The Trial Marking scheme Kertas 2 Q1. (a) Cell P is a plant cell because it has chloroplasts.

(1 m) Cell Q does not have chloroplasts and is most probably an animal cell. (1 m) (b) (i) P: Palisade mesophyll cell/ any plant cell (1 m)Q: Sperm cell/muscle cell (1 m) (ii) - A palisade mesophyll cell has a large number of chloroplasts as shown in the histografor for cell P. (1 m) - Cell Q contains a large number of mitochondria but lacks chloroplasts, implying that cell is an animal cell which produces a large amount of energy, e.g. a sperm cell which needs energy to swim for fertilization / muscle cell that needs energy to contract and relax to produce movement. (1 m) (c) (i) (RER high , Golgi apparatus highest) (2 m) (ii) Any glandular cell such as the cells of the salivary glands. (1 m) (d) (i) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (1 m) (ii) Testis it produces testosterone which is a lipid. (1 m) Q2. (a) P : Carbon dioxide Q : Sunlight R : Chlorophyll S : Water (4 m) (b) Q: To provide energy which is required in the light reaction (1 m) R: To capture sunlight (1 m) (c) Chloroplast (1 m) (d) 1. The light reaction (1 m) 2. The dark reaction (1 m) (e) 1. Hydrogen atoms (1 m) 2. ATP (1 m) (f) The reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose (1 m) Q 3. (a) B A C G (3m : all correct; 2m : 2 3 correct 1 m : 1 correct) (b) A: Pulmonary arteries B: Aorta (1m : both correct) (c) G: The pumping action of the heart generates blood pressure that propels the blood within G forward. (1 m) F : When neighbouring skeletal muscles contract and press on F, blood is propelled forward. Valves inside F prevent the blood from flowing backwards. (1 m) (d) The blood in vessel D contains more carbon dioxide, less oxygen, less urea and less glucose. (2m : all correct; 1m : 1 3 correct) (e) -Human has double circulatory system where oxygenated blood is pumped powerfully from the left

ventricle of the heart to supply blood rich in oxygen to all parts of the body, wheras fish has single circulatory sysytem where deoxygenated blood is pumped fom the atrium to the gill for gasesous exchange and oygenated blood flows out and not pumped out of the gill to all parts of the body. (1 m) - Humans blood is pumped under high pressure, hence it can reach all parts of t he body efficiently and quickly For fish the blood pressure drops as it flows along the arteries to the body tissue. (1 m) - Human has double circulatory system, there is a clear division of labour between the left ventricle that only pumps oxygenated blood and right ventricle that pumps deoxygenated bloofd to the lungs for gaseous exchange in one complete cardiac cycle. As for fish, the hearts receives and pumps deoxygenated only, ine one complete cycle. (1 m) Q4. (a) 1. The pancreas (1 m) 2. The liver (1 m) (b) Stimulus X : Rising blood glucose level after a meal which is rich in carbohydrates. (1 m) Stimulus Y : Dropping blood glucose level after skipping a meal (1 m) (c) Hormone P : Insulin (1 m) Hormone Q: Glucagon (1 m) (d) Rising glucose level causes the beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin in to the blood to be brought to the liver to convert glucose to glycogen. (1 m) Dropping glucose level causes the alpha cells i the pancreas to release glucagon in to the blood to be brought to the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. (1 m) (e) He will suffer from diabetes mellitus. (1 m) Treatment insulin injection. (1 m) Reason insulin is a protein, it will be digested by pepsin, trypsin, and repsin when ingested. (1 m) Q5. (a) i. P: Menstrual phase (1 m )Q: Repair of endometrium / Proliferative phase (1 m) R: Thickening of endometrium / Vascularisation phase (1 m) ii. Ovulation occurs (1 m) iii. The endometrium disintegrates, blood vessels rapture and blood passes out of the vagina. (2m : all 3 given; 1m : 1 2 given) (b) (c) i. Day 14 to 28 (1 m) The endometrium becomes spongy and thick with blood vessels and spaces for the zygote to be implanted. (1 m) ii. - Progesterone - A high level of progesterone is needed for the continual thickening of endometrium - as a drop of progesterone ill cause disintegration of endometrium/ menstruation. (2m : 3 correct; 1m : 1 2 correct) Q6. (a) P: Glycogen Q: Starch [2 m]

(b) Digestion of starch begins in the mouth. [1 m] In the mouth, the enzyme salivary amylase, which is secreted by the salivary gland hydrolyses starch to maltose [2 m] Then the digestion of starch continues in the duodenum [1 m] Pancreatic amylase hydrolyses starch to maltose. [2 m] Maltase from the intestinal juice in ilium hydrolyses maltose to glucose. [3 m] Max [8 marks] (c) i. The products from starch digestion, glucose, are absorbed by villi of the ileum [1 m] The digestion products of starch such as glucose are absorbed by the blood capillaries in the villi [1 m] Then these products are carried to the liver by the hepatic portal vein. [1 m] The liver will filter and process the absorbed nutrients before sending them through the hepatic vein to the heart to be circulated round the body. [2 m] (c) ii. The products of digestion which are absorbed are assimilated into the body. [1 m] In assimilation, the absorbed food molecules are taken into the cells of the body. [1 m] Blood glucose is used by the cells to produce energy in cell respiration. [1 m] Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver or the muscles. [1 m] The liver converts the glycogen back to glucose when the blood glucose level is low. (1 m) Q7. (a) The genotype of blood group A can be IA IA or IA IO while the genotype of blood group B can be IB IB or IB IO. Blood group O has a genotype, IO IO. [1 m] Alleles IA and IB are codominant while IO allele is recessive. [1 m] In this situation, the inheritance involved is monohybrid. [1 m] Mr. Nicholas is heterozygous dominant for his blood group A (IA IO) (1 m) while his wife is heterozygous dominant for blood group B (IB IO). [1 m] Mr. Nicholas produces haploid gametes with genotypes : IB and IO during meiosis [1 m] While his wife produces haploid gametes with genotypes : IA and IO. [1 m] The gamete (IO) of Mr. Nicholas fuses with his wifes gamete (IO) during random fertilisation (1 m) to produce a zygote with genotype : IO IO, thus they will produce an offspring with blood group O. [1 m] Schematic diagram, complete with labelling [3 m] Max 10 marks (b) (i) Tissue samples are obtained from the criminalscene and DNA is extracted. [1 m] An enzyme is acted on the DNA to break it into fragments. [1 m] DNA fragments are classified according to size. [1 m] An alkali is added to separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands. [1 m] Each single strand is transferred to a nylon membrane and a radioactive matter is added to it. A banding pattern appears. [1 m] An X-ray fi lm is produced and the positions of black bands are compared with the part of DNA treated with radioactive matter. [1 m]

Maximum = 4 m (b) (ii) Advantage of DNA fingerprinting A DNA fIngerprinting is more accurate than common fingerprint as no two p eople have the same DNA fingerprints. [1 m] DNA fingerprinting is more effi cient than blood type identification because many people have the same blood type. [1 m] DNA fingerprinting requires only a small amount of DNA to obtain a highly accurate re sult. [1 m] DNA samples last longer than fi ngerprints. [1 m] Mixed DNA samples can still be used. [1 m] DNA evidence is harder to be cleaned up compared to fingerprints. [1 m] Disadvantage of DNA fingerprinting A DNA sample may be degraded by adding chemicals, which affect the accuracy of the technique. [1 m] There is a possibility of human errors when different procedures and standards are used in DNA fingerprinting. [1 m] A person can be framed by an evidence planted at the crime scene by his enemies. (1 m) Maximum = 6 m Q8. (a) (i) The stem of plant P has less xylem tissue than the stem of plant Q. [1 m] P is an aquatic plant, and Q is a terrestrial plant. [1 m] P is supported by the water buoyancy. [1 m] Ps stem has a alot of ari space so that it can float (1 m) Therefore, the xylem is not required for supporting P. [1 m] P lives in water. [1 m] Therefore, the xylem is not required for the conduction of water [1 m] Maximum = 6 m (a) (ii) In the stem of plant P, the xylem is gathered at the centre. [1 m] P is adapted to resist the pulling force caused by the flowing water. [1 m] In the stem of plant Q, the xylem is distributed at the periphery. [1 m] Q is better adapted to resist the bending strain ofstrong wi nds. [1 m] (b) (i) There are relatively little dissolved gases in water. [1 m] The air spaces are used for storing gases. [1 m] The air spaces increase the surface area for gaseous exchange. [1 m] The air spaces decrease the density of the aquatic plant. [1 m] The low density of the stem gives it better buoyancy and support in water. [1 m] (b) (ii)

X X X Y Y Y

is the xylem tissue. [1 m] is required for transporting water from the ground to the shoot. [1 m] is also important for providing mechanical support to the stem. [1 m] is parenchyma tissue. [1 m] is important for food storage. [1 m] provides support through turgidity. [1 m]

Q9. (a) Formation of acid rain Combustion of fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen that cause acid rain. Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen form acidic solutions when dissolved in rain water. Sulphur dioxide + oxygen + water sulphuric acid Nitrogen dioxide @ nitrogen monoxide + water + oxygen nitric acid Increases the acidity of aquatic ecosystems, killing aquatic organisms. Destroys plant tissues and plant roots Reduces the pH value ofsoil, making it infertile Releases ions of heavy metals which contaminate the water Corrodes metal, plastic, rubber and other materials Leaching of minerals such as calcium from the soil, causing the soil to be infertile Maximum = 10 m (b) Eutrophication is a phenomenon whereby the aquatic ecosystem becomes enriched with nutrients causing an excessive growth of aquatic plants. Fertilisers from agricultural areas nearby will provide excessive nitrates and phophates. These nutrients are brought into the pond in the rainy season. The increased nutrients promote rapid growth of algae. The densely populated algae cover the water surface and block sunlight. Aquatic plants die because they are unable to carry out photosynthesis. Aquatic animals lose their sources of food and habitat once the aquatic plants die. As a result, the food chains and ecosystem change. Algae also reduce the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. When the algae die, decomposing bacteria use up the oxygen for their activities. The depletion of oxygen leads to an increase in the BOD. The higher the BOD value is, the more polluted the water will be as the level of dissolved oxygen decreases. Maximum = 10 m