path, community
hall, Housing.
50.58
2 Healthcare Hospital 1.50
3 Community hall
Marriage hall. Dinning hall
etc.
1.50
4 Children park Park 0.75
Total 54.33


166
Chapter 14 : Tourism

14.1 Vision

To develop tourism in the region in line with socio- political and economic
priorities towards generation of employment, revenues, image of the place, local
community participation and recreation.

14.2 Background
The district of Burdwan is predominantly agricultural in its eastern part and highly
industrialized in the west. It has been called "rice
plate" of Bengal for its abundant agri-fields and huge
production of rice. However, while there is
substantial potential in the tourism scenario, the
same has not been exploited to its potential. The
District is commonly known for its beautiful Maithon
Dam Reservoir in Asansol, the technological marvels of the Meghnad Saha
Planetarium, the Krishnasayer Ecological Park or sophisticated Burdwan Science
Centre. There are many sites in the district enriched for their historical, cultural,
religious importance or scenic beauty or as birds sanctuary or hot spring etc.

Ichai Temple on the Bank of
River Ajay


167
14.3 Situational Appraisal

An indicative list of some of the potential places of tourist interests are as follows:

Areas of Interest Particulars
Radheshyam Temple The Radheshyam temple is located in Asansol
municipal area. The Burnt- brick temple built in the
Bankura-Bishnupur style attracts tourist by its unique
structure & terracotta works.
Bishnu Temple This 35 feet high stone temple, the only of its kind in
the area, believed to built during the Pal Age, houses
an idol of Lord Narayana. This temple is also located
in Asansol municipal area.
Deer Park

The Deer Park, which is located at Durgapur, can be a
real attraction to wild life lovers.
Nachan Bird
Sanctuary

Tha Nachan Bird Sanctuary is also a treat to wild life
lovers. This sanctuary is located in Durgapur
municipal area.
Churulia

The village Churulia is the birthplace of great Freedom
Fighter and Poet, Nazrul Islam and the birthplace is
maintained by Nazrul Academy. There is a Youth
Hostel here. The village is famous for stone carving.
Kalyaneshwari Temple

The temple of Goddess Kalyaneshwari believed to
fulfill the wishes of infertile women is more than 500
years old. The idol is carved on a piece of stone. The
temple is located in Kulti Municipality.
Durgapur barrage

Durgapur barrage is a famous picnic spot of the
region.
Maithan Dam
Reservoir

Maithan dam is also a famous tourist and picnic spot
of the region. It is situated in Asansol. Tourist Hotel
and Guest House of Damodar Valley Corporation are
available.
Jaidev Kendule

Birthplace of Vaisnah poet Jaidev. Situated by the
side of river Ajoy. A traditional village fare is held
every year, starting from Poush Sankranti.


168
Kumar Mangalam Park

A beautiful park covering an area of 80 acres
designed and maintained by Durgapur Steel Plant.
There is a beautiful lake having an area of 10.5 acres,
and equipped with colorful fountains and boating
facility.
Troika Park

Situated in City Centre, Durgapur. It has toy train, deer
park, boating lake and ropeway facility.
Other Places

Lamya Park, Burnpur; Water Theme Park, Durgapur;
Nanchan Dam Theme Park; Bhiringi Kali Temple;
Ichai temple, Bishnupur; Massenjore Dam; Tarapith,
Bakreswar etc.

14.4 Interface with Socio-economic Policies

Chapter 10

All pressure on land and natural environment from any origin (tourism, mining,
industry, agriculture) must be controlled with the objective of avoiding any
irreversible damage to the ecological resources.

The tourism products(s) may be identified by careful analyses of the following
factors for the entire stretch of Asansol-Durgapur planning area:

Official, regulatory and commercial tourism services Nature of control and
handling.
Organisers travel agents and tour operators quality of operation.
The measures to be adopted for tourism and
recreation planning (training, financing,
infrastructure, land control, protection of
resources etc.) must be coherent with other
regional area
Bhiringi Kali Temple at Durgapur


169
Role of promoters, developers and financers.
Local inhabitants working in tourism sector.
Existing and potential tourists their Quantum and nature.
Local inhabitants not befitting from tourism sector.
Public authorities planning infrastructure and finance.

14.5 Action Plans

Moreover abandoned mines can be developed and designed into well-
landscaped stretches to develop for nature based tourism activities.
Open cast mining areas can be given to geological and mining
researcher for study.
Considering that there has been limited exploitation of the tourism sector, it
would be necessary to carry out a detailed study and then identify the potential
and plans to make the region a preferred Tourist Destination

Analysis of the Socio-Cultural relevance, religious importance,
architectural uniqueness, heritage value and existing supportive facilities
for different scales tourism activities.

Evaluation of the various approach by different modes of transport for the
convenience of local and regional users.

Identification of the emerging threats and possible causes of decay for
these existing places of tourism value.

Exploring newer areas for nature based tourism like picnicking or
weekend tourism along Ajay riverfront hither to neglected.
Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along
Damodar riverfront. It will also generate additional revenue and help in
image building of this area.


170
Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along
Damodar river front. It will also generate additional revenue and help in
image building of this area.

Moreover abandoned mines can be developed and designed into well-
landscaped stretches to develop for nature based tourism activities.
Open cast mining areas can be given to geological and mining
researcher for study.
Area with greater ethnic tribal groups concentration will be promoted and
developed for tourism interest.
Checking the possibility of utilizing existing ropeway pylons to carry
tourists in cable cars at upper level for enjoying panoramic views

The Asansol Urban Area and its surroundings
is enriched with many historical landmarks,
places of tourism interest both from science
and cultural point of view. Though these
places are scattered throughout area, but
marketing the places through publicity,
advertising and awareness can heighten the importance of these places of
interest. The measure to be adopted for development of tourism must be in tune
with other regional or planning area development policies. Moreover, tourism
development must reflect socio-political and economic priorities towards
generation of employment, revenue generation, regional development and image
building of the place.

14.6 Schemes for Tourism

S.I. No Name of the Scheme Cost in crores
1
Preservation & Conservation of
Heritage Buildings, Monuments etc.
8.5


171
Chapter 15 : Reform Program
The agenda of reforms is given in the section below. The National Steering
Group (NSG) may add additional reforms to identified reforms. A Memorandum
of Agreement (MoA) between States/ULBs/Parastatal agencies and the
Government of India, a prerequisite for accessing the Central assistance, would
spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform. All
mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.

15.1 Background and Reform Goals

The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and
service delivery so that ULBs become financially sound and sustainable for
undertaking new programmes. It is also envisaged that, with the charter of
reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs, a stage will be set
for PPPs.

All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.

15.2 Reform Agenda
1. Mandatory Reforms

1. Mandatory Reforms at the Level of ULBs, and Parastatal Agencies

Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting
in ULBs and parastatal agencies.

Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such
GIS and MIS for various services provided by ULBs and parastatal
agencies.

Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of
revenue for ULBs an arrangement for its effective implementation so
that collection efficiency reaches at least 85 per cent within next seven
years.


172
Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs and Parastatals with the
objective that the full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within
the next seven years. However, cities and towns in the North East and
other special category States may recover only 50 percent of O&M
charges initially. These cities and towns should graduate to full O&M
cost recovery in a phased manner.

Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to
the urban poor.

Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of
tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and
sanitation. Delivery of other existing universal services of the
government for education, health and social security is ensured.

2. Optional Reforms (common to States, ULBs and Parastatal Agencies)

The following optional reforms are expected to be undertaken by ULBs,
parastatal agencies and State governments:

a. Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process for construction
of buildings, development of site etc.

b. Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of land
from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes.

c. Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.

d. Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing
projects (both public and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category
with a system of cross subsidisation.

e. Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property.

f. Revision of byelaws to make rain-water harvesting mandatory in all
buildings and adoption of water conservation measures.


173
g. Byelaws for reuse of recycled water.

h. Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting
the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant
due to retirement etc., and achieving specified milestones in this regard.

i. Structural reforms.

j. Encouraging PPP.

Note: Cities under the JNNURM will have the freedom to opt for any two reforms from the
optional category in each year of implementation.

15.3 Impact of Reform Agenda

The set of reforms has substantially improved the planning process. Following
the twelfth schedule of the Constitutional Act of 1992, the functions defined under
the said schedule has been assigned to the respective ULBs.
One of the Key Elements of the Process is to strengthen the Urban Local
Bodies through a Reform Process and to enable them to function in line
Tie introduction of decentralized planning and development process has already
been done through enactment of DPC and MPC Acts. Moreover, the Bengal
Municipal Act has also been thoroughly overhauled to support ht e functioning of
the decentralized institutional framework in the State.

The State Government intends to consider the repeal of the Urban Land (Ceiling
and Regulation) Act 1976 during the mission period. The West Bengal Premises
Tenancy Act was thoroughly overhauled in1997 and then amended with the
latest amendment-taking place in 2005. This Act provides for a number of
reforms pertaining to both transfer of tenancy and regulation of rent.

The reduction of Stamp Duty over a period of five years would also give a fillip to
the construction of dwelling units.

Reform Action Plans for JNNURM


174
with the provisions of the Constitution (seventy-fourth) Amendment Act,
1992. The Government of West Bengal and the Urban Local Bodies
reaffirms its commitment to the Reform Process stipulated in the
JNNURM.

A snap shot of the status of the key reforms are as follows:

Mandatory Reforms for ULBs in Asansol Urban Area
S.
No.
Reforms Current Status/Plan
1 Adoption of modern accrual-
based double entry system of
accounting
Durgapur Municipal
Corporation has already
adopted accrual based double
entry system of accounting,
Asansol Municipal Corporation
and the municipalities Kulti,
Jammuria, Raniganj will be
implementing the accrual
based double entry system
which shall be completed by
2008.
2 Introduction of system of e-
governance using IT applications,
such GIS and MIS for various
services provided by ULBs under
Asansol Urban Area
Nodal agency ADDA has its
own official website.
Process for full automation of
the building permission is on
Property tax collection system
will be automated; process for
automation has already
started.
Overall E-governance system
to be completed and
implemented by 2009


175
S.
No.
3

Reform of property tax with GIS.
It becomes a major source of
revenue for ULBs and
arrangements for its effective
implementation so that collection
efficiency reaches at least 85 per
cent within next seven years.
Is in process of identification
of un-assessed properties tax
assessment and shall be
transferring entirely on GIS
platform by 2009
Collection target of 85%
collection shall be achieved
within 2010
Reform Process to be
completed by 2009
4 Levy of reasonable user charges
by ULBs under Asansol Urban
Area with the objective that the
full cost of O&M or recurring cost
is collected within the next seven
years.

Proposed to introduce
additional conservancy cess to
recover full cost of the
operation. Achieving 85% cost
recovery of O&M by 2010
5 Internal earmarking, within local
bodies, budgets for basic
services to the urban poor.
Primary and secondary
education, Health and Family
Welfare Centres maintained
by PMC, these services
mostly cater to the Urban
Poor.
Expenditure for urban poor is
earmarked and is being
increased every year by the
corporations and
municipalities in the Asansol
Urban Area


176
S.
No.
6 Provision of basic services to the
urban poor including security of
tenure at affordable prices,
improved housing, water supply
and sanitation. Delivery of other
existing universal services of the
government for education, health
and social security is ensured.
15 20 % of the housing
project has been earmarked
for LIG
Providing services to urban
poor has been included in the
JNNURM Schemes and shall
be completed within the
Mission Period.


177
Optional Reforms for ULBs in Asansol Urban Area
S.
No.
1 Revision of bye-laws to streamline
the approval process for
construction of buildings,
development of site etc.
To be implemented by 2009
2 Simplifications of Legal and
Procedural frameworks for
conversion of land from
agricultural to non- agricultural
purposes.
Being done to be completed by
2008
3 Introduction to Property Title
Certification System in ULBs
2008
4 Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent
of developed land in all housing
projects (both public and private
agencies) for EWS and LIG
category with a system of cross
subsidisation.
To be completed by 2009
15%- 20% of the Housing
projects have been earmarked
for LIG
5 Introduction of computerised
process of registration of land and
property.

2010
6 Revision of byelaws to make rain-
water harvesting mandatory in all
buildings and adoption of water
conservation measures.
To be implemented by 2009.
7 Byelaws for reuse of recycled
water
To be implemented by 2009
8 Administrative reforms i.e.
reduction in establishment costs
by adopting the Voluntary
PPP already introduced in
Housing Sector Project,
Collection on Account of Water,


178
Retirement Scheme (VRS), not
filling Posts falling vacant due to
retirement etc., and achieving
specified milestones in this regard.
Structural Reforms
Encouraging PPP
licence fees etc have already
been outsourced.

PPP in water, roads, solid
waste management being
developed
PPP option will be considered
wherever possible under the
schemes identified under the
JNNURM Mission


179
Mandatory Reforms by Government of West Bengal
Sr.
No.
1 Implementation of decentralisation
measures as envisaged in 74th
constitutional Amendment Act.
The State should ensure
meaningful association and
engagement of ULBs in planning
the function of parastatal agencies
as well as the delivery of services
to the citizens.
Major decentralization
done process will be co
within the mission plan
already
mpleted
2 Repeal of ULCRA To be Repealed Within 7 years
from now
3 below
erty qualify to be
under rent control.
Reform of Rent Control Laws
balancing the interests of
landlords and tenants.
Current rental ceiling
which prop
Provision for reform of rent
control laws has been
completed.
4 Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to
bring it down to no more than 5
per cent within next seven years.
Urban 8- 10 %
Time line for reducing stamp
duty rates to 5 % or less than
5% has been worked out as 5
years from now

Current stamp duty rates
applicable to property related
transaction;
Rural 6-8 %
5 Enactment of the Public
Disclosure Law to ensure
preparation of medium-term fiscal
Already in place


180
plan of ULBs and parastatal
agencies and release of quarterly
performance information to all
stakeholders.
6 Enactment of the Community
Participation Law to institutionalise
citizens participation and
introduce the concept of the Area
Sabha in urban areas.
Already in place
7 Assigning or associating elected
ULBs with city planning function.
Over a period of seven years,
transferring all special agencies
that deliver civic services in urban
areas to ULBs and creating
accountability platforms for all
urban civic service providers in
transition.
Will be completed within 7
years


181
Optional Reforms by Government of West Bengal

Sr.
No.
Current Status/Plan Reforms
1 Revision of bye-laws to streamline the
approval process for construction of
buildings, development of site etc
Will be completed within 2 years
2 Simplification of legal and procedural
frameworks for conversion of land from
agricultural to non-agricultural purposes.
3 Introduction of property Title Certification
system in ULBs
Process will be completed within 6
years
4 Earmarking at least 20 25% of developed
land in all housing projects(both Public and
Private agencies) for EWS and LIG category
with a system of cross subsidization
5 Introduction of computerized process of
registration of Land & Property
6 Revision of byelaws to make rain-water
harvesting mandatory in all buildings and
adoption of water conservation measures.
7 Byelaws for reuse of recycled water Will be completed within 2 years
8 Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in
establishment costs by adopting the
Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), not
filling Posts falling vacant due to retirement
etc., and achieving specified milestones in
this regard.
Structural Reforms
Encouraging PPP
Will be completed within 5 years from
now
Structural reforms to be completed
within 7 years from now
PPP being strongly encouraged


182
Chapter 16 : Urban Renewal Programme

16.1 Vision

The programme aimed at creating an integrated development of urban
infrastructure with special emphasis on providing basic services to the poor like
housing, sanitation and slum improvement would be implemented.

16.2 Background
Urban renewal is a combination of the process of rehabilitation, conservation and
redevelopment. It is the nature and stage of decay that determines the strategy
to be adopted: rehabilitation, conservation or redevelopment or a combination of
them. It strives to provide its citizen a better place to live and attract visitors to the
city.
However, be it rehabilitation, redevelopment, conservation or a combination of
one or two or all of them, a comprehensive urban renewal exercise involves
technological interventions, planning and partnership / networking between
various agencies and authorities. Urban renewal implies both investment in
new physical infrastructure and policy reform to ensure new ways of governing
our cities.

16.3 Key Issues

The Asansol Urban Region is characterized by high growth of industries and
dense population in and around the transport corridor. Due to this the region is
experiencing rapid growth of trade and commerce. As a result lots of people
migrate from different parts of the country to the region increasing pressure on
the available infrastructure facilities.


183

16.3.1 Presence of Industries in Busy Areas

The major problem of the region is that different types and sizes of industries are
congested in different busy areas of the cities. These industries are major cause
of pollution in the region. As most of the individual plants do not invest sufficient
amount of money for pollution control it affects the people living in the cities.
Apart from that there is no common facility for solid waste management to take
care of solid waste generated by different plants. All these add to the pollution in
the environment.

Again as most of the industries are located in the busy areas of the cities, they
are major cause of congestion in the city roads. Due to loading and unloading of
industrial outputs and inputs, most of the intra city roads get affected. The
condition of roads also deteriorated due to movement of heavy vehicles inside
the cities.

16.3.2 Presence of Wholesale Markets
In the Asansol Urban Region wholesale markets are causing huge congestion.
Most of the markets are situated besides busy roads. So most of the wholesale
activities take place in the footpaths of the nearby roads of the markets. That
encroaches the footpath of the busy market area. As a result of this most of the
pedestrians can not use the footpaths of the market areas. This causes a large
number of accidents in the area.

Again huge amount of garbage is dumped everyday in the markets that causes
pollution and makes roads dirty. Again as the markets are situated in the busy
areas of the cities it also causes noise pollution, which is not according to the
norms of the modern cities.


184

16.3.3 Presence of Khatals

In Durgapur Municipal area Khatals are present at different places like DVC
More, Coke Oven Factory, DTPS Colony, Steel Township, Sukanta Pally,
Shankarpur More. In other municipal areas also khatals are found at different
locations in the cities. These khatals need to be shifted immediately.

16.3.4 Scarcity of Housing due to Rise in Migration

As a large number of industries, mines are situated in the area and new
industries are growing, the region generates large number of employment
opportunities. So migration takes place from different cities and villages of the
neighborhood areas. Most of these people live in the slums of the cities in the
region. As a result number of slum dwellers is increasing in the area.

In any urban area slums are considered as visible manifestation of urban
poverty. These slum pockets develop on their own either near a huge
employment source like an industry or near a well-established residential area.
Slums are likely source of public health hazard because of the presence of
unsanitary living conditions and lack of civic infrastructure facilities.
Data and estimates show that in the ADPA as a whole about 12% of households
or 13% of persons living in such degraded conditions are to be treated as slum
dwellers. Again the population living in slum areas is highest (43%) for the
Jamuria, followed by Kulti, AMC, DMC and Raniganj areas.

A large number of khatals can be found in the heart of the cities of the region.
These khatals are also source of different types of pollution and diseases.
Khatals are the birthplace of mosquitoes and therefore many people die every
year due to malaria.


185
16.4 Major Action Points

16.4.1 Construction of Industrial Parks
To solve the problems regarding congestion of industries in busy areas of the
cities, there is an urgent need to develop a industrial park in Asansol and
Durgapur cities. An industrial park is a community of manufacturing and service
businesses located together on a common property. Member businesses seek
enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through
collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues. By working
together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater
than the sum of individual benefits each company would realize by only
optimizing its individual performance.

The goal of an industrial park is to improve the economic performance of the
participating companies while minimizing their environmental impacts.
Components of this approach include green design of park infrastructure and
plants (new or retrofitted); cleaner production, pollution prevention; energy
efficiency; and inter-company partnering. It also seeks benefits for neighboring
communities to assure that the net impact of its development is positive.

In an industrial park 55-60% of the total area is used for the purpose of
construction industrial plants, 13-15% of the area is used for internal roads (40%
of it includes metallic roads and footpaths and 60% includes various utility
corridors like sewerage line, telecom cable, power cable, storm water drainage
etc.), 10% is used for green space like space for plantation, water bodies, open
space etc and rest of the areas for common infrastructure like electric substation,
sewerage treatment plant, pollution treatment plant, telephone exchange etc.. So
an industrial park provides common infrastructure for all industries in the park.
This helps in reducing environmental pollution in a very cost effective manner.

As all the existing industries relocate to the industrial parks and new industries
also come up in the industrial parks, major beneficiaries will be the people living
in the Asansol and Durgapur cities. The cost of each such industrial park will be
around Rs 20 crores.


186
16.4.2 Shifting Wholesale Markets Outside the City

Currently the wholesale markets are spread over the cities causing congestion in
the roads inside the cities. So it will be better to relocate all the wholesale
markets outside the cities at the logistic hubs. It will ensure that all the wholesale
activities (loading, unloading, storage and sale) take place at the logistic hub
outside the city only.

For that purpose the logistic hub will also include a wholesale trade and storage center.
This center will have modern storage facilities for different types of products like building
materials, auto components, food grains etc. All the inter city trucks will unload products at
the logistic hub and small trucks will be used to move those products inside the city.
This will help in decongesting the city areas and reducing pressure on the intra
city roads. Again the condition of the roads along the existing market area can be
improved reducing the number of accidents in the cities.

16.4.3 Shifting of Khatals

The existing khatals need to be shifted outside the cities at a place where land is
vacant and the price of land is very low. This will reduce pollution in the cities and
will help in keeping cities clean.

16.4.4 Relocation of Slums Outside the City

Slums need to be relocated outside the cities to improve the sanitary condition of
the cities. Necessary steps need to be taken to build proper housing facilities for
increasing number of people in the cities. Having a secure place to live is central
to life with dignity. A safe and adequate living environment is essential to quality
of life and it fosters physical and mental health as it enables participation in the
community and the exercise of many social and cultural rights. Adequate housing
not only meets the need for shelter from the elements, but also for physical
security and personal privacy. Housing contributes to community life as a place
for social events and for nurturing family and community relationships. Housing
may also be essential to a familys income as income-generation activities are
sometimes based in the home.


187

Again proper actions need to be taken to stop migration from different areas.
Improving road network with the rural areas, increasing transportation facilities,
can do it and the cost of such transportation must be affordable for rural people.
In this way it will be possible to ensure that labors can come to the city and go
back at the end of the day. This help to reduce the pressure of increasing
demand for housing facilities.

16.4.5 City Beautification Measures

A number of city beautification measures need to be taken to ensure that the city
looks clean and beautiful. The city beautification measures may include
plantation along the footpath or median of roads, building parks, beautification of
water bodies, developing and implementing maintenance norms for buildings
along the important roads of the cities etc.


Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Component
Cost
(Rs.crores)
1
Urban renewal of Bhiringi-
Benachity old area.
Through renewal
schemes
5
2
Urban renewal/revival of
Durgapur Bazar Area
-do- 2
3
Improvement cum Renewal of
Durgapur Station area
-do- 10
4
Shifting of Khatals from inner city,
DVC More, Coke Oven Factory,
DTPS Colony, Steel Township,
Sukanta Pally, Shankarpur More.
Reduce pollution 5
5 Shifting of Khatals from AMC area -do- 3
6 Shifting of Ranigunge Market -do- 15
Total 40


188
Chapter 17 : Finance & City Investment Plan

17.1 Financial Status of ULBs in the Asansol Urban Area

Table 17.1 : Asansol Municipal Corporation
Rs lacs
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Particulars
Amount %of total Amount
%
growth
Amount
%
growth
Revenue Receipts 953.6 - 1118.43 17.28 1171.28 4.72
Own source 351.21 36.83 432.02 23 572.08 -
Shared Revenue 68.73 7.21 91.03 32.44 114.95 26.28
Govt. & other revenue
grants
533.66 55.96 595.38 11.56 484.25 -18.66
Revenue Expenditure 926.49 - 1022.78 10.39 1080.37 5.63
Revenue Surplus / Deficit 27.11 - 95.65 - 90.91 -
Revenue surplus / Deficit
excluding government grant
-506.55 -499.73 - -393.34 - -
Capital Receipts 107.52 - 306.11 - 353.94 -
Capital Expenditure 894.56 - 685.26 - 1000.4 -

Source : Asansol Municipal Corporation

Table 17.2 : Durgapur Municipal Corporation

Rs lacs
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Particulars

Amount %of total Amount
%
growth
Amount
%
growth
Revenue Receipts: 1273.03 100 1354.13 - 1622.33 -
Own source 587.58 46.16 598.18 1.8 749.1 25.23
Shared Revenue 75.65 5.94 99.9 32 132.55 32.68
grants
609.8 47.84 656.05 7.58 740.68 12.9
Revenue Expenditure 993.64 100 15.95 989.56 -0.41 1147.4
Revenue Surplus / Deficit 279.39 364.57 - - 474.93 -
excluding government grant
-330.41 - -291.48 - -265.75 -
Capital Receipts 589.52 - 663.87 - 648.7 -
Capital Expenditure 1258.01 - 1252.66 - 1071.34 -
Source : Durgapur Municipal Corporation


189

Table 17.3 : Raniganj Municipality
Rs lacs
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Particulars Amoun
t

%of
total
Amount

%
Growt
h
Amou
nt
%
Growt
h
Revenue Receipts: 278.75 100 340.59 - 408.4 -
Own source 103.9 37.27
155.41

49.58

169.86 9.3
grants
174.85

62.73 185.18 5.91 238.54 28.81
Revenue Expenditure 300.65 100 331.82 10.37 361.87 9.06
Revenue Surplus / Deficit (21.9) - 8.77 - 46.53 -
excluding government
grant
(196.75
)
- (176.41) -
(192.01
)
-
Capital Receipts 140 - 83.08 - 220.41 -
Source : Ranigunj Municipality

Table 17.4 : Jamuria Municipality
Rs lacs
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Particulars
Amoun
t
%of
total
Amount

%Gro
wth
Amou
nt

%
Growth
Revenue Receipts:
116.53 100 104.49 (10.33) 245.49 134
Own source
24.19 28.19 23.65 (16.10) 108.01 356*
grants
88.34 75.81 70.06 80.84 (8.49) 137.48
Revenue Expenditure
45.83 100 60.38 31.75 70.23 16.31
Revenue Surplus / Deficit
175.26 70.7 - 44.11 - -
grant
(17.64) - (36.73) - 37.78 -
Capital Receipts
206.39 - 177.62 - 131.21 -
Source : Jamuria Municipality


190
Table 17.5 : Kulti Municipality
Rs Lacs
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Particulars Amou
nt

%of
total
Amount
%
growth
Amou
nt
%
growth
Revenue Receipts: 421.02 342.63 (100) 390.26 13.90 7.88
Own source 55.76 16.27 53.08 (4.8) 51.11 3.71
grants
286.86 83.73 17.54 337.17 369.90 9.71
Revenue Expenditure (2.86) (2.97) 336.85 (100) 327.22 317.49
Revenue Surplus / Deficit 5.78 63.03 103.52
grant
(281.08
)
(274.14)
(266.38
)

Capital Receipts 11.27 334.00 511.93
Source : Kulti Municipality

There is extremely low recovery of the cost of services being rendered
by the Bodies. For example Durgapur recover water charges only from
Bulk Users. Even then the rate is only a fraction of the cost involved.
17.2 Summary of Observations

All the Municipalities are virtually fully dependent on Government Grants.
None of the bodies are in a position to presently sustain its expenses in
the event the grants are withdrawn.

Revenue receipts from all the local bodies have increased. However, the
level of recovery is poor and needs to be enhanced substantially

Expenditures of almost all the bodies eat up majority of the income.
General Administration & Finance, Conservancy, Water Supply,
Drainage & Sewerage and Public Works are the main sources of
expenditure. There has been however some improvement in this regard
in the last few years. . In order to reduce cost, process of benchmarking
can be adopted.

There are substantial over dues from Government Agencies, which
needs to be cleared.


191

17.3 Background

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act 1992 has redefined the role,
power, function and finances of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) wherein
the Twelfth schedule of the constitution lists additional functions to be
carried out by ULBs. This would result in a significant increase in the
expenditure incurred by ULBs with a corresponding increase in
requirement of funds.

Over a period of time ULBs will need to be self sufficient and will need to
substantially increase revenue generation from Own Sources

Urban Reform Incentive Fund (URIF) has laid down the reform for levy of
reasonable User Charges by ULBs with the objective of recovering full
cost of operation and maintenance by the end of the 10th Five Year
Plan. Further an 85% collection efficiency needs to be achieved as a
part of Property Tax Reform Measure.

The Rapid growth of urban population leading to increasing demand of
urban service. In the present circumstances, the expenditure for services
exceeds the revenues and hence growing urbanisation and demand
would only add to the losses.
Traditional public funding of projects need replacement by governance
through creditworthiness to access capital market and leverage private
finance. This will need the Balance Sheets of the respective corporations
to become healthy.


192
17.4 Action Plans

The Local Bodies fully recognize the importance of the above
developments and is committed to take urgent steps in this regard.
Levy of Surcharge on holdings totally/ partially used for commercial
purpose;
Levy of reasonable tariffs and Intense Recovery;

In order strengthen the revenue streams of the Local Bodies. A package of
interventions, which consists of a mix of short term, medium term and long-term
measures.

Short Term & Medium Term Action Plans

E- Governance to be implemented and computerisaton of entire systems
and records;
Recognizing the
importance of
strengthening the
Asansol Municipal
Corporation and
Durgapur Municipal
Corporation in
association with
USAID has already
taken steps to
strengthen the ULBs.
And make them
financial creditworthy
Initiation of detailed survey to identify un assessed and under assessed
properties;
Strengthening of Assessment Department with adequate staffing;
Lobbying with the State Government and Central Government (through
the State Government) for settlement and subsequent regular payment
of Tax dues by Central and State Government agencies;
Leverage on Idle Assets;
Restructuring and Revaluation of Balance Sheet;
Introduction of Self-Assessment System;
Increase Water Connections;

This move shall be extended to the other local bodies in the area.


193

The following table indicates the overall framework in which the restructuring and
strengthening is proposed to be carried out.

Stemming Revenue
Leakage
Stemming Revenue
Leakage
Tapping Scope for Revenue
Enhancement
Tapping Scope for Revenue
Enhancement
Strengthening of
Internal Systems
Strengthening of
Internal Structure
Identification of New
Sources of Revenue
Review of Tariff
Structure
Review of potential for
outsourcing of services /
functions cost reduction
A
P
P
R
O
A
C
H
A
P
P
R
O
A
C
H
System Analysis
Review of internal
systems and
procedures governing
revenue assessment,
billing and collection ,
interface with other
departments & other
aspects of financial
management
Structure Analysis
Review of department
structure, delegation,
span of control ,
decentralisation
Review of Act
Review of the practices in other
corporations/ Municipalities
Reforms taken up by GoWB
Review of the
practices in other
corporations/
Municipalities
Review cost related to
revenue generator
Linkage to
Services
Assets
Revenue
T
O
O
L
S
U
S
E
D
T
O
O
L
S
U
S
E
D
Strengthening of
Internal Systems for the
Revenue function
Strengthening of
Revenue department and
enchanced productivity
Identification of New
Sources of Revenue
Revision of Tariff
Structure
Identification of
innovative practice
for billing and
collection like
outsourcing of
collection function,
etc.
All Demand
backed by
collection
Assessment
backed by demand
New properties
brought into
assessment
New Demands
Improved
Collection
Efficiency
IMPROVED REVENUE
IMPROVED REVENUE
E
N
D
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
E
N
D
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E


194

17.5 City Investment Plan

State Government will be providing 50 % of the project cost as grants.
The Other 30% of the project cost will be funded by ULBs own, source
PPP basis, issue of bonds & other funding.
It is recognized that the NURM Mission is an important stepping-stone to make
the Urban Local Bodies self-sufficient and financially independent. It is also
important to ensure that the assets being created are adequately maintained and
adequate resources are allocated for the same.

The city investment plan for Asansol Urban Region has been formed, keeping in
mind the following assumptions:

For Project relating to Slum Development, the project cost is proposed to be
funded in the following manner:

Central Government will be providing 50% of the project cost as grants.

For Project relating to Non Slum development, the project cost will be funded
in the following manner:

Central Government will be providing 50% of the project cost as grants.
State Government will be providing 20 % of the project cost as grants.

It is also pertinent to note that Asansol Durgapur Development Authority (ADDA)
has in-principle agreed to support the ULB through financial assistance on and
appropriate structure.

17.6 Sustainability & Financial Options

In order to ensure the above, the following steps are being taken:


195

Strengthening of Financial State of ULBs

As mentioned earlier, comprehensive steps are being taken to identify
opportunities to strengthen the financial health of the Urban Local Bodies. A
range of short term and medium term interventions are being taken up with the
objective of generating adequate resources within the ULBs so as to suitably
operate and maintain the projects. The measure includes levy of surcharge on
holding used for commercial purposes, conduct provisional assessment,
enforcing collection drives and gradually increase tariffs so as to ensure user
charges are adequate to recover at the least operation and maintenance costs of
individual projects. This is particularly relevant for Water Projects where present
collection is far below the costs.

Public Private Partnership Projects

The region recognizes the importance of PPP not only as a funding mechanism
but also an important tool to bring in efficiencies as well as ensure proper
operation and maintenance of the assets being created herein,
A spectrum of PPP options ranging from agreeing frameworks (such as
community contracts) to full privatization has been thought about. Five
partnership options, which are most common, are
Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
Joint Venture

However the choice of option in a given situation will depend on factors such
as degree of control desired by the ULBs, legal framework for Private
Investment, regulatory mechanism and potential of attracting financial
resources form both the public and private sectors.

Service Contracts
Concessions
Community Based Provisions


196
For example Service contract option of PPP has been considered for
improving solid waste management practices. PPP options in sectors such
as Water supply, Sewerage and drainage has also been considered with a
mix of Service and BOT Contracts. In transportation sector, major PPP
contracts have been envisaged..

Presently it is difficult for the ULBs to raise resources independently, In view
of the following steps are required to be taken in a phase wise manner which
is expected to strengthen there financial structure.

ULBs Fund Raising

Phase I:

Balance Sheet Restructuring
o Revaluation of Assets- in municipalities what happens is
that usually the assets are not revalued for long time; they
are recorded in the books of accounts at the price in which it
was purchased or brought. So if the assets can be revalued
at a realistic price, this can have a sound impact on the
balance sheet of the ULBs.
o Leveraging Idle Assets- The ULBs need to identify idle
assets that they can leverage out to private players and earn
sufficient revenues. Even the unutilized assets of DSP and
railways they can use for commercial purposes and earn
sufficient revenues.

Balance sheet restructuring will involve activities which will aim to
enhance the financial strength of the ULBs in the Asansol Urban Area.


197
o Escrow able Receivables- Structured Financing against
Escrowing of receivables can also be a good procedure to
attract private players, since if the receivables are escrowed,
the private players can be convinced to invest.

Phase II:
Balance Sheet Funding- if the above mentioned factors can be
properly implemented, the balance sheet of ULBs will become stronger
which will help the ULBs to raise funds by means of its balance sheet
position.

If the above mentioned activities can be implemented properly it will
enhance the financial strength of the Balance sheet of the ULBs in the
Asansol Urban Area region, after the strengthening of the Balance
sheet the following activities can be resorted to.

Stock & Bond issues- Only the larger municipalities raise loans in this
way. A municipality must be creditworthy to conclude deals of this
nature successfully. On completion of the restructuring, balance sheets
can be be strong enough to raise resources.
Phase III:

User Group Fund- ULBs can raise funds from the common usage
group, by showing them what benefits they will derive if the project is
done, here the benefits can be expressed in monetary terms with the
help of cost benefit analysis.

Creation of Infrastructure Fund

It is recognized that the above measures shall take some time for
development and implementation. In the meantime, in order to ensure
that the assets are properly operated and maintained, a fund shall be
created. The fund shall be taken as a part of the project costs.


198
The above principles shall be taken into account while preparing individual
project proposals and shall be reflected in the respective DPRs.

Keeping in mind the above factors financing pattern for every
sector has been provided below

Proposed Sources and Means of Finance

Sources of Finance

Sl Sources Amount (Crores)
1 Central Government 764
2 State Government 364
3 ULB/Bonds/PPP/ADDA contribution 401
Total Investment 1529

Utilisation

Sl Sources Amount (Crores)
1 Transportation 554
2 Drainage 134
3 Service to Urban Poor 221
4 Water 316
5 Solid Waste 30
6 Sewerage 174
7 Environment 51
8 Renewal 40
9 Tourism 9
Total 1529


199

17.7 Funding Pattern for Muncipalities and Municipal Corporation

17.7.1 Funding Pattern for AMC

17.7.2 Funding Pattern for DMC

S.No Mode of Financing Source
% of Total
Investment
Identified Investments 785 100
1 Grants JNNURM 549.5 70
2
Loan / PPP /
Contribution of ULBs
Open Market/ FIs 235.5 30
Amount (Rs.
Crores)

S.
No
Mode of Financing Source
Amount (Rs
Crores)
% of Total
Investment
1 Grants JNNURM 235.20 70
2
Loan / PPP /
Open Market/ FIs 100.80 30

17.7.3 Funding Pattern for Raniganj Municipality

S.
No
Amount (Rs
Crores)
% of Total
Investment
1 Grants JNNURM 77 70
2
Loan / PPP /
33 30

Open Market/ FIs


200

17.7.4 Funding Pattern for Jamuria Municipality

S.
No
Amount (Rs
Crores)
% of Total
Investment
1 Grants JNNURM 111 70%
2
Loan / PPP /
Open Market/FIs 48 30%

17.7.5 Funding Pattern for Kulti Municipality

S. No Mode of Financing Source
Amount (Rs
Crores)
% of Total
Investment
1 Grants JNNURM 98 70%
2
Loan/ PPP/
Open Market/FIs 42 30%

Assumption:
Rate of interest on loan has been computed at 8% p.a
The expected repayment period for the loan amount is 20 years out of which there will be
a moratorium period on the principal amount for the first 5 years.
Payment will be made on the basis of equal annual installments.
Income from different sources will increase at the rate of10 % each year and the
expenses from different sources will increase at the rate of 3% from the same year.
It is assumed that the recovery rate of O & M expenses of the new projects under
JNNURM will be 10% in the first year and it will gradually improve to 100% in 5 years
period.
An O & M Revolving Fund will be created out of Grant to support the deficit arising from
the non recovery of the O & M cost.
The deficit between income and utilization will be envisaged by Government Grants,
Funds from GMDA and Funds from State Government.
It has been assumed that Revenue earned from Government grants will decrease with
the coming years.


201
Rs Lakh
17.8 Consolidated Financial Operating Plan


202
Rs Lakh
17.9 Financial Operating Plan for Asansol Municipal Corporation


203
17.10 Financial Operating Plan for Durgapur Municipal Corporation
Rs Lakh


204
17.11 Financial Operating Plan for Ranigunj Municipality
Rs Lakhs


205
Rs Lakh
17.12 Financial Operating Plan for Jamuria Municipality


206
17.13 Financial Operating Plan for Kulti Municipality
Rs Lakh

CDP Asansol

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Asansol Urban Area : City Development Plan

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