This document is a presentation on capacitor and reactor switching given at an IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial. It discusses the nature of capacitive and small inductive currents that circuit breakers are frequently called upon to switch. It provides an overview of issues related to switching shunt capacitor banks and reactors, including interrupting continuous current, restriking, energization, and mitigation of transients. Controlled closing techniques are presented for mitigating inrush currents and switching surges.
This document is a presentation on capacitor and reactor switching given at an IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial. It discusses the nature of capacitive and small inductive currents that circuit breakers are frequently called upon to switch. It provides an overview of issues related to switching shunt capacitor banks and reactors, including interrupting continuous current, restriking, energization, and mitigation of transients. Controlled closing techniques are presented for mitigating inrush currents and switching surges.
This document is a presentation on capacitor and reactor switching given at an IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial. It discusses the nature of capacitive and small inductive currents that circuit breakers are frequently called upon to switch. It provides an overview of issues related to switching shunt capacitor banks and reactors, including interrupting continuous current, restriking, energization, and mitigation of transients. Controlled closing techniques are presented for mitigating inrush currents and switching surges.
Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Application of Power Circuit Breakers for Switching Capacitive and Light Inductive Currents IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Dr. J ohn H. Brunke, P.E. Fellow Page 2 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Nature of Capacitive and Small Inductive Currents Small in magnitude Some technologies use current to assist in interruption Current and voltage 90 degrees out of phase Circuit breakers frequently called upon to deal with switching these currents Switching can result in extreme magnitudes of currents and extreme rates of change of voltage This presentation is based on C37.012 and C37.015, the application guides for switching these currents. It is impossible to cover all the material in these in detail, and there are other important issues with switching these currents that are not covered in the application guides. This presentation is intended to provide an overview of all the issues associated with switching these currents. Page 3 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching Continuous Current Margins for capacitor tolerance Margins for harmonic current Margin of 35% typical Interrupting shunt capacitor bank current Page 4 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial What is a Restrike? Page 5 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Restrike, Back to Back with CLRs Page 6 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Energizing Shunt Capacitor Banks Single or isolated bank Back to back Page 7 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial 500 kV Single Bank Energization Page 8 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial 500 kV Back to Back Energization Page 9 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Consequences of Capacitor Inrush Transients Dip to zero voltage Interference with devices that use zero crossing detectors Back to back results in extremely high currents Damage to primary and secondary equipment Safety Restrike (trapped charge) 2 X the voltage, effects 2 X Page 10 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Mitigation of Closing Transients Closing Resistor or Reactor Fixed Current Limiting Reactor Controlled closing Page 11 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial 500 kV Back to Back Energization with CLR Page 12 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Controlled Closing, Single Bank Page 13 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Controlled Closing, Back to Back Page 14 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Controlled Closing, Capacitor Banks, targeting Page 15 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Switching Capacitor Through a Transformer Page 16 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Faults Near Capacitor Banks Outrush, TRV effects, high source impedance voltage rises (or long lining), etc. Page 17 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Line Fault, 500 kV system, with 430 Mvar of Connected Capacitors Page 18 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Circuit Breaker Standards Restrike probability: C0, no rating, C1, ~ 1 restrike in 50 operations, C2, ~1 restrike in 300 operations Page 19 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Circuit Breaker Standards Page 20 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Switching Overhead Transmission Lines - Interruption Page 21 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Switching Overhead Transmission Lines Page 22 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Charging Current and Recovery Voltage Page 23 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Recovery Voltage on Unfaulted Phases Neutral shift, coupling of transients Page 24 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial De-energization of a Line with Connected Transformer Page 25 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Energization of Transmission Lines, Switching Surges Page 26 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Switching Surge Overvoltages Page 27 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Switching Surge Mitigation Only needed above 245 kV (rarely at 245 kV) Closing resistors Line connected surge arresters Controlled closing Trapped charge reduction (line connected PTs caution) Single pole reclosing (limited due to secondary arc) Controlled closing Staggered pole closing Page 28 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Traveling Waves Present on Most Line Phenomena Closing into a fault, 500 kV field test data. Page 29 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Shunt Reactor Switching 1 st Parallel 1 to 10 MHz 2 nd parallel 50 to 1000 kHZ Load oscillation 1 to 5 kHz Page 30 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial 225 Mvar Shunt Reactor Interruption 500 kV bus and reactor voltages, field test data Page 31 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Time Expansion of Previous Slide Page 32 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Re-ignition and Current Chopping Page 33 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Time Expansion of Previous Slide Page 34 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Reactor Current Interruption Failure Interruption still a difficult duty for circuit breakers Differences in the parameters make a standard test nearly impossible Page 35 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Shunt Reactor Current Interruption w/o Controlled Opening Page 36 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Shunt Reactor Current Interruption with Controlled Opening Page 37 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Energizing Shunt Reactors Inrush currents smaller than for power transformers (to be discussed next), and not generally considered a problem Can cause sympathetic inrush in nearby power transformers Problems have only been observed in certain configurations Page 38 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Switching Transformer Magnetizing Currents Page 39 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Transformer Core Characteristic Page 40 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Magnetizing Current Interruption Magnetizing current interruption also showing core flux Residual core flux remains (typical pattern) Page 41 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Energizing a Transformer Page 42 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Inrush Current Page 43 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Controlled Closing Applied to Transformers Page 44 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Three Phase Transformers Page 45 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Prospective and Dynamic Flux 58.0 54.0 50.0 46.0 42.0 T ime ms F lux, residual 0%, -70%, 70% 0.80 0.0 -0.80 F lux kVs A C B Page 46 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Core Flux - No residual Page 47 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Core flux with residual flux Time 6 ms/div Core flux, EMTP Study 800 0.0 -800 Vs Page 48 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Verification - Laboratory Tests Delayed Closing Strategy T i m e 6 m s / d i v . 8 0 0 0 0 . 0 - . 8 0 0 0 V s Page 49 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Test on Laboratory Transformer Page 50 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Controlled Closing on 500 kV Transformer Page 51 Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008 Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial Summary Capacitive and light reactive currents are frequently seen and may be the most difficult duties for a circuit breaker Switching surge/transient problems are typically associated with switching shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors, transformers, cables, and lines (capacitive and light reactive currents). Due to the complexity, correct application for these duties can be among the most difficult application issues Today solutions are available which were not in the past (modern circuit breaker technologies, controlled switching, MOSAs, etc.) Questions?