How to use matlab

1. Display formats: If you want to use format command to control the format of results represented, you can do as follows: With short format:
>> format short >> 5/3 ans = 1.6667

With long format:

>> format long >> 5/3 ans = 1.666666666666667

We also have some other format like: short e, long e, short g, long g, bank, compact, loose. 2. Elementary math functions: sqrt(x): Square root exp(x): Exponential abs(x): Absolute value log(x): Natural logarithm (Base e logarithm) log10(x): Base 10 logarithm factorial(x): x!, x must be a integer 3. Trigonometric math functions sin(x): sine of angle x

cos(x): cosine of angle x tan(x): tangent of angle x cot(x): cotangent of angle x Note that: x in the functions above is in radians Some other trigonometric functions: asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), acot(x): inverse trigonometric of sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) and cot(x) sinh(x), cosh(x), tanh(x), coth(x): hyperbolic trigonometric of x

Note that:

sinh( x)

e x e x 2 e x e x 2 sinh( x) cosh( x) cosh( x) sinh( x)

cosh( x) tanh( x)

coth( x)

4. Rounding functions: round(x): round to the nearest integer number

>> round(5/3) ans = 2

ceil(x): round towards infinite

>> ceil(5/3) ans = 2

fix(x): round towards zero

>> fix(5/3) ans = 1

floor(x): round towards minus infinite

>> floor(5/3) ans = 1 >> floor(-5/3) ans = -2

rem(x,y): return the remainder after x is divided by y

>> rem(10,3) ans = 1

sign(x): signum function of x. It returns 1 if x is positive and vice versa

>> sign(2) ans = 1 >> sign(-2) ans = -1

5. One dimensional array: Many ways to declare a one dimensional array: The first way: % Row vector >> a = [1 2 3 4 5] % Column vector: >> b = a >> b = [1;2;3;4;5;6] The second way: % Declare a one dimensional array through the first value, step and the last value >> c = [1:2:10] % The first value is 1, the last value is 10 and the step is 2 The third way: use linspace function

% Declare a one dimensional array through the first value, the last value and the number of elements >> d = linspace(1, 100, 10) % the first value is 1, the last value is 100 and the number of elements is 10 6. Two dimensional array: Note that: Elements in the same row are seperated by a space or a comma Rows in a matrix are seperated by a semicolon

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] >> A = [1,2,3; 4,5,6; 7, 8, 9] Because each row or column of a matrix is a vector (row vector or column vector), we can use the knowledge about how to create a new one dimensional array to create columns and rows of a matrix The index addressing of a array starts at 1. Its different from the index addressing in C, Java, which are from 0

Some predefined matrices in matlab: zeros(m,n): a m by n matrix with all elements are zero ones(m,n): a m by n matrix with all elements are one eye(n): a square matrix with elements on the main diagonal are one

Some predefined functions in matlab for array: length(a): returns the length of an array size(a): returns the size of an array diag(a): construct a matrix having elements on the main diagonal is vector a diag(A): construct a vector having elements is elements on the main diagonal of matrix A

7. Mathematical Operations with Arrays Some built-in functions for arrays:

mean(A): If A is a vector, this function will returns the mean value of the elements of this vector. Meanwhile, if A is a matrix, this function will return the mean value of each comlumn:

>> A A = 1 4 7 >> mean(A) ans = 4 5 6 2 5 8 3 6 9

max(A): If A is a vector, this function will returns the maximum value among all elements. Meanwhile, if A is a matrix, this function will return the row vector that contains the maximun value

>> max(A) ans = 7 8 9

Note that: with [d,n] = max(A) if A is a vector, this function will return the largest element of vector A and the position of the largest element in this vector min(A): similar to max(A) sum(A): if A is a vector, this function will return the sum of elements of this vector, but if A is a matrix, this function will return the sum of each column of this matrix sort(A): If A is a vector, this function will arrange the elements of this vector in the ascending order (default mode). We alsocan indicate the mode of order: ascend or descend with the following function: sort(A, mode) in which mode is ascend or descend median(A): this function will return the median of the elements of a vector std(A): returns the standard deviation of the elements of a vector det(A): returns the determinant of a square matrix dot(a,b): calculates the dot product of two vectors a and b. Two vectors must have the same dimension

cross(a,b): calculates the cross product of two vectors a and b. Two vectors must have the same dimension inv(A): find the inverse matrix of matrix A

8. Generation of random vectors applying to generation of random noise rand(0,n): the uniform distribution in the range [0,1] randn(0,n): the standard Gaussian distribution with mean zero and variation one 9. Input from keyboard, output in screen and command windows
name = input('Please insert your name: ', 's'); disp(name) disp('Have a nice day') fprintf('Hello %s\n',name);

A program for solving a quadric equation:

% This program will show how to solve a quadric equation like ax^2+bx+c=0 % in which the input we can insert from the keyboard % Quadric equation form: ax^2+bx+c=0 % Input: a, b, c % Output: x1, x2 are the solutions fprintf('Hello, Boss. How are you today ?\n'); answer = input('','s'); hope = 'Y'; while(hope == 'Y') fprintf('Please insert factors of a quadric equation ax^2+bx+c=0\n'); a = input('a = '); b = input('b = '); c = input('c = '); % Check the conditions of the solutions if(a==0) if(b==0) if(c==0) fprintf('This equation has many solution\n'); else fprintf('This equation does not have any solution\n'); end else fprintf('This equation has an unique solution x = %f\n',-c/b); end else delta = b^2 - 4*a*c; if(delta > 0) fprintf('This equation has two seperated solutions\n'); x1 = (-b + sqrt(delta))/(2*a); x2 = (-b - sqrt(delta))/(2*a); fprintf('x1 = %f\n',x1);

fprintf('x2 = %f\n',x2); elseif(delta == 0) fprintf('This equation has one solution x = %f\n', -b/(2*a)); else fprintf('This equation does not have any solution\n'); end end fprintf('Do you want to continue (Y/N)? \n'); ans = input('','s'); if(ans == 'Y') hope = 'Y'; else hope = 'N'; end end

10. Open a new file, write something and close this file:
fid = fopen('new file.txt', 'a'); fprintf(fid,'Hello boss, how are you today ?\n'); ans = input('','s'); fprintf(fid,'%s', ans); fclose(fid);

Note that: The permission for this file: o r (read): read only o w (write): Write something to this file. If this file already exists, this mode will delete all and write something new o a (append): Write something to this file. If this file already exist, this mode will append the text from the end of existed file

11. Import and export data from and into a excel file
>> import = xlsread('example')

import =

1.0e+03 *

1.8750 1.8750

0.0047 0.0045

0.0003 0.0003

0.0004 0.0004

0.0116 0.0113

0 0

0 0

0 0

1.8751 1.8751 1.8751 1.8751 1.8751 1.8751 1.8751

0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0043 0.0044 0.0044

0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004

0.0111 0.0111 0.0112 0.0111 0.0111 0.0110 0.0109

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

>> xlswrite('example_1',import)

Note that: We also can indicate some other options like sheet name, range, in the command xlsread and xlswrite if the excel file has more than one sheet or just want to get a specific area in the excel file 12. Programming in Matlab: a. Relational Operators: The result will be 1 if the comparison is true (logical true) and it will be zero if the comparison is false (logical false) If two scalar are compared, the results will be 0 or 1. If two matrices or two vectors are compared, the comparison is done element by element, the result is a logical array of the same size with 0 and 1 in the same dimensional matrix or vector If a scalar is compared to a matrix or vector, this scalar will be compared with each element of the matrix or vector. The result will be a matrix or vector of 0 and 1 Some built-in relational operators: o and(A,B) or A&B o or(A,B) or A|B o xor(A,B) o not(A) or ~A o all(A): returns 1 if all elements of vector A is nonzero and 0 if one of them is zero o any(A): returns 0 if all elements are zero and 1 if one of them is nonzero o find(A): returns the indies of the nonzero elements o find(A>d): returns the indies of the elements which are greater than d