ANMOL SHAHANI CSU ID: 829905938 Q. 1: See Edition 1: Q.10.3, or, Edition 2: Q.13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

5 points Test failures are not always due to component deficiencies - sometimes they result from improper functioning of the test equipment. Describe what steps you would take before, during, and after a test to enable a quick diagnosis in the event of a test failure. Sometimes test failures result from test equipment and due to component deficiencies. Testing is the method implemented to execute the integration and evaluation phase. The following steps must be taken before the test to ensure minimum risks of failure: 1. More effort should be spent on the design and verification of test equipment. As of now, the amount of design effort allocated to design and fabrication of test equipment is far smaller than the effort spent on component design. 2. The equipment used to test separately an individual component may not be exactly the same as that incorporated into the integration test facility, or its calibration may be different. There must be calibration standards available for ensuring that the test equipment is in proper adjustment. 3. The test equipment must be more precise than the components to ensure that its tolerances do not contribute significantly to observed deviations from predictions. It should be either equipped with self test monitors or subjected to frequent checks. 4. The predictions of expected performance of the element under test by the element model may be imperfect due to the impossibility of modeling exactly the behavior of the test element. 5. Before the test, the test equipment should be designed with fully defined test procedures so as to avoid later redesign to achieve compatibility between test equipment and the component or subsystem under test. 6. It is the role of the systems engineer to plan out the implementation of the system development. Planning and managing the integration and development phase is a part of it. Proper planning and management will minimize the risk of failure. 7. The test configuration must represent all conditions that affect the systems operation, including not only the primary system inputs but also the interactions of the system with its environment. The following steps must be taken during the test to ensure minimum risks of failure: 1. Oversight: Management oversight is especially intense during the final stages of a major development. System tests, especially field tests, are regarded as indicators of program success. Test failures receive wide attention and invite critical investigation. Test plans must provide for acquisition of data that are necessary to be able to explain promptly and fully any mishaps and remedial measures to program management, the customer, and other concerned authorities. 2. Resource Planning: Test operations, especially in the late stages of the program, are costly in manpower and funds. Too frequently, overruns and slippages in the development phases cut into test schedules and budgets. Serious problems of this type can be avoided only through careful planning to assure that the necessary resources are made available when required. 3. Test Equipment and Facilities: Facilities for supporting test operations must be designed and built concurrently with system development to be ready when needed. Advance planning for such facilities is essential. Also, the sharing of facilities between developmental and operational testing, wherever practicable, is important in order to stay within program funding limits.

ANMOL SHAHANI CSU ID: 829905938 AFTER THE TEST: The following measures that must be taken to diagnose a test failure after the test: 1. After the test is completed, we compare the test results to the expectations of the system. The performance comparator that matches the measured system element outputs with the expected outputs from the element model in accordance with test criteria provided should be used. We note where the equipment fall short of the requirements and create problems. 2. We develop test scenarios in all the operating modes. So, that we consider every possible scenario, that might create a fault. 3. The next step in the risk minimizing process is to mitigate or eliminate any performance deficiencies that arise after the test. This step ensures that the fault is eliminated before the production phase begins. 4. We then evaluate the degree of compliance of the equipment with the expectations and requirements of the system. This would then ensure that the system is has no defects and I ready for the final production and marketing. Q. 2: See Edition 1: Q.10.4, or, Edition 2: Q.13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 5 points The system engineering method in the integration and evaluation phase is outlined in the introduction to Chapter 10. Construct a functional flow diagram for the four steps in this process, similar to Figure 9-3.

ANMOL SHAHANI CSU ID: 829905938 Q. 3: Standard Question 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 3 points Give 3 different take home messages from this chapter. The three take home messages that I learnt from this chapter are as follows: 1. I learnt that the objectives of the integration and evaluation phase are to integrate the engineered components of a new system into an operating whole and to demonstrate that the system meets all its operational requirements. The outputs of the integration and evaluation phase are
validated qualification

production designs and specifications, and for production and subsequent operational use.

2. The activities constituting integration and evaluation are Test Planning: defining test issues, test scenarios, and test equipment; System Integration: integrating components into subsystems and the total system; Developmental System Testing: verifying that the system meets specifications; and Operational Test and Evaluation: validating that the system meets operational requirements. 3. I learnt about the issues that arise during the system integration and evaluation and also learnt some techniques to resolve issues and minimize or eliminate risks. Some of the key issues are: intense management scrutiny during system testing, changes in test schedules and funding due to development overruns, and readiness of test equipment and facilities.

Q. 4: Standard Question 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 points Select what you believe is the best example from the case study presentations given during this week's class that best illustrates the system engineering principles that were discussed in this week's class. Briefly discuss lessons learned in the selected case study lecture. The best example from the case study presentations given during the weeks class was that of plam Jumeirah islands. There were several systems engineering principles applied. The systems engineers applied the principle of modularity to complete the project on time. By applying the principle of modularity, the systems engineer started the construction of the islands as soon as the corresponding part of the breakwater was constructed. They did not wait for the whole breakwater to be completed and then start the construction of the islands. This way they completed the project on time. The systems engineer also carried out various tests and simulation. They did risk analysis and mitigation. After the construction of the breakwater, the systems engineers found that the water nearby the island was stagnant. So they did various tests and simulations and found that a gap in the breakwater would be very useful in flushing new water thereby preventing stagnation. The systems engineers analysed that there was a risk in constructing on the palm island since the sand and the rocks underneath were not stable. Hence it was very unstable. The systems engineers analysed this risk and to mitigate it they used the principle of liquefaction. In that several holes were drilled on the island and long vibrating metal cylinders were inserted. This settled the rocks and sand and made them firm for stable construction on the palm islands.

ANMOL SHAHANI CSU ID: 829905938 Hence the palm jumeirah islands was the best presentation that used several systems engineering principles to successfully complete the project.