64 98 6 1-39

**

*
**

2009 1 29 2009 3 20

-1-

(Henry S. Commager)

(history is organized memory) 1

(amorphous phenomenon)
(living memory)

(Maurice Halbwachs)
(social
framework)
(collective memory) 2

(Jacques Le Goff)
(Memory can lead toward history or away from it)3
(Patrick

1
2
3

-2-

Henry S. Commager, The Nature and the Study of History (Columbus: Charles E. Merrill, 1965), p. 3.
Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. & trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago & London:
University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 37-39.
Jacques Le Goff, History and Memory, trans. Steven Rendall and Elizabeth Claman (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1992), p. 65.

H. Hutton):(history is an art of memory) 4

(history is a dispassionate art)
(Edward Gibbon)

(recollection)

4
5

Patrick H. Hutton, History as an Art of Memory (Burlington & Hanover: University of Vermont
Press; University Press of New England, 1993), pp. xx-xxi, xxii.
2002
31

-3-

(1835-1908)

(1877-1927)

-4-

(1917)
(1858-1927)
6
(1899)

6
7

2004 438439
1925 1 13489112542
44 2 111428-29

-5-

8
9

(autobiographical memory)

10

(1865)

8
9

10

-6-

198319871990 1-3
1912

24
1976 3 1175-1178
2000 91-107Joey Bonner, Wang Kuo-wei: An
Intellectual Biography (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 149-156.

(1894)
11

12
13

11
12
13

-7-

14

15

1617

18
14
15
16
17
18

-8-

1975

1983

19

20

21

22

23

19
20

21
22
23

1968

Joey Bonner, Wang Kuo-wei, p. 156.

2005 192

-9-

(1903)

24

25
(Robert Hart)

26

(Edmund Trelawny Backhouse, 1873-1944)

24

25

26

-10-

Katharine A. Carl, With the Empress Dowager of China (New York: Century, 1907), pp. 19-21.

2001
It was not the statesman that I had the best opportunity of studying. It was the woman in her
private life; and I had unusual advantages for this study. Katharine A. Carl, With the Empress
Dowager of China, p. 101.
1965

(1898-1908)

(sex)
1899

1902
600 25,000

(famous Victorian grande dame and Lady Bountiful)

1904

150 200
1908

27
27

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking: The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund

-11-

(Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1914-2003)

(John Otway Percy Bland)

(George E. Morrison) 28

29

30
31

28
29
30
31

-12-

Backhouse (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), pp. 305-312314-315. 1976

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, pp. 19-20.
Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, p. 297.
Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, p. 306.
1934 177-214
1917

32

33

The Times
34

(Bodleian Library)

(dragon empress) 35

32
33
34

35

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, p. 321.

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, p. 317.
J. O. P. Bland and Edmund Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager: Being the History of the
Life and Times of Tzu Hsi (Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Co., 1910); Edmund Backhouse and J. O. P.
Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, from the 16th to the 20th Century (New York:
AMS Press, 1970 reprint)

Marina Warner, The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of

Tzu-hsi 1835-1908, Empress Dowager of China (New York: Atheneum, 1972).

-13-

(Sterling Seagrave)
36

(lived in the most abject

poverty)37

38

(ironhats)

39
36
37
38
39

-14-

Sterling Seagrave, Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China. with the
collaboration of Peggy Seagrave (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992).
J. O. P. Bland and Edmund Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager, pp. 3, 8.
Sterling Seagrave, Dragon Lady, pp. 228, 230, 242.
Sterling Seagrave, Dragon Lady, pp. 205, 236, 238, 239, 241, 287-288, 421, 432, 437.

40

40

1973 44
1980
1972 4

1972

-15-

41

42

43

44

45

41

42
43
44
45

-16-

1994 33
1934 212214
1899 4 20
1981 393
394
458
458

46

(1869-1936)

47

48

49
46
47

48
49

438
141899
5 10 1977
82

2004 296

182-203

-17-

50

51

45 (1956)10

52

50

51
52

-18-

1990 347
(1921)
1979 6 17
1873-1926

1973 141145146-147
15 91956 10 687

53

8
SOGO

54

1950

55

56

53
54
55
56

561977
2 9 3
8 2008 12 13 A2
Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory. trans. Francis J. Ditter Jr. and Vida Yazdi Ditter
(New York: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 48.
Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, p. 84.

-19-

(presentism)

57

(objectivity)
(plausibility)

57

-20-

1983 685 645

(1835)
58

59

60
61
(1851)
62

63
58
59
60
61
62
63

2005 1114-1572-82
J. O. P. Bland and Edmund
Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager, p. 11.
1970 4
1920 47 50
54
1952 10

-21-

64

65
66

67

68

64
65
66
67

68

-22-

1988 18
1977 2 15 1925
1965 339-430
10-11
K-1
1 83
(1925) 1 356-357
1917 3 42

69
70

71

6
72 73

69
70
71
72

73

60-62
422-423 5
108-109 93-96

1985 1 215
14 121917 12 93-94

12 13-14
11 108

1978 1 36 1-10

-23-

74
75

76

77

74
75

76
77

-24-

2005 117-128
60
71-1062005
22-29
1 410-411
1964 5 29
5 27

78

79
(1865) 80
81
82

83

84

85

86

78
79
80
81

82
83
84
85
86

1915 7 4
1958 34-35
6 55-56

1970 5 1887-98
6 57 3 1023-1024
3 1025
6 55-5657
10
3 1025-1026
6 63-64
(1911-)1967 72

-25-

87
(1884)

88

(1862)
89

90

91
87
88
89
90

91

-26-

1990 134-149
1935
20
1 436-437 204
5 81937 3 1-5 5 121937
5 7(1926)1994
1999
5621
205-206 11 62-63 12 10
82

92

93

94

(1874)

95

92
93
94
95

2 43-44
1980 146
46 6185 51 10
1998 6 4939
32 15

4 1309-1336

-27-

96

(1882)
97

98

(under
highly suspicious circumstances)99

201.5mg 60mg 200mg

100
96

22 66
10 4172-4173
35 64
98
4 1287-1288
1994 389-410

99
The New Encyclopedia Britannica (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992, 15th edition), vol. 7, p.
20.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324181/Guangxu (2009/5/15)
5 2(1946 11 ) 26

100
Arsenic Killed Chinese Emperor, China Daily reports quoted in CNN.com/asia, 4 November 2008.
74
97

-28-

(what pushed her over the edge was her grief at Kuang
Hsus death) 101

102

103

291937 5 47
101
Sterling Seagrave, Dragon Lady, p. 437.
102
2004 8
103
7

-29-

(policy of cooperation) 104

(New Imperialism)

105

106107

108

104
105
106
107
108

-30-

Mary C. Wright, The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The Tung-Chih

Restoration, 1862-1874 (New York: Atheneum, 1966), pp. 21-42.
Young-tsu Wong, Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of
1898, Journal of Asian Studies 51:3 (August 1992), pp. 535-536.
80
1901 5 28 150
Chun-lin Tan
(Chester C. Tan), The Boxer Catastrophe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955).
1964 5459

-31-

(1863)

109
110

109
110

-32-

2005 62-68
12

-33-

1975
1983
1968
685
1983
1 K-1
1998
1978 1 36 1-10
3
1976
1973
14
1899 5 10 1977
121925
61112223235464751
1920
1934

231917
21988
1310(1925)

1981

1981
1981
4
1972
61998

-34-

71915
5
1970
1935
1970

1972

1964
1964
2005

1958

1965
2005
1952
1-31983
19871990
2004
1985
1
1985

1994

2005

1994
2000
1990
1972

2001
1977
(1911-)1967

1965

1970

-35-

2005
2004
2005
1980
1934
1990
Backhouse, Edmund and J. O. P. Bland. Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, from the 16th to the
20th Century. New York: AMS Press, 1970.
Bland, J. O. P. and Edmund Backhouse. China under the Empress Dowager: Being the History of the Life
and Times of Tzu Hsi. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Co., 1910.
Bonner, Joey. Wang Kuo-wei: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Carl, Katharine A. With the Empress Dowager of China. New York: Century, 1907.
Commager, Henry S. The Nature and the Study of History. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill, 1966.
Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Translated and edited by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago &
London: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Halbwachs, Maurice. The Collective Memory. Translated by Jr. Francis J. Ditter and Vida Yazdi Ditter.
New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
Hutton, Patrick H. History as an Art of Memory. Burlington & Hanover: University of Vermont Press;
University Press of New England, 1993.
Le Goff, Jacques. History and Memory. Translated by Steven Rendall and Elizabeth Claman. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1992.
Seagrave, Sterling. Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China. With the
collaboration of Peggy Seagrave. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Tan, Chun-lin. (Chester C.) The Boxer Catastrophe. New York: Columbia University Press, 1955.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. Hermit of Peking: The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund Backhouse. New York: Penguin
Books, 1978.
Warner, Marina. The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tzu-hsi 1835-1908, Empress Dowager of
China. New York: Atheneum, 1972.
Wright, Mary C. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The Tung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874. New
York: Atheneum, 1966.

14 121917 12 93-96

5 21946 11 24-26

2002

-36-


291937 5 46-47
1973
2004
1980
5 81937 3 1-5 5 12
1937 5
15 91956 10 687-688
Wong, Young-tsu. Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898.
Journal of Asian Studies 51:3, August 1992, pp. 513-544.

561977 2 9
3
8 2008 12 13 A2
Arsenic Killed Chinese Emperor, China Daily reports quoted in CNN.com/asia, 4 November 2008.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324181/Guangxu (2009/5/15)

-37-

Memory and History:

A Case Study of the Empress Dowager Cixi

Wong Young-tsu

Abstract
Memory is not exactly the same as history. If history is organized
memory, memory is an amorphous phenomenon, though it is capable of
prossessing voluminous information across time and space.
Every
individual has his or her memory, but due to biological, ideological, and in
particular social interference, memory is normally unstable. One may
forget, misunderstand, distort, or exaggerate the events being incorporated as
memory. The anonymous collective memory especially is formulated by
the society in which individuals live. Such memories are invariably
distorted, thus capable of losing truth, while history in the final analysis
seeks objectivity and truth. As well, memory is a repetition or recollection
of what has happened, while history interprets the past events. The
historian hence endeavors to make past events more objective and truthful.
This paper examines the images and facts of the life of Yehonala,
known as the Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Qing dynasty, through the lens
of collective memory, showing in what ways collective memory has
misunderstood the past through an examination of the facts of Cixis life.
She was the de facto ruler of China for nearly half a century. Individual
memories of her, due to personal and ideological differences, are distinctly
different. Prior to and following the downfall of the Qing dynasty, largely
thanks to the persistent propaganda launched by the reformers as well as the
revolutionaries, she was turned into a symbol of great evil in the collective
*

-38-

National Central University

memory of Chinese communities around the world. They continue even

today to use Cixi as a trope for the power-hungry woman. Although
historians may provide us with a more balanced account of her, either to
rebut or confirm specific memories, it is most unlikely that history can
eliminate the largely negative collective memory that deeply resides in
Chinese communities of various sorts.
Keywords: Cixi, individual memory, collective memory, search for
historical truth

-39-